Reading involves two basic processes: decoding and comprehension. Decoding involves translating printed words into oral language by understanding phoneme-grapheme relationships. Comprehension enables understanding words in isolation and context. Reading assessment evaluates both word recognition and reading comprehension using various strategies like phonics analysis, structural analysis, and evaluating critical reading. Developmental approaches to reading instruction emphasize sequential daily lessons using methods like basal, phonics, and individualized reading. Informal assessments include probes, miscue analysis, cloze procedures, checklists, and student journals.

1. ReadingALAYON, AnncelinGO, Gianne JustineGOCELA, IvoryORELLANO, Mary KhrisFleurTANUCAN, Hazel Jean

2. By Definition…What is READING?… is defined as a visual-auditory task that involves obtaining meaning from symbols (letters and words).Includes tow basic processes: DECODING process and COMPREHENSION process

3. DECODING process - involves understanding the phoneme-grapheme relationships - translating printed words into a representation similar to oral language. - enables to pronounce words correctly.

4. COMPREHENSHION process - enable the learner to understand the meaning of words in isolation and in context.

5. Assessment in ReadingReading assessment involves both word recognition and reading comprehension.

6. Organization of Reading SkillsSeven commonly used strategies of Word Recognition (Ekwall & Shanker, 1985; Guszak, 1987):

7. CONFIGURATION - refers to the outline or general shape of a word.CONTEXT ANALYSIS - the skill of the words and meanings surrounding an unknown word or phrase to determine element.SIGHT WORDS - the reader recognizes without applying phonetic analysis.PHONICS ANALYSIS - refers to the decoding words by symbol-sound associations.

8. SYLLABICATION - the process of dividing a word into its component parts.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - the reader perceives meaningful units such as root words, prefixes, suffixes, etc.DICTIONARY ANALYSIS - seldom used for word recognition; however it does provide the reader with an independent means of pronouncing unknown words.

9. Five major areas in Reading Comprehension (Ekwall & Shanker, 1985; Smith & Barett, 1974):

10. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT - essential for the reader to understand the words used by the writer.LITERAL COMPREHENSION - refers to the recognition and recall of explicitly stated information.INFERENTIAL COMPREHENSION - requires the reader to make conjectures or hypotheses bade on the stated information, its intuition, and personal experiences.

11. EVALUATION or Critical Reading - deals with the judgments based on the reader’s experiences, knowledge, or values.APPRECIATION - deals with the student’s emotional and aesthetic sensitivity to the written selection.

12. Developmental ApproachesReading developmental approaches emphasize sequential instruction on a daily basis. The following developmental approaches are:Basal

13. Phonics

14. Linguistics

15. Language Experience

16. Individualized ReadingInformal Assessment ApproachProbesMiscue (for error analysis)Cloze ProcedureWritten description Checklists and QuestionnaireInterviewsConferences

17. Student Journals and NotebooksPerformance-based AssessmentsSharing portfoliosExhibitionsSelf-AssessmentPeer assessment