Rational numbers can be written as fractions with an integer as the numerator and a non-zero integer as the denominator that do not share any common factors. Rational numbers can be represented by either terminating or repeating decimals. Between any two rational numbers, there exist two additional rational numbers. Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a fraction with an integer numerator and denominator. Prime numbers are only divisible by 1 and themselves, while composite numbers are numbers greater than 1 that are not prime numbers.