The document discusses the role of agriculture in economic growth and poverty alleviation. It notes an apparent paradox where agriculture declines with economic growth, yet neglecting agriculture can stunt growth. It argues that in the early stages of development, faster agricultural growth is complementary to overall economic growth. However, agriculture tends to grow more slowly than the rest of the economy over the long run, implying a structural transformation. The document also examines how agricultural growth can reduce poverty through employment, incomes, and demand. It discusses variations across developing countries and scenarios around income levels, agricultural structures, and technological potentials.
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
Rethinking Development Strategy – The Importance of the Rural Non Farm Econom...idspak
Despite the obvious importance of the role of a vibrant rural non-farm economy , and in particular, a vibrant non-farm services sector to address the challenges of poverty, food security, agricultural growth and rural development, this sector has received inadequate attention in the debate in Pakistan. Based on a review of literature and data from two large surveys – the Rural Investment Climate Survey of Pakistan 2005 and the Surveys of Domestic Commerce 2007 – this paper attempts to analyze the factors underlying the low level of development of the rural non farm economy and the potential role it can play in Pakistan’s economic development..
Unlockin investment and finance wbg final project edxStellaOkeke1
final project for World Bank Group open course on edx.
This project aim to make every one interested aware of the huge benefit and potential of using agriculture as a means of impact investment. and unlocking opportunities in a developing economy.
By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higher than today. Nearly all of this population increase will occur in developing countries. Urbanization will continue at an accelerated pace, and about 70 percent of the world’s population will be urban (compared to 49 percent today). Income levels will be many multiples of what they are now. In order to feed this larger, more urban and richer population, food production (net of food used for biofuels) must increase by 70 percent.
Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3 billion tonnes from 2.1 billion today and annual meat production will need to rise by over 200 million tonnes to reach 470 million tonnes. This report argues that the required increase in food production can be achieved if the necessary investment is undertaken and policies conducive to agricultural production are put in place.
But increasing production is not sufficient to achieve food security. It must be complemented by policies to enhance access by fighting poverty, especially in rural areas, as well as effective safety net programmes. Total average annual net investment in developing country agriculture required to deliver the necessary production increases would amount to USD 83 billion. The global gap in what is required vis-à-vis current investment levels can be illustrated by comparing the required annual gross investment of US$209 billion (which includes the cost of renewing depreciating investments) with the result of a separate study that estimated that developing countries on average invested USD 142 billion (USD of 2009) annually in agriculture over the past decade.
The required increase is thus about 50 percent. These figures are totals for public and private investment, i.e. investments by farmers. Achieving them will require a major reallocation in developing country budgets as well as in donor programmes. It will also require policies that support farmers in developing countries and encourage them and other private participants in agriculture to increase their investment. In developing countries, 80 percent of the necessary production increases would come from increases in yields and cropping intensity and only 20 percent from expansion of arable land.
But the fact is that globally the rate of growth in yields of the major cereal crops has been steadily declining, it dropped from 3.2 percent per year in 1960 to 1.5 percent in 2000. The challenge for technology is to reverse this decline, since a continuous linear increase in yields at a global level following the pattern established over the past five decades will not be sufficient to meet food needs. Although investment in agricultural R&D continues to be one of the most productive investments, with rates of return between 30 and 75 percent, it has been neglected in most low income countries.
What determines public budgets for agricultural growth in the developing world?IFPRI-PIM
Webinar by Tewodaj Mogues, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on Sept 26, 2017. See abstract here: https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/09/18/webinar-what-determines-public-budgets-for-agricultural-growth-in-the-developing-world/ Fourth webinar in PIM's 2017 series (https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/05/11/pim-monthly-webinars-may-october-2017/)
Bangladesh Growing Outsourcing Place In The WorldSazzad Hossain
Bangladesh is a growing outsourcing country. Most of the bangladeshi young generation are interested on outsourcing rather then involve them full time job. Even IT Firms also providing outsourcing services. Syntech Solution Ltd is on of the leading outsourcing firm in Bangladesh.
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
Rethinking Development Strategy – The Importance of the Rural Non Farm Econom...idspak
Despite the obvious importance of the role of a vibrant rural non-farm economy , and in particular, a vibrant non-farm services sector to address the challenges of poverty, food security, agricultural growth and rural development, this sector has received inadequate attention in the debate in Pakistan. Based on a review of literature and data from two large surveys – the Rural Investment Climate Survey of Pakistan 2005 and the Surveys of Domestic Commerce 2007 – this paper attempts to analyze the factors underlying the low level of development of the rural non farm economy and the potential role it can play in Pakistan’s economic development..
Unlockin investment and finance wbg final project edxStellaOkeke1
final project for World Bank Group open course on edx.
This project aim to make every one interested aware of the huge benefit and potential of using agriculture as a means of impact investment. and unlocking opportunities in a developing economy.
By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higher than today. Nearly all of this population increase will occur in developing countries. Urbanization will continue at an accelerated pace, and about 70 percent of the world’s population will be urban (compared to 49 percent today). Income levels will be many multiples of what they are now. In order to feed this larger, more urban and richer population, food production (net of food used for biofuels) must increase by 70 percent.
Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3 billion tonnes from 2.1 billion today and annual meat production will need to rise by over 200 million tonnes to reach 470 million tonnes. This report argues that the required increase in food production can be achieved if the necessary investment is undertaken and policies conducive to agricultural production are put in place.
But increasing production is not sufficient to achieve food security. It must be complemented by policies to enhance access by fighting poverty, especially in rural areas, as well as effective safety net programmes. Total average annual net investment in developing country agriculture required to deliver the necessary production increases would amount to USD 83 billion. The global gap in what is required vis-à-vis current investment levels can be illustrated by comparing the required annual gross investment of US$209 billion (which includes the cost of renewing depreciating investments) with the result of a separate study that estimated that developing countries on average invested USD 142 billion (USD of 2009) annually in agriculture over the past decade.
The required increase is thus about 50 percent. These figures are totals for public and private investment, i.e. investments by farmers. Achieving them will require a major reallocation in developing country budgets as well as in donor programmes. It will also require policies that support farmers in developing countries and encourage them and other private participants in agriculture to increase their investment. In developing countries, 80 percent of the necessary production increases would come from increases in yields and cropping intensity and only 20 percent from expansion of arable land.
But the fact is that globally the rate of growth in yields of the major cereal crops has been steadily declining, it dropped from 3.2 percent per year in 1960 to 1.5 percent in 2000. The challenge for technology is to reverse this decline, since a continuous linear increase in yields at a global level following the pattern established over the past five decades will not be sufficient to meet food needs. Although investment in agricultural R&D continues to be one of the most productive investments, with rates of return between 30 and 75 percent, it has been neglected in most low income countries.
What determines public budgets for agricultural growth in the developing world?IFPRI-PIM
Webinar by Tewodaj Mogues, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on Sept 26, 2017. See abstract here: https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/09/18/webinar-what-determines-public-budgets-for-agricultural-growth-in-the-developing-world/ Fourth webinar in PIM's 2017 series (https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/05/11/pim-monthly-webinars-may-october-2017/)
Bangladesh Growing Outsourcing Place In The WorldSazzad Hossain
Bangladesh is a growing outsourcing country. Most of the bangladeshi young generation are interested on outsourcing rather then involve them full time job. Even IT Firms also providing outsourcing services. Syntech Solution Ltd is on of the leading outsourcing firm in Bangladesh.
This presentation contains definition, objectives, typology and models of e-governance. Besides it also depicted the present e-governance scenario in Bangladesh of different sectors such as private, banking and public sectors.
I am Md. Tanzid Hossain Shawon M.Sc. in NSE (Nuclear Science and Engineering) student at Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is going to build nuclear power plant at Rooppur.
This slide is mainly talk over the importance of nuclear power plant in Bangladesh.
ICT Implementation in The Education Sector of BangladeshAyman Sadiq
To make the best use of information technology, educational institutions need a workable plan to fully integrate it into all aspects of the curriculum so students are taught how, why, and when to use technology. How technology is utilized in the curriculum and managed by teachers will have an important role to play in widening the resource and knowledge base for all students.
Previously, the use of ICT was limited to private sector education only but it is no longer restricted to private sector education owing to the government efforts. The Government of Bangladesh in an effort to harness the power of ICT formulated its National ICT Policy in year 2002. To implement its policies, the government of Bangladesh has sought the help of UNDP and USAID to use its access to information (a2i) program for the development of the education sector. Access to information (a2i) program aims to make teaching and learning more effective and enjoyable for both students and teachers using ICTs. The most remarkable transformation was empowerment of teachers who were trained to create multimedia content independently, rather than depending on curriculum and multimedia experts. The government soon sought a2i’s support to design a USD 40 million educational transformation program to establish MMCs in over 23,000 secondary schools, madrassas and junior colleges and train nearly 70,000 teachers by 2014.
To better understand how information systems are used in educational institutes, three cases were analyzed. In Adamjee Cantonment College, almost all the aspects of the college are currently under single information system software that ensures all the aspects of the college is going as per schedule. The college makes apt use of biometric identification, communication through text messages and intends to make us of OMR reader, E-payment service and attendance management systems. In the e-learning site Shikkok.com, online tutorials are provided to facilitate free online education and high-quality courses in Bengali language to rural and disadvantaged students in Bangladesh and India. Onnorokom Pathshala, another case considered, is trying to come up with an android app to cater to the mobile internet market. So far they are providing their services through their Youtube channel.
Luc Christiaensen
Will Martin
POLICY SEMINAR
Agriculture, Structural Transformation and Poverty Reduction
Some New Insights
OCT 22, 2018 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Harvesting Prosperity: Technology and Productivity Growth in Agriculture Francois Stepman
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The report states that developing countries need to dramatically expand agricultural innovation and farmers' use of technology to eradicate poverty and respond to rising food demand and address the adverse effects of climate change.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
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Join Our Network:
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Co-organized by IFPRI, Indian Council for International Economic Research (ICRIER) and Academy of Global Food Economics and Policy, China Agricultural University
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Rao 3b the role of agriculture in growth & poverty alleviation
1. FOOD SECURITY
Concepts, Basic Facts,
and Measurement Issues
June 26 to July 7, 2006
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2. Rao 3b:
The Role of Agriculture in
Growth & Poverty Alleviation
Learning: The goal is to achieve an understanding
of the sometimes paradoxical role of agriculture
in promoting development and food
security, the value of agricultural growth in
economy-wide growth and poverty
reduction, international variations and the
changing role of agriculture.
3. Brief Contents
• paradox of the role of agriculture in econ. growth
• empirical evidence of agriculture/non-agriculture
growth complementarity
• the growth costs of neglecting agriculture
• the value of agricultural growth in reducing
poverty and raising FS
• Cross-country variations and country typology
• transforming traditional agriculture and rural or
urban policy biases
• the changing role of agriculture
4. The Role of Agriculture
• Paradox: Agriculture declines markedly with economic
growth
(Reason: Engel's Law + Diminishing Returns)
• Yet, neglect of AG is a persistent cause of growth
failure, widespread poverty and food insecurity. Two
apparently conflicting aspects to this role:
– High initial share in both GDP and (especially)
employment. This implies that neglecting AG would
hurt both growth and poverty reduction.
– Declining dynamic share: Yet, in long-
run, diversification into industry and modern services is
route to higher economic growth.
5. The Role of Agriculture
• Is there a conflict, then, between agricultural
growth and economic growth? Or at least
between economic growth and poverty
alleviation?
6. Agriculture/Non-Agriculture
Complementarity
• empirical evidence: high + correlation between
AG g-rate and GDP g-rate till y<$2000-3000
• supply-side complementarity: AG Food, Labor
& Saving surpluses absorbed by non-AG
• demand-side complementarity: AG source of
effective demand for non-AG and so stimulates
growth
7. Agriculture/Non-Agriculture
Complementarity
• THUS, at low y, AG growth speeds up overall
growth by contributing to investment
demand and saving supply, and relieving
food and/or import supply constraints
8. Paradox Resolved
• At the early stages of development, faster AG
growth not only does not conflict with
economic growth but is basically complementary
to it. [So AG neglect can be costly]
• But except for short periods, AG tends to grow
more slowly than the rest of the economy
implying a structural transformation.
• AG growth promotion should therefore go
hand-in-hand with overall growth promotion
9. Why Might AG be Good
for Poverty Reduction?
1. majority of poor are in rural areas where AG leads
employment and livelihoods
2. AG sector is labour intensive and can generate
employment for landless and under-employed (mostly
poor)
3. AG incomes is major basis of both demand and
investible resources for growth of off-farm rural
employment in informal industry and services
10. Why Might AG be Good
for Poverty Reduction?
4. rural & AG growth stimulates urban non-AG
growth via increased purchasing power among
rural people
5. rural & AG growth holds down migration and
so reduces urban poverty (disproportionate
among migrants)
11. Agriculture, Rural Development, and
Food Security
• Agriculture as an Engine for Poverty
Reduction:
– Fact 1: No country with rural population >75%
had pc food supply >2,500Kc.
– Fact 2: All countries with >3,000Kc had <60% of
population in rural areas
– Fact 3: Yet food production is often path out of
poverty for many, or even only path
– These facts are yet another manifestation of
"the paradox"
12. Limits to Complementarity of AG & GDP
Growth, of AG & Poverty Reduction
• Natural resource and environmental limits
– More severe resource and environmental limitations of late
developers
– Limited land and growing populations reduce the land-per-
worker steadily.
• Investment costs: Though available, HYV/GR
technologies are not cheap options. Require
investments in rural education, agricultural
research, extension, irrigation, roads, energy, etc. From
a growth standpoint, agriculture is no longer a `bargain
sector’.
• Achieving competitiveness: Late-industrialisation is
competitive, hard and K-intensive. This makes AG
neglect likely and growth poverty-enhancing.
13. Variations Across Developing
Countries in Role of AG
• Income level: large variation in y-levels so structural
constraints (savings, foreign exchange, external
vulnerability) vary in severity
• Agrarian structure: inequality in access to
productive assets varies; greater inequality distorts
rural markets and mal-distributes gains from growth
• Technological potentials: wide variation in natural
resources or environmental pressures; AG
technology does not favour all regions equally
14. Country Scenarios
• Technically, the above categories together yield
8 scenarios. It would not be very useful to
examine each policy under all these possible
scenarios. Instead, we shall use judgement in
indicating how certain scenarios are likely to
differ from others in the context of our policy-
analytic discussions later in the volume. In any
case, certain scenarios seem rather more
probable than others.
15. Country Scenarios
• These scenarios are…
Type INCOME Level AG Structure TECH Potential
1 low-income Unimodal low-potential
2 low-income Unimodal high-potential
3 middle-income Unimodal high-potential
4 low-income Bimodal high-potential
5 middle-income Bimodal high-potential
16. Twin Theses:
Transforming Traditional Agriculture
• T-1: Poor Peasants But Efficient Markets or "poor
but efficient“
– Poor because technology is backward. Efficient because
peasants rational, and markets efficient.
• T-2 Discriminatory And Inefficient States
– All systemic inefficiencies due solely to government
interference in markets: extracting resources from agriculture;
depressing agricultural prices or "urban bias"; public sector
activities burdened the economy.
17. Criticisms of T-1
• Ignores profound weight of land/inequality for
mass poverty and food insecurity
• Agrarian inequality is also major cause of AG
stagnation
• Agrarian inequality also makes FACTOR
markets inefficient e.g., inverse-size-yield
relation; localized monopolies
• Inequality also is the major cause of distorted
government policies
18. Criticisms of T-2
• Ignores fact that state is critical for GR/HYV
technologies
• Getting AG prices "right" (1): ignores TOT
consequences
• Getting AG prices "right" (2): ignores fiscal and
other functions of AG prices
• Ignores class bias of policies
19. Agriculture-Economy Interactions:
Bias in Pricing
• T-2 is based on unfavourable tariffs and
exchange rate overvaluation
• Neoclassical: Peasants VS City-Dwellers + State
• Classical: Rural Rentiers VS Urban Capitalists
• So Q is: whom does high AG prices benefit?
whom do they hurt?
• Windfall gain to rentiers + [Employment
Rise(?) + Food Price Rise]
• World prices as NORM: role of DC policies
20. Agriculture-Economy Interactions:
Bias in Pricing (examples)
• e.g., Bangladesh (ARKhan): Poverty rose 1985-
86 despite significant rise in y.
– But AG stagnant: due to drastic fall in public AG
development expenditure.
– Price reform reduced AG input subsidies
– No counteracting growth-inducing public policy
• e.g., India & Indonesia: rural & urban poverty
rises with rising food prices
21. Changing Roles of Agriculture in
Economic Development
• Adjustment: a set of policy reforms designed to activate
(if stagnant) or accelerate economic growth, usually in a
"market-friendly" direction
• Two components:
– macroeconomic adjustment (stabilisation): to reduce fiscal
and external disequilibria. The policy changes involve short-
term remedies for current problems and primarily influence
the demand side of the economy.
– structural adjustment: to influence supply side of economy
both to raise growth and to avoid future fiscal and external
disequilibria
22. Two Engines of Growth?
• Most economists believe free trade is unfailing
"engine of growth“
• We have argued, at low y, AG is a reliable
"engine of poverty reduction & growth“
– Q: Can the two "engines" work together in
harmony? Or is there conflict?
23. Case Study: SSA & L-America
(Poulton, Kydd and Harvey,1999)
• Most absorbed the lessons of conventional wisdom (Twin
Theses)
• Large concentrations of poverty
• Poverty reduction did not automatically flow from higher growth
• Liberalization did not automatically produce competitive markets
• Failure to recognize heavy dependence of the fisc on trade taxes
• Low level of development of technologies for sustainable
intensification
• Crucial role of a range of public expenditures/subsidies to get
agriculture moving
• Low price elasticity ←→ Major supply shifters are transport,
credit, marketing infrastructure in Africa
24. Do Developing Countries Have AG
Comparative Advantage?
• From World Bank to Bob Geldof, From WTO to
Bono: for price reforms
• Will the poor really benefit?
– SSA: Sachs says Africa does not have international comp adv
inAG.
– This implies Africa has comp adv in IND which seems
implausible.
– In reality, tradability of much of backward agriculture is
questionable.
– More complete AG liberalization could depress, not
stimulate, AG
– This calls the consensus of Bank-Bono-Bob-and-WTO into
question.
25. Promoting Rural-Urban,
Agriculture-Industry Linkages
• The logic of a complementary strategy:
– SUPPLY-&-DEMAND AG output growth can both relax
food supply constraint on non-AG growth and raise AG
incomes which will raise non-AG demand & so growth
– GROWTH-&-EQUITY But rural inequalities impede AG
growth. First, at the institutional and markets level.
Second, also by restricting demand for food.
• IF growth takes place with equity, THEN, S-&-D can
equilibrate at high levels
• IF growth is unequalizing, food demand will not rise
much, so S-&-D will equilibrate at low levels