This document provides an introduction to the basics of R programming. It begins with quizzes to assess the reader's familiarity with R and related topics. It then covers key R concepts like data types, data structures, importing and exporting data, control flow, functions, and parallel computing. The document aims to equip readers with fundamental R skills and directs them to online resources for further learning.
Attached here is a presentation that I made covering some bits and pieces of what I got to discover about Data Science and Machine Learning using R Programming Language.
A relatively short Introduction to R as presented at the Belgian Software Craftmanship meetup group.
The goal of this presentation is to give you an introduction to:
• The style of the language
• It's ecosystem
• How common things like data manipulation and visualization work
• How to use it for machine learning
• Webdevelopment and report generation in R
• Integrating R in your system
License:
Introduction To R by Samuel Bosch
To the extent possible under law, the person who associated CC0 with Introduction To R has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights
to Introduction To R.
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
The presentation is a brief case study of R Programming Language. In this, we discussed the scope of R, Uses of R, Advantages and Disadvantages of the R programming Language.
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best r programming training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best r programming classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporates
Attached here is a presentation that I made covering some bits and pieces of what I got to discover about Data Science and Machine Learning using R Programming Language.
A relatively short Introduction to R as presented at the Belgian Software Craftmanship meetup group.
The goal of this presentation is to give you an introduction to:
• The style of the language
• It's ecosystem
• How common things like data manipulation and visualization work
• How to use it for machine learning
• Webdevelopment and report generation in R
• Integrating R in your system
License:
Introduction To R by Samuel Bosch
To the extent possible under law, the person who associated CC0 with Introduction To R has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights
to Introduction To R.
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
The presentation is a brief case study of R Programming Language. In this, we discussed the scope of R, Uses of R, Advantages and Disadvantages of the R programming Language.
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best r programming training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best r programming classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporates
This hands-on R course will guide users through a variety of programming functions in the open-source statistical software program, R. Topics covered include indexing, loops, conditional branching, S3 classes, and debugging. Full workshop materials available from http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/rtc/r-prog
this presentation is an introduction to R programming language.we will talk about usage, history, data structure and feathers of R programming language.
This short text will get you up to speed in no time on creating visualizations using R's ggplot2 package. It was developed as part of a training to those who had no prior experience in R and had limited knowledge on general programming concepts. It's a must have initial guide for those exploring the field of Data Science
Best corporate-r-programming-training-in-mumbaiUnmesh Baile
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best Teradata training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best Teradata Database classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporates
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Target audience: R programmers who want to see the big picture and software engineers who have a broad experience in other technologies and want to grasp how R is designed.
It covers- Introduction to R language, Creating, Exploring data with Various Data Structures e.g. Vector, Array, Matrices, and Factors. Using Methods with examples.
Given what a beautiful and mature functional programming language R is, there is a surprising, though understandable, lack of visibility of functional programming techniques in R. This is a talk given to the Mumbai R meetup group in October/November, 2014, meant to introduce the audience to Functional Programming in R.
This hands-on R course will guide users through a variety of programming functions in the open-source statistical software program, R. Topics covered include indexing, loops, conditional branching, S3 classes, and debugging. Full workshop materials available from http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/rtc/r-prog
this presentation is an introduction to R programming language.we will talk about usage, history, data structure and feathers of R programming language.
This short text will get you up to speed in no time on creating visualizations using R's ggplot2 package. It was developed as part of a training to those who had no prior experience in R and had limited knowledge on general programming concepts. It's a must have initial guide for those exploring the field of Data Science
Best corporate-r-programming-training-in-mumbaiUnmesh Baile
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best Teradata training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best Teradata Database classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporates
Brief introduction to the R language and its use in large data applications. Tools and techniques for data ingestion and analytics are touched on. Packages and support for publishing research and visualizations are described.
R programming language: conceptual overviewMaxim Litvak
This is an advanced overview of the programming language R showing the concepts and paradigms used there.
Target audience: R programmers who want to see the big picture and software engineers who have a broad experience in other technologies and want to grasp how R is designed.
It covers- Introduction to R language, Creating, Exploring data with Various Data Structures e.g. Vector, Array, Matrices, and Factors. Using Methods with examples.
Given what a beautiful and mature functional programming language R is, there is a surprising, though understandable, lack of visibility of functional programming techniques in R. This is a talk given to the Mumbai R meetup group in October/November, 2014, meant to introduce the audience to Functional Programming in R.
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Session Overview
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and Grafana
RDataMining slides-r-programming
1. Basics of R Programming
Yanchang Zhao
http://www.RDataMining.com
R and Data Mining Course
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
Beijing, China
July 2019
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3. Quiz
Have you used R before?
Are you familiar with data mining and machine learning
techniques and algorithms?
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4. Quiz
Have you used R before?
Are you familiar with data mining and machine learning
techniques and algorithms?
Have you used R for data mining and analytics in your
study/research/work?
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6. What is R?
R ∗ is a free software environment for statistical computing
and graphics.
R can be easily extended with 14,000+ packages available on
CRAN† (as of July 2019).
Many other packages provided on Bioconductor‡, R-Forge§,
GitHub¶, etc.
R manuals on CRAN
An Introduction to R
The R Language Definition
R Data Import/Export
. . .
∗
http://www.r-project.org/
†
http://cran.r-project.org/
‡
http://www.bioconductor.org/
§
http://r-forge.r-project.org/
¶
https://github.com/
http://cran.r-project.org/manuals.html
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7. Why R?
R is widely used in both academia and industry.
R is one of the most popular tools for data science and
analytics, ranked #1 from 2011 to 2016, but sadly overtaken
by Python since 2017, :-( ∗∗.
The CRAN Task Views †† provide collections of packages for
different tasks.
Machine learning & atatistical learning
Cluster analysis & finite mixture models
Time series analysis
Multivariate statistics
Analysis of spatial data
. . .
∗∗
The KDnuggets polls on Top Analytics, Data Science software
https://www.kdnuggets.com/2019/05/poll-top-data-science-machine-learning-platforms.html
††
http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/
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9. RStudio‡‡
An integrated development environment (IDE) for R
Runs on various operating systems like Windows, Mac OS X
and Linux
Suggestion: always using an RStudio project, with subfolders
code: source code
data: raw data, cleaned data
figures: charts and graphs
docs: documents and reports
models: analytics models
‡‡
https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/
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11. RStudio Keyboard Shortcuts
Run current line or selection: Ctrl + enter
Comment / uncomment selection: Ctrl + Shift + C
Clear console: Ctrl + L
Reindent selection: Ctrl + I
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12. Writing Reports and Papers
Sweave + LaTex: for academic publications
beamer + LaTex: for presentations
knitr + R Markdown: generating reports and slides in HTML,
PDF and WORD formats
Notebooks: R notebook, Jupiter notebook
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14. Pipe Operations
Load library magrittr for pipe operations
Avoid nested function calls
Make code easy to understand
Supported by dplyr and ggplot2
library(magrittr) ## for pipe operations
## traditional way
b <- fun3(fun2(fun1(a), b), d)
## the above can be rewritten to
b <- a %>% fun1() %>% fun2(b) %>% fun3(d)
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15. Pipe Operations
Load library magrittr for pipe operations
Avoid nested function calls
Make code easy to understand
Supported by dplyr and ggplot2
library(magrittr) ## for pipe operations
## traditional way
b <- fun3(fun2(fun1(a), b), d)
## the above can be rewritten to
b <- a %>% fun1() %>% fun2(b) %>% fun3(d)
Quiz: Why not use ’c’ in above example?
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28. Loop Control
for, while, repeat
break, next
for (i in 1:5) {
print(i^2)
}
## [1] 1
## [1] 4
## [1] 9
## [1] 16
## [1] 25
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29. Apply Functions
apply(): apply a function to margins of an array or matrix
lapply(): apply a function to every item in a list or vector
and return a list
sapply(): similar to lapply, but return a vector or matrix
vapply(): similar to sapply, but as a pre-specified type of
return value
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30. Loop vs lapply
## for loop
x <- 1:10
y <- rep(NA, 10)
for (i in 1:length(x)) {
y[i] <- log(x[i])
}
y
## [1] 0.0000000 0.6931472 1.0986123 1.3862944 1.6094379 1.79...
## [7] 1.9459101 2.0794415 2.1972246 2.3025851
## apply a function (log) to every element of x
tmp <- lapply(x, log)
y <- do.call("c", tmp) %>% print()
## [1] 0.0000000 0.6931472 1.0986123 1.3862944 1.6094379 1.79...
## [7] 1.9459101 2.0794415 2.1972246 2.3025851
## same as above
sapply(x, log)
## [1] 0.0000000 0.6931472 1.0986123 1.3862944 1.6094379 1.79...
## [7] 1.9459101 2.0794415 2.1972246 2.3025851
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32. Parallel Computing
## on Linux or Mac machines
library(parallel)
n.cores <- detectCores() - 1 %>% print()
tmp <- mclapply(x, log, mc.cores=n.cores)
y <- do.call("c", tmp)
## on Windows machines
library(parallel)
## set up cluster
cluster <- makeCluster(n.cores)
## run jobs in parallel
tmp <- parLapply(cluster, x, log)
## stop cluster
stopCluster(cluster)
# collect results
y <- do.call("c", tmp)
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33. Parallel Computing (cont.)
On Windows machines, libraries and global variables used by a
function to run in parallel have to be explicited exported to all
nodes.
## on Windows machines
library(parallel)
## set up cluster
cluster <- makeCluster(n.cores)
## load required libraries, if any, on all nodes
tmp <- clusterEvalQ(cluster, library(igraph))
## export required variables, if any, to all nodes
clusterExport(cluster, "myvar")
## run jobs in parallel
tmp <- parLapply(cluster, x, myfunc)
## stop cluster
stopCluster(cluster)
# collect results
y <- do.call("c", tmp)
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34. Parallel Computing (cont.)
On Windows machines, libraries and global variables used by a
function to run in parallel have to be explicited exported to all
nodes.
## on Windows machines
library(parallel)
## set up cluster
cluster <- makeCluster(n.cores)
## load required libraries, if any, on all nodes
tmp <- clusterEvalQ(cluster, library(igraph))
## export required variables, if any, to all nodes
clusterExport(cluster, "myvar")
## run jobs in parallel
tmp <- parLapply(cluster, x, myfunc)
## stop cluster
stopCluster(cluster)
# collect results
y <- do.call("c", tmp)
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36. Functions
Define your own function: calculate the arithmetic average of a
numeric vector
average <- function(x) {
y <- sum(x)
n <- length(x)
z <- y/n
return(z)
}
## calcuate the average of 1:10
average(1:10)
## [1] 5.5
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38. Data Import and Export
Read data from and write data to
R native formats (incl. Rdata and RDS)
CSV files
EXCEL files
ODBC databases
SAS databases
R Data Import/Export:
http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-data.pdf
Chapter 2: Data Import and Export, in book R and Data Mining:
Examples and Case Studies.
http://www.rdatamining.com/docs/RDataMining-book.pdf
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39. Save and Load R Objects
save(): save R objects into a .Rdata file
load(): read R objects from a .Rdata file
rm(): remove objects from R
a <- 1:10
save(a, file = "../data/dumData.Rdata")
rm(a)
a
## Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object ’a’ not found
load("../data/dumData.Rdata")
a
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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40. Save and Load R Objects - More Functions
save.image():
save current workspace to a file
It saves everything!
readRDS():
read a single R object from a .rds file
saveRDS():
save a single R object to a file
Advantage of readRDS() and saveRDS():
You can restore the data under a different object name.
Advantage of load() and save():
You can save multiple R objects to one file.
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41. Import from and Export to .CSV Files
write.csv(): write an R object to a .CSV file
read.csv(): read an R object from a .CSV file
# create a data frame
var1 <- 1:5
var2 <- (1:5)/10
var3 <- c("R", "and", "Data Mining", "Examples", "Case Studies")
df1 <- data.frame(var1, var2, var3)
names(df1) <- c("VarInt", "VarReal", "VarChar")
# save to a csv file
write.csv(df1, "../data/dummmyData.csv", row.names = FALSE)
# read from a csv file
df2 <- read.csv("../data/dummmyData.csv")
print(df2)
## VarInt VarReal VarChar
## 1 1 0.1 R
## 2 2 0.2 and
## 3 3 0.3 Data Mining
## 4 4 0.4 Examples
## 5 5 0.5 Case Studies
37 / 44
42. Import from and Export to EXCEL Files
Package openxlsx: read, write and edit XLSX files
library(openxlsx)
xlsx.file <- "../data/dummmyData.xlsx"
write.xlsx(df2, xlsx.file, sheetName = "sheet1", row.names = F)
df3 <- read.xlsx(xlsx.file, sheet = "sheet1")
df3
## VarInt VarReal VarChar
## 1 1 0.1 R
## 2 2 0.2 and
## 3 3 0.3 Data Mining
## 4 4 0.4 Examples
## 5 5 0.5 Case Studies
38 / 44
43. Read from Databases
Package RODBC: provides connection to ODBC databases.
Function odbcConnect(): sets up a connection to database
sqlQuery(): sends an SQL query to the database
odbcClose() closes the connection.
library(RODBC)
db <- odbcConnect(dsn = "servername", uid = "userid",
pwd = "******")
sql <- "SELECT * FROM lib.table WHERE ..."
# or read query from file
sql <- readChar("myQuery.sql", nchars=99999)
myData <- sqlQuery(db, sql, errors=TRUE)
odbcClose(db)
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44. Read from Databases
Package RODBC: provides connection to ODBC databases.
Function odbcConnect(): sets up a connection to database
sqlQuery(): sends an SQL query to the database
odbcClose() closes the connection.
library(RODBC)
db <- odbcConnect(dsn = "servername", uid = "userid",
pwd = "******")
sql <- "SELECT * FROM lib.table WHERE ..."
# or read query from file
sql <- readChar("myQuery.sql", nchars=99999)
myData <- sqlQuery(db, sql, errors=TRUE)
odbcClose(db)
Functions sqlFetch(), sqlSave() and sqlUpdate(): read, write
or update a table in an ODBC database
39 / 44
45. Import Data from SAS
Package foreign provides function read.ssd() for importing SAS
datasets (.sas7bdat files) into R.
library(foreign) # for importing SAS data
# the path of SAS on your computer
sashome <- "C:/Program Files/SAS/SASFoundation/9.4"
filepath <- "./data"
# filename should be no more than 8 characters, without extension
fileName <- "dumData"
# read data from a SAS dataset
a <- read.ssd(file.path(filepath), fileName,
sascmd=file.path(sashome, "sas.exe"))
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46. Import Data from SAS
Package foreign provides function read.ssd() for importing SAS
datasets (.sas7bdat files) into R.
library(foreign) # for importing SAS data
# the path of SAS on your computer
sashome <- "C:/Program Files/SAS/SASFoundation/9.4"
filepath <- "./data"
# filename should be no more than 8 characters, without extension
fileName <- "dumData"
# read data from a SAS dataset
a <- read.ssd(file.path(filepath), fileName,
sascmd=file.path(sashome, "sas.exe"))
Alternatives:
function read.xport(): read a file in SAS Transport
(XPORT) format
RStudio : Environment Panel : Import Dataset from
SPSS/SAS/Stata
40 / 44
48. Online Resources
Book titled R and Data Mining: Examples and Case Studies
http://www.rdatamining.com/docs/RDataMining-book.pdf
R Reference Card for Data Mining
http://www.rdatamining.com/docs/RDataMining-reference-card.pdf
Free online courses and documents
http://www.rdatamining.com/resources/
RDataMining Group on LinkedIn (27,000+ members)
http://group.rdatamining.com
Twitter (3,300+ followers)
@RDataMining
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50. How to Cite This Work
Citation
Yanchang Zhao. R and Data Mining: Examples and Case Studies. ISBN
978-0-12-396963-7, December 2012. Academic Press, Elsevier. 256
pages. URL: http://www.rdatamining.com/docs/RDataMining-book.pdf.
BibTex
@BOOK{Zhao2012R,
title = {R and Data Mining: Examples and Case Studies},
publisher = {Academic Press, Elsevier},
year = {2012},
author = {Yanchang Zhao},
pages = {256},
month = {December},
isbn = {978-0-123-96963-7},
keywords = {R, data mining},
url = {http://www.rdatamining.com/docs/RDataMining-book.pdf}
}
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