The passage discusses reading as a neurophysiological process. It describes the different types of neurons involved, including receptor neurons that pick up sensory information, connector neurons that form linkages between neurons in the central nervous system, and effector neurons that terminate in muscles and glands to excite reactions. It also outlines four brain mechanisms for language reception: the sensory input system, reticular formation involved in arousal and attention, limbic system controlling emotions, and the analysis and storage system in the cerebral cortex.

1. Readingas a Neuro-
physiological Process

2. Special nerve cells which makes it
possible for the brain and other parts of
the body to send signals back and forth.
Neurons are the messengers of the brain.
neurons: the messenger of the brain
neurons:

3. Glial cells surround each neuron and act
like a net to hold all its delicate parts in
place.
Cerebral spinal fluid helps neurons send
their messages.
neurons: the messenger of the brain
neurons:

8. types of
neurons

9. effector/
output neurons
receptor neurons
connector neurons

10. receptor
neurons
Neurons found in theeyes, ears, skin, joints, and
various organs. These neurons have dendrites that are
very sensitive waves.
Receptor neurons also pick up changes in your body’s
position as well as changesin the tensionof your
muscles.

11. connector
neurons
Neurons that form linkagesbetween most of the neurons in
the central nervous system.
They make up most of the brain, the spinal column, and the
major sensory nerves.
They make up most of the reticular formation, the limbic
system, and the cerebral cortex.

12. effector/
output
neurons
Neurons that have axons that terminate in your
musclesand glands, where they excite
reactions.

13. the brain
mechanisms of
language

14. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
1. sensory input system
2. reticularformation
3. limbicsystem
4. analysisand storage system

15. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
1. sensory input system
It includes the specialized sense organs and neurons which receive
sensory stimuliandrelay these tothe brainthroughthe spinalcord.

16. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
1. sensory input system
2. reticularformation
3. limbicsystem
4. analysisand storage system

17. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
2. reticularformation
This is biologically called the thalamus.
Arousalandattentiontakes place here.

18. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
1. sensory input system
2. reticularformation
3. limbicsystem
4. analysisand storage system

19. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
3. limbicsystem
Biologically, this is called the hypothalamus. This is interconnected with the reticular
formation. This system controls your emotions. This is referred to as the motivation
centerof the brain.

20. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
1. sensory input system
2. reticularformation
3. limbicsystem
4. analysisand storage system

21. four brain mechanismsfor
languagereception(Robeck &Wilson, 1976)
4. analysisand storage system
In biological terms, analysis and storage take place in the different areas of the
cerebral cortex.The cortex covers thewhole surface of the cerebrum.

25. eye
movements in reading

26. regression
fixation
interfixation movements
return sweep

27. What is the passage about?
The procedure is quite simple. First, you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be
sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of
facilities, that is the next step. Otherwise, you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things.
That is, it is better to do few things at once than too many. In the short run, this may not seem important
but complications can easily arise. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to
foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future, but then one can never tell. After
the procedure is completed, one arranges the materials into different groups again. They can be put into
their appropriate places. Eventually, they will be used once more, and the whole cycle will then have to
be repeated. However, this is part of life. (Bransford and Johnson, 1973, p.400)

28. GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF
HUMAN
INFORMATION
PROCESSING

29. GENERALPRINCIPLESOF
HUMANINFORMATION
PROCESSING
noise
Anything that makes the build-up of
information within a message unclear,
or which conveys noinformation.

30. GENERALPRINCIPLESOF
HUMANINFORMATION
PROCESSING
uncertainty
When there is more than one meaning
to choose from in making sense out of a
message.

31. GENERALPRINCIPLESOF
HUMANINFORMATION
PROCESSING
redundancy
The features of the message that make
the meaning of themessageclearer.

32. 4
1
2
3
5