UNO

1. “United Nation Organization”
Submitted to : Dr Muzaffar
Submitted By: Group #4

2. Names of Group Members Roll no
Surriya Saif 01
Lubna Qasir 06
UM-E-Habiba Saeed 08
Khadija Nadeem 13
Maryam Shahid 14

3. United Nation (UN) is an international organization that
aims to promote peace and Understanding between
nations.
The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to
replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between
countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue, It
contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its
Missions.
Definition of UNO

4. Introduction
 Established on 24 October 1945
 51 countries were committed to preserving Peace
through international cooperation
 UN Membership: 192 countries
 States agree to accept obligations of the UN Charter,
an international treaty that sets out basic principles

5. The Charter of the UN
 The _United Nations Charter is the treaty that forms
and establishes the international Organization called
the United Nations.
 It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the
conclusion of the United Nations Conference on
International Organization, and came into force on 24
October 1945.
 The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an
integral part of the Charter.

6. Purpose of the UN
 To take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of
threats to the peace.
 To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the
principle of equal rights And self-determination of peoples.
 To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of
an economic, social, Cultural, or humanitarian .character, and_ in
promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental
freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.

7. Objectives of UN
 Maintaining international peace and security
 Promoting human rights
 Fostering social and economic development
 Developing friendly international relations among
world nations
 Providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural
disaster, and armed conflict.
 Solving international problems of any nature
(economic, cultural, social).

8. Historical Background of the United Nations
 San Francisco Conference (1945): Delegates from 50 countries gathered
in San Francisco to finalize the UN Charter. The Charter established the
purposes, principles, and structure of the United Nations. It was signed
on June 26, 1945, and came into effect on October 24, 1945, after being
ratified by the required number of countries.
 League of Nations Overview: Founded after WWI to promote peace.
 There are currently 193 UN Member States.
 Failure: Inability to prevent WWII due to lack of enforcement and
membership issues.

9. Fomation of the United Nations
 Established in 1945, replacing the League of Nations.
 Role of Allies: Drafting the UN Charter during WWII.

10. The Organisational
Structure of the
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that maintains
international peace, security, and cooperation. Its organizational structure
includes the General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, and various
specialized agencies and programs, each with distinct roles and responsibilities.

11. The General Assembly
1 Deliberative Body
The General Assembly is the main
deliberative, policymaking, and
representative organ of the UN, where
all member states are represented.
2 Voting Powers
The General Assembly has the power to
make recommendations on issues
related to international peace and
security, development, and human
rights.
3 Composition
It is composed of all 193 UN member states, each with one vote, regardless of size or
economic power.

12. The Security Council
Responsibilities
The Security Council is
responsible for the
maintenance of international
peace and security, and has the
power to make binding
decisions on member states.
Composition
It is composed of 15 members,
including 5 permanent
members (China, France,
Russia, the United Kingdom,
and the United States) and 10
non-permanent members
elected for two-year terms.
Veto Power
The five permanent members
have the power to veto any
substantive Security Council
resolution, allowing them to
block decisions they oppose.

13. The Secretariat
Administrative
Duties
The Secretariat is
responsible for the
administrative and
executive functions of the
UN, providing support to
the other principal organs.
Leadership
The Secretariat is led by the
Secretary-General, who is
the chief administrative
officer of the UN and is
appointed by the General
Assembly.
International Civil
Service
The Secretariat is
composed of an
international team of civil
servants who work to
implement the decisions of
the UN's intergovernmental
bodies.

14. Specialized Agencies and Programs
World Health
Organization
(WHO)
Responsible for
international public
health and well-being.
United Nations
Children's Fund
(UNICEF)
Focused on promoting
the rights and well-
being of children
worldwide.
United Nations
Development
Programme
(UNDP)
Aims to eradicate
poverty and reduce
inequalities globally.
United Nations
Educational,
Scientific and
Cultural
Organization
(UNESCO)
Promotes international
cooperation in
education, science,
and culture.

15. Functions and powers of UNO
To maintain international peace and security
To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction
To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement
To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments
To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what
action should be taken

16. Continued…
to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not
involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression
to take military action against an aggressor
to recommend the admission of new Members
to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas"
to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-
General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of
the International Court of Justice

17. Role of UNO in peace and
security
 Conflict Prevention: through diplomatic efforts, peacekeeping missions, and mediation
initiatives aimed at resolving disputes before they escalate into full-blown conflicts.
 Peacekeeping Operations: The UN deploys peacekeeping forces to regions affected by
conflict to maintain peace and security, facilitate ceasefires, protect civilians, and assist
in the implementation of peace agreements.
 Disarmament and Arms Control: The UN works towards disarmament and arms
control through treaties, conventions, and resolutions aimed at reducing the proliferation
of weapons, curbing the illicit arms trade, and promoting confidence-building measures
among nations.
 Humanitarian Assistance: The UN provides vital humanitarian assistance to conflict-
affected populations, including refugees and internally displaced persons, by delivering
food, shelter, medical aid, and other essential services, thereby addressing the underlying
causes of instability and contributing to long-term peace and security.

18. Role of UNO in achieving human rights
1. Setting International Standards: The UN establishes and promotes international human rights standards through treaties, conventions,
and declarations, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, providing a framework for protecting human rights globally.
2. Monitoring and Reporting: The UN monitors human rights situations around the world through mechanisms like the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and special rapporteurs, investigating violations, and issuing reports to raise awareness and
hold perpetrators accountable.
3. Capacity Building and Technical Assistance: The UN provides technical assistance and capacity-building support to countries to
strengthen their legal frameworks, institutions, and mechanisms for protecting and promoting human rights, empowering local authorities
and civil society organizations.
4. Advocacy and Awareness: The UN advocates for human rights through campaigns, public statements, and diplomatic efforts, urging
governments to uphold their human rights obligations and working to raise awareness about specific issues, such as gender equality, racial
discrimination, and the rights of marginalized groups.

19. Role of UNO in providing humanitarian assistance
 Coordination of Relief Efforts: The UN coordinates humanitarian assistance during crises by mobilizing resources,
coordinating response efforts among various UN agencies, NGOs, and governments, ensuring a coherent and effective
response.
 Providing Essential Services: The UN delivers essential services such as food aid, shelter, clean water, healthcare,
and education to affected populations in humanitarian crises.
 Protection of Civilians: The UN works to protect civilians affected by humanitarian crises, including refugees,
internally displaced persons (IDPs), and other vulnerable groups. This includes efforts to prevent and respond to
violence, provide legal and physical protection, and address the specific needs of women, children, and persons with
disabilities.
 Building Resilience and Long-term Recovery: In addition to addressing immediate needs, the UN supports efforts
to build resilience and promote long-term recovery in affected communities. This involves initiatives such as
livelihood support, infrastructure rebuilding, psychosocial support, and efforts to strengthen local capacity to
withstand future crises.

20. CHALLENGES
 The United Nations (UN) faces a range of complex challenges in its
efforts to promote peace, security, human rights, and sustainable
development around the world. Some of the key challenges
 Global Conflicts: Addressing civil wars, ethnic tensions, and terrorism
through diplomatic channels, peacekeeping missions, and mediation
initiatives to mitigate humanitarian crises
 Climate Change: Reducing greenhouse gases ,helping countries and
communities deal with changes in weather and other things related to
climate. • Humanitarian Crises: The UN is frequently called upon to
respond to humanitarian crises caused by natural disasters, conflicts,
and other emergencies.
 Human Rights Violations :Upholding human rights human rights
violations are ongoing challenges for the UN
 Peacekeeping Operations: The UN conducts peacekeeping operations
in conflict.
.

21. CRITICISM
UN found after world war 2 goal was to
achievepeaceUN securitycouncil createdto
enforce law and action but SC Consider
most undemocratic feature of UN Council
has 15 seats 5 for permanent known as P5
China,Russia,
France,USA,UK allhavepowerofvetobut
these power use against law for their own
interest

22. Unconditional
Power
 Since 1992, Russia has been the
mostfrequentuseroftheveto,
followed by the United States and
China.
 France and the United Kingdom
havenotusedthevetosince1989.
 As of March 2024, Russia/USSR
has used its veto 128 times,the US
89 times, the UK 29 times, China 19
times,andFrance16 times.

23. United state is no new to the veto either .since 1970
Usa use 89 Vetos Vetoing resolution targeting its
allyIsraelWhichinclude:
• RecognizePalestinestate
• T
alkingno actionagainstillegalsettlement
• No rightto return

24. Reforms and Future Prospects
Security Council Reform:
 Expand membership to reflect current global power dynamics.
 Increase representation for developing countries and underrepresented regions.
Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution:
 Enhance peacekeeping operations' capabilities.
 Improve coordination with regional organizations.
 Strengthen conflict prevention mechanisms.
Management and Accountability:
 Enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency.
 Implement financial and procurement reforms.
 Combat fraud and corruption.

25. Human Rights and Humanitarian Action:
 Strengthen capacity to promote and protect human rights.
 Improve monitoring of human rights violations.
 Support humanitarian operations and crisis response.
Development and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
 Align development agenda with SDGs.
 Promote sustainable development practices globally.
 Ensure coherence and coordination across UN agencies.
Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability:
 Strengthen role in global climate governance.
 Enhance UNFCCC initiatives.
 Foster international cooperation on environmental issues.
Continued…

26. In conclusion, the United Nations has played a pivotal role in global affairs since its inception after World War
II. Its significance lies in its mission to promote international peace and security, protect human rights, and
foster sustainable development worldwide. Despite facing challenges such as conflicts, criticisms regarding
accountability and transparency, and financial constraints, the UN continues to adapt and strive for
effectiveness.
Efforts to reform the UN system, including proposals to reform the Security Council and enhance the General
Assembly's role, demonstrate ongoing initiatives to improve its functioning. Embracing new technologies for
communication and coordination, as well as strengthening partnerships with civil society and non-state actors,
offer opportunities to enhance the UN's effectiveness further.
Looking ahead, the United Nations must continue to evolve and innovate to address emerging global
challenges effectively. By fostering collaboration, embracing reforms, and leveraging new opportunities, the
UN can strengthen its position as a vital force for positive change in the world.
Conclusion

27. Recommendations
How to enhancing the effectiveness of the United Nations:
Strategic Partnerships:
 Forge stronger alliances with member states, regional organizations, and non-governmental entities.
 Collaborate on shared goals such as peacebuilding, development, and climate action.
Conflict Prevention and Resolution:
 Strengthen early warning systems to detect potential conflicts.
 Enhance mediation and peacekeeping capabilities to resolve conflicts swiftly.
Humanitarian Response:
 Improve coordination and rapid response mechanisms for humanitarian crises.
 Enhance funding and support for humanitarian operations.
 Global Health Initiatives:
 Strengthen global health frameworks to address pandemics and public health emergencies.
 Promote equitable access to healthcare and vaccines.

28. Climate Change Action:
 Advocate for ambitious climate agreements and commitments.
 Facilitate technology transfer and capacity-building for climate resilience.
Governance and Transparency:
 Enhance accountability and transparency within UN institutions.
 Promote good governance practices globally.
Technology and Innovation:
 Harness technology for data-driven decision-making and innovation.
 Promote digital inclusion and access to information.
Capacity Building:
 Strengthen the capacity of developing countries to participate effectively in UN initiatives.
 Provide training and support for institutional development.
Peacebuilding and Reconciliation:
 Support post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation efforts.
 Foster dialogue and cooperation among conflicting parties.
.
Continued…