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NUST IR Lec XI Organizations Institutions Fall Sem 2022.pptx
1. International Relations
(LECTURE – XI)
01 & 02, DECEMBER 2022
(SCIENCES & HUMANITIES, (NS3H)
“ORGANIZATIONS & INSTITUTIONS”
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD (NUST)
FALL 2022
AMBASSADOR SHAHID M G KIANI,
VISITING FACULTY
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2. International organizations (IOs) & institutions (Iis)
International organizations (IOs) & institutions (IIs) have become an increasingly
common phenomenon of international life
Proliferation of Ios - growth in treaty arrangements among states & deepening
of regional integration efforts in Europe; EU
&
In other parts of world - all represent formal expressions - extent to which
international politics has become more institutionalized over time
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3. International institutions: BACKGROUND /DEFINITIONS
Term international institution has been used over course of last few decades to
refer to broad range of phenomena
In early postwar years - these words almost always referred to formal Ios -
usually to organs or branches of United Nations system
This is hardly surprising – Such organizations were most ‘studiable’ (if not
necessarily -most crucial) manifestations of what was ‘new’ about postwar
international relations
Postwar research was largely descriptive & focused almost exclusively on
formal international legal agreements -such as Charter of United Nations – UN
Security Council resolutions & treaties relating to trade & alliances
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5. General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and
representative organ of the UN.
All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly,
making it the only UN body with universal representation
Each year: In September - full UN membership meets in General Assembly Hall
in New York for annual General Assembly session - general debate, which
many heads of stat/Goverments attend/address
Decisions on important questions - such as those on peace/security, admission
of new members & budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of General
Assembly
Decisions on other questions are by simple majority
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7. Security Council
Security Council has primary responsibility -under UN Charter - for maintenance of
international peace/ security
It has: 15 Members (5 permanent/10 non-permanent members)
Each Member has one vote: Under the Charter -all Member States are obligated to
comply with Council decisions
Security Council takes lead in determining existence of threat to peace or act of
aggression
It calls upon: Parties to dispute to settle it by peaceful means & recommends methods
of adjustment or terms of settlement
In some cases: Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize use
of force to maintain or restore international peace/security
Security Council has Presidency -which rotates & changes, every month
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8. Realism & International Organisations: Opinion
A country that rotates onto the UN Security Council can expect cool 59%
increase in bilateral aid from US
New breed of realist is now also exploring extent to which states try to use
international organizations to achieve their security objectives
This has always been purpose of military alliances –Call them “soft realists”;
States use IOs to engage in “institutionalized balancing” behavior - use of
pressures/threats in multilateral institutions for the purpose of securing their
security interests
World’s most powerful countries – working through G-8 – increasingly co-opt
international organizations to achieve their preferred outcomes over debt
relief/terrorist financing
This New Realism: Sees power & interest at work in broad range of ostensibly
“cooperative” multilateral institutions
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9. Subsidiary Organs of Security Council
Counter-Terrorism Committee: Guided by Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) -
CTC works to bolster ability of UN Member States to prevent terrorist acts both within their borders &
across regions
It was established in wake of 11 September terrorist attacks in US
Non-Proliferation Committee: Under Chapter VII of UN Charter which affirms: Proliferation of
nuclear/chemical/biological weapons & their means of delivery constitutes threat to international
peace/security
Sanctions Committees: Use of mandatory sanctions is intended to apply pressure on a State or entity
to comply with objectives set by Security Council without resorting to use of force.
Sanctions thus offer Security Council an important instrument to enforce its decisions
Universal character of United Nations makes it an especially appropriate body to establish and monitor
such measures
Council has resorted to mandatory sanctions as enforcement tool when peace has been threatened &
diplomatic efforts have failed
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11. Peacekeeping Operation
Peacekeeping operation consists of: Military/police /civilian personnel, who work to
deliver security/political/early peacebuilding support
Peacekeeping is flexible & over past two decades has been deployed in many
configurations
Today's multidimensional peacekeeping operations are called upon not only to
maintain peace/security -but also to facilitate political process, protect civilians-assist
in disarmament/demobilization/reintegration of former combatants; support
organization of elections/protect/promote human rights and assist in restoring rule of
law
Political missions are part of continuum of UN peace operations working in different
stages of the conflict cycle
In some instances -following signing of peace agreements, political missions overseen
by Department of Political Affairs during stage of peace negotiations have been
replaced by peacekeeping missions: Libya, Somalia
In other instances: UN peacekeeping operations have given way to special political
missions overseeing longer term peace-building activities
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13. INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (INGOs)
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are entities - usually international
nonprofits - which work in an independent fashion yet complement work of
governments for benefit of constituencies in civil society
Nature of NGOs runs range from lobbying/advocacy to operations/ project-
oriented organizations
Their mandates often but not always include working to: Complement efforts of
state/ local governments
Since becoming players in international economic development world in the
early 1980s -NGOs have proliferated in both developed/developing countries
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14. Leading Nongovernmental Organizations: CARE
Cooperative for Assistance & Relief Everywhere (CARE) is nonprofit/nonsectarian federation of
agencies/NGOs devoted to channeling relief/self-help materials to needy people in foreign countries
Originally organized in US in 1945 to help war-ravaged Europe -CARE soon expanded its program to
include developing nations in Asia/Africa/ Latin America – now HQ Brussels
Famous for its "CARE packages" of food /other necessities –it is in now also involved ; population/health
care/land management/small economic activity
CARE's goal: Build self-sufficiency by helping families meet three basic needs: income, education/
health/population services
Its work in education includes promoting: literacy/numeracy/school attendance, particularly among girls
who are often denied schooling
Programs improve education for all children with an emphasis on keeping girls in school- Groups are
created so parents/teachers can discuss traditional educational barriers, -such as: housework or baby-
sitting -which keep girls from attending school
CARE also provides economic incentives to help parents cover cost of keeping their daughters in school
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15. Oxfam International
Oxfam International is an international confederation of eleven autonomous NGOs
committed to working together to fight poverty/injustice around world
Each shares: Commitment to end waste/injustice of poverty - in long-term
development work & during times of urgent humanitarian need
Common mandate for all of Oxfams is to address structural causes of poverty/related
injustices & create lasting solutions to hunger/poverty/social injustice through long-
term partnerships with poor communities around the world
Organization has advocacy office in Washington, D.C., which lobbies: World Bank/
International Monetary Fund & US on issues agreed upon by eleven member
organizations.
As a privately funded organization, it strives to speak "with conviction and integrity to
challenge the structural barriers that foster conflict and human suffering and limit
people from gaining skills/resources/ power to become self-sufficient."
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16. CARE……….cont….
Oxfam invests privately raised funds/technical expertise in local organizations
around world - that hold promise in their efforts to help poor people move out of
poverty
These projects are characterized by partnerships with local organizations-
unique/ highly successful approach that ensures lasting change
Through the local partnerships, Oxfam listens to the local needs and works jointly
toward solutions that enable communities to prosper and organize for economic
stability and democratic opportunity
Oxfam is committed to these long-term relationships in search of lasting solutions
to hunger/ poverty/social inequities & Promotion of democracy
As part of this commitment, Oxfam is dedicated to educating public worldwide on
realities of poverty/universal obligation to establish future that is
equitable/environmentally sustainable/ respectful of rights of all peoples
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17. Save the Children
international nonprofit child-assistance organization (or NGO) based in US
which works in forty-six countries worldwide, including US
Its mission is to: Make lasting, positive change in lives of children in need
Member of International Save the Children Alliance –World wide network of
twenty-six independent Save the Children organizations working in more than
100 countries to ensure: wellbeing of children everywhere
Nearly seventy years of experience working alongside families/communities
Save the Children that poverty "need not be a life sentence”
"To help children get best possible start in life: Save the Children promotes
locally appropriate programs in education/health care/environmentally sound
agriculture/ economic productivity
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18. Save the Children…..cont…
In world where majority of illiterate adults are women, improving access to
education for girls is urgent.
At outset of twenty-first century, nearly two-thirds of 125 million children not
attending primary school are girls
Cycle of illiteracy traps millions of girls/women throughout developing world
But with education - this cycle can be broken
Studies show: An educated mother is more likely to provide her children with
adequate nutrition - seek needed health care & send her girls, as well as boys
to school
Save the Children focuses on education as a critical means of improving quality
of life for both mother/their families
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20. Multinational Corporations
Multinational Corporation (MNC)
A company that operates in its home country, -as well as in other countries
around the world
It maintains: Central office located in one country -which coordinates the
management of all its other offices: Such as administrative branches or factories
It isn’t enough to call a company that exports its products to more than one
country a multinational company
They need to maintain actual business operations in other countries/must make
foreign direct investment there
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21. Characteristics of Multinational Corporation
1. Very high assets/turnover
To become multinational corporation -business must be large/must own huge
amount of assets: Both physical/financial
Company’s targets are high & they are able to generate substantial profits
2. Network of branches
They maintain production/marketing operations in different countries
In each country: Business may oversee multiple offices that function through
several branches/subsidiaries
3. Control
Management of offices in other countries is controlled by one head office located
in home country
Therefore: Source of command is found in the home country
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22. Characteristics of Multinational Corporation…cont….
Continued growth
They keep growing. -Even as they operate in other countries -,they strive to grow their economic
size by constantly upgrading/by conducting mergers and acquisitions
5. Sophisticated technology
When company goes global -they need to make sure that their investment will grow substantially
In order to achieve substantial growth - they need to make use of capital-intensive technology -
especially in their production/marketing activities
6. Right skills
Multinational companies aim to employ only the best managers -those who are capable of
handling large amounts of funds, using advanced technology, managing workers, and running a
huge business entity
7. Forceful marketing and advertising
One of most effective survival strategies of multinational corporations is spending a great deal of
money on marketing/advertising.- This is how they are able to sell every product or brand they
make.
8. Good quality products
Because they use capital-intensive technology -they are able to produce top-of-the-line products
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23. Leading Multinational Companies In World
Microsoft: Considered one of the leading Multinational Companies founded in 1975 by Bill Gates
and Paul Allen
Google: One of the Powerful Corporations in the World, Google LLC is a multinational
technology company
Cisco: Cisco Systems is a Multinational Networking Hardware Corporation founded by Sandy
Lerner and Leonard Bosack in 1984 -It manufactures, develops, and markets telecommunications
equipment, networking hardware & software, and other technology products & services
FedEx Corporation: FedEx Corporation is an American-based multinational company providing
delivery services worldwide
American Express: American Express is a multinational corporation providing financial services
McDonald’s: McDonald’s Corporation is a multinational fast-food company. It was initially
founded as a restaurant by Richard & Maurice McDonald in 1940. It has about 37,000+ outlets
worldwide, serving nearly 70 million customers across 100 countries
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