1) The document discusses ratios and uses Lucky Charms cereal as an example. It states there are 287 marshmallow pieces and 2,583 oat pieces in one box of Lucky Charms.
2) Ratios are introduced as a comparison of two quantities that can be written as a fraction, using "to", or with a colon. The ratio of marshmallows to oats in one box is given as an example.
3) Students practice writing ratios to compare amounts in different scenarios, such as numbers of lions to birds or people to pizzas. They also work on simplifying ratios by writing them in simplest form.