An efficient agricultural marketing system can be classified in several ways and can help reduce rural poverty. It can be classified based on the type of agricultural activity including pasture, crops, citrus groves, timberland, nurseries, and other activities. It reduces marketing costs and brings prices signals to farmers that help increase agricultural production and economic development. Systems like the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh show that providing credit to small farmers can boost incomes, increase savings, and significantly reduce poverty levels in rural communities over time.
This presentation says all about Regulation of agricultural marketing, regulated markets, state agricultural marketing boards, recent initiatives for improving agricultural marketing.
Every day in Maharashtra news papers carry articles on:
Farmer distress, Agri-product demand / supply inconsistencies, middle men centric trade, non-availability of bank credit, loan distress & farmer suicides etc.
Students from M.Tech (Project Mgmt) studied these phenomena and have suggested modifications to the APMC Supply Chain - as a part of their SCM course.
This presentation says all about Regulation of agricultural marketing, regulated markets, state agricultural marketing boards, recent initiatives for improving agricultural marketing.
Every day in Maharashtra news papers carry articles on:
Farmer distress, Agri-product demand / supply inconsistencies, middle men centric trade, non-availability of bank credit, loan distress & farmer suicides etc.
Students from M.Tech (Project Mgmt) studied these phenomena and have suggested modifications to the APMC Supply Chain - as a part of their SCM course.
This is a group presentation on chapter 16 & 17 from text book of Agricultural Marketing course. It is prepared by group Elegant (VII).
Chapter 16: Market Information & Chapter 17:Standardization & Grading
Agricultural, Allied Products, Agro Processed Products, its
status in Indian Market. Emerging Issues in the business
Agriculture Produces.
Agriculture Marketing: Concept, Definition, Scope and
Objectives, Upcoming Practices in Agriculture Marketing.
Agribusiness-Emerging Branches, Non Conventional Forms
of Agribusiness, Retailing & Merchandising of Agri
Produces, Export Potential for farm products-Supporting
Services.
Role of Agencies for promotion of Exports of Agri Products,
Role of Agencies for marketing of Agri Products, Standards
of Agriculture Produces, Organized Retailing in Agri Inputs
and Outputs.
Marketing Mix of Agriculture Products, Role of Information
and Communication Technology in Agriculture Marketing.
Agricultural marketing is a method that includes gathering, storage, preparation, shipping, and delivery of different farming materials across the country. In agriculture marketing, the selling of an agriculture product depends on various components like the demand for the product at that time, availability of storage, etc.
Marketing systems are dynamic; they are competitive and involve continuous change and improvement. Businesses that have lower costs, are more efficient, and can deliver quality products, are those that prosper. Those that have high costs, fail to adapt to changes in market demand and provide poorer quality are often forced out of business.
What is Agriculture?
Troubles in the agricultural field
Government measures
Organization of regulated markets
Grading and standardization
Dissemination of market information
Government purchase and fixation of support prices
The slides describes the basics of agricultural marketing, its importance, scope with some concepts like market, dimensions of market, market structure, market conduct and market performance.
Marketing is the fruit of success in any form of business. Agricultural Marketing is the process of supplying farm inputs to the farmers and the movement of agricultural products from the producer to its ultimate consumer which involves various functions such as buying, selling, packaging, transportation, grading and standardization, storage, processing etc. during this process, there is a chance for some risks and uncertainties to take place. Uncertainty is the unknown factor which causes sudden loss that cannot be predicted and managed where risk is the part of uncertainty which is a known factor that means stepping into a process or technique even-though by knowing that there is a probability of loss. Agricultural marketing experiences three types of risks namely the Physical risk, Price risk and the Institutional risk. The physical risk is the loss in the quantity and quality of the product during storage and transport like fire accident; rodents, pest and disease attack and due to improper packing. The price risk includes the fluctuation in the price of the agricultural marketing; changes in the demand and supply of the product. The institutional risk arises due to the change in the government budget policy; due to the change in the import and export policy. The physical risk can be managed by using fire proof materials in the storage structures, by proper packing and by giving pre-storage treatments. The price risk can be minimized by following contract farming, forward and future market, speculation and hedging. The farmer or trader must have thorough knowledge in the management of risk and should adopt the suitable methods in order to get better outcome in the agricultural marketing.
This is a group presentation on chapter 16 & 17 from text book of Agricultural Marketing course. It is prepared by group Elegant (VII).
Chapter 16: Market Information & Chapter 17:Standardization & Grading
Agricultural, Allied Products, Agro Processed Products, its
status in Indian Market. Emerging Issues in the business
Agriculture Produces.
Agriculture Marketing: Concept, Definition, Scope and
Objectives, Upcoming Practices in Agriculture Marketing.
Agribusiness-Emerging Branches, Non Conventional Forms
of Agribusiness, Retailing & Merchandising of Agri
Produces, Export Potential for farm products-Supporting
Services.
Role of Agencies for promotion of Exports of Agri Products,
Role of Agencies for marketing of Agri Products, Standards
of Agriculture Produces, Organized Retailing in Agri Inputs
and Outputs.
Marketing Mix of Agriculture Products, Role of Information
and Communication Technology in Agriculture Marketing.
Agricultural marketing is a method that includes gathering, storage, preparation, shipping, and delivery of different farming materials across the country. In agriculture marketing, the selling of an agriculture product depends on various components like the demand for the product at that time, availability of storage, etc.
Marketing systems are dynamic; they are competitive and involve continuous change and improvement. Businesses that have lower costs, are more efficient, and can deliver quality products, are those that prosper. Those that have high costs, fail to adapt to changes in market demand and provide poorer quality are often forced out of business.
What is Agriculture?
Troubles in the agricultural field
Government measures
Organization of regulated markets
Grading and standardization
Dissemination of market information
Government purchase and fixation of support prices
The slides describes the basics of agricultural marketing, its importance, scope with some concepts like market, dimensions of market, market structure, market conduct and market performance.
Marketing is the fruit of success in any form of business. Agricultural Marketing is the process of supplying farm inputs to the farmers and the movement of agricultural products from the producer to its ultimate consumer which involves various functions such as buying, selling, packaging, transportation, grading and standardization, storage, processing etc. during this process, there is a chance for some risks and uncertainties to take place. Uncertainty is the unknown factor which causes sudden loss that cannot be predicted and managed where risk is the part of uncertainty which is a known factor that means stepping into a process or technique even-though by knowing that there is a probability of loss. Agricultural marketing experiences three types of risks namely the Physical risk, Price risk and the Institutional risk. The physical risk is the loss in the quantity and quality of the product during storage and transport like fire accident; rodents, pest and disease attack and due to improper packing. The price risk includes the fluctuation in the price of the agricultural marketing; changes in the demand and supply of the product. The institutional risk arises due to the change in the government budget policy; due to the change in the import and export policy. The physical risk can be managed by using fire proof materials in the storage structures, by proper packing and by giving pre-storage treatments. The price risk can be minimized by following contract farming, forward and future market, speculation and hedging. The farmer or trader must have thorough knowledge in the management of risk and should adopt the suitable methods in order to get better outcome in the agricultural marketing.
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN NIGERIA AND SUGGEST ...Folarin Gbolahan
Over the years, major changes came into effect to improve the agricultural marketing system. Many institutions viz., the regulated markets, marketing boards, cooperative marketing institutions, warehousing cooperatives etc., have been established primarily to help the farmers. However, various studies indicated that modernization in agricultural marketing could not keep pace with the technological adoptions in agriculture. The various marketing functions viz., grading, standardization, storage, market intelligence, etc., need to be improved to meet the present day requirements of the farmers. In improving the marketing system for food and livestock in developing countries as Nigeria, it is pertinent to understand the nature of marketing problems as it is only by doing this that workable solution can be found to them. Indeed such knowledge of marketing problems would give information as to why markets are not developing and what measures are required to develop the markets.
A Study on Cost of Intermediation in Agricultural Produce Market Committee (A...paperpublications3
Abstract: In India, buying and selling of agricultural commodities is regulated under APMC Act of respective State Government. APMC performs a crucial function of organizing agriculture trade, providing a meeting point for buyers and sellers. Thus, by creating regulated markets, the price paid to farmers by licensed middlemen for their produce could be monitored and thereby ensuring that they were not exploited (Aditya Singh). But over the years it grew into a monster, gaining layer upon layer of intermediaries, none of whom added any value to the commodities they traded, even as they added on their own margins mainly due to the non-transparent price setting in the market where seller and buyer are often cheated (Pradeep Kumar Mishra and Anjani Sinha). This makes the chain inefficient, resulting into costlier food products to the consumers. Therefore there exists the need for the commodity exchanges which can lead to development of structured mechanism of agricultural produce through which non-transparency in price setting can be overcome and could help in making available up-to-date market information through various means including internet at the exchange. In this regard, the present study has been undertaken to study the pricing patterns of APMC and Regional commodity exchange and to know the Cost of intermediation involved when they trade through APMC and exchange to suggest measures to improve the efficiency of the agricultural marketing system. Soya bean (commodity) has been chosen for the study.
Smallholder Farmers’ Market Participation: Concepts and Methodological Approa...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This paper reviews the empirical evidence on smallholder farmers’ market participation focusing on cash/food crops and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with special attention on the methodological approaches employed in this region in an attempt to x-ray these methods, identifying their advantages and limitations and possible means smallholder farmers would be able to transit from subsistence to commercialised agriculture capable of lifting them out of poverty trap that seems to have engulfed many rural SSA. This paper recommends interventions geared towards improving smallholder farmers’ organisation, producers’ association and ensuring appreciable reduction in transaction costs and also improving farmers’ access to productive assets and improved technologies capable of stimulating profitable smallholders’ market participation.
Asia Regional Stakeholders Consultation: A Nature Positive Trade for Sustaina...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Agus Purnomo (Senior Advisor, Golden Agri Resources) at "A nature-positive trade for sustainable agriculture supply chains and inclusive development", Jakarta, Indonesia, on 26 - 27 Sep 2023
Smallholder Farmers’ Market Participation: Concepts and Methodological Approa...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This paper reviews the empirical evidence on smallholder farmers’ market participation focusing on cash/food crops and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with special attention on the methodological approaches employed in this region in an attempt to x-ray these methods, identifying their advantages and limitations and possible means smallholder farmers would be able to transit from subsistence to commercialised agriculture capable of lifting them out of poverty trap that seems to have engulfed many rural SSA. This paper recommends interventions geared towards improving smallholder farmers’ organisation, producers’ association and ensuring appreciable reduction in transaction costs and also improving farmers’ access to productive assets and improved technologies capable of stimulating profitable smallholders’ market participation.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
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➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
1. MAHARISHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT<br />NOIDA<br />ASSIGNMENT ON:- RURAL MARKETING<br />SUBMITTED TO:-Mr. NITIN SINGH<br />SUBMITTED BY:-RANA YOGESH SINGH<br />ROLL NO. 15033<br />ASSIGNMENT ON RURAL MARKETING<br />Q.1:-A sound agricultural marketing system leads to a greater volume of marketed <br />surplus. Comment.<br />Ans.Marketing infrastructure is most important not only for the performance of various marketing functions and for expansion of the size of market but also for transfer of appropriate price signals leading to improved marketing efficiency. The projection production and marketable surplus of farm produce show that the volume of the commodities to be handled will be quite large. The paddy output available for milling will be around 155 million tones. The marketed surplus of cereals will be 102.74 million tonnes and pulses will be 15.20 million tonnes. Row cotton output is projected to be 3.2 million tonnes. The marketable surplus of perishable (fruits vegetables and livestock products) is anticipated to go up for present 172.69 million tones by 2006-07. The capacity to clean grade process store transport etc. to have to expand correspondingly to handle the additional marketed quantities.<br />The specific areas identified for reforms in the State Agricultural Produce Marketing Regulations Acts (APMC) are :-<br /> (a) Promotion of integrated markets in Private /Co-Operative sector :-<br />Under the existing Act it is the state Govt. who are alone empowered to initiate the process of setting up a market for certain commodities to be regulated for a defined area . in which regulation is to be enforced under the provision of APMC Act . As a result of this provision ( under the chapter :- establishment of markets ) the process of initiation of a market the service providers of agricultural marketing do not have any role . Thus the service providers and / or any other individual or body of individuals can not take initiatives for evaluation of viability and feasibility for setting up of a well developed market with amenities and facilities required at a competitive cost . A ball has been set rolling in Karnataka by providing additional chapter (XIII-A ) in the Karnataka Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation ) Act 1966 to provide for the establishment of ‘ National Integrated Produce Market’ owned and managed by the NDDB for the marketing of fruits vegetables and flowers. It is high time that all other States follow suit by amending the APMC Act in their respective states for providing establishment of alternate marketing structures in the shape of ‘ National Integrated Produce Market ‘ to be owned and managed in the private sector or co-operatives sectors or farmers self help groups farmers associations private entrepreneurs or joint ventures . The service provider may be allowed to levy and collect service charge from the users who may be the producers – sellers or from the market users.<br /> <br />The integrated market infrastructure services will in addition to the physical infrastructure include: -<br />i. Assembling<br />ii. Cleaning Sorting Grading packaging and quality certification<br />iii. Storage and finance<br />iv. Transport<br />v. Retailing and Wholesaling <br />vi. E- trading<br />vii. Warehousing and pledge financing<br />viii. Value addition and<br />ix. Market information exchange service.<br />(b) Direct Marketing: - <br />The direct marketing enables farmers to meet the specific demands of wholesalers or traders from the farmers inventory of graded and certified produce on one hand and of consumers based on consumers preference on the other hand helps the farmers to dynamically take advantage of favorable prices reduce marketing cost and thus their net margins. This encourages farmers to under take cleaning sorting grading and quality marking at the farm gate. This will obviate the need to haul the produce to the regulated markets which are not necessarily equipped with all required services and facilities affecting the marketing efficiency adversely. It is reported that the consumers prices declined by the 20 to 30 % and producers received the prices rose by 10 to 20 % in South Korea as a consequence of expansion of direct marketing of Agricultural Products. This model has been experimented in Punjab and Haryana ( APNI MANDIS ) Andhra Pradesh ( Rythu Bazar ) and Tamil Nadu ( Uzhavar Santhaigal ) . All the provision exists in various states market regulation act for direct marketing.<br />c) Contract Farming: -<br />Contract Farming may be defined as an agreement between processing & /or marketing firms for production support at production support at predetermined prices. This stipulates a commitment on the part of the farmers to provide a specific commodity in terms of quality & quantity as determined by the purchaser & commitment on the part of company to support the farmer for production through inputs & other technical support contract farming is becoming popular in recent years & there are number of success stories like Maul NDDB PEPSI Co. etc. The Contract farming needs to be further developed after identifying areas commodities & markets for market oriented & demand driven production planning. However while providing for this system of alternate marketing under the APMC Act it is necessary to draft any appropriate legislation separately for ensuring definition of terms & conditions of the agreement keeping in view the objectives.<br /> <br />d) Direct Contract between Producers & Processing Factories: -<br /> <br />Presently the farmers are not in position to enter into direct contract with the processors/ manufacturers located outside the market area as the commodity has to channels through regulated markets. Or in other words producer is not free to sale his produce by entering in to direct contract without attracting the provisions of this act whether inside or outside the market area. The direct contract between the producers & processing factories or bulk processors will provide monitory gains to the producers through improved competitiveness & the consumers by way of reasonable prices. The provision has to be made through an amendment in the present market act.<br />f) Notification of Commodities: - <br /> <br />Under the APM Act the State Govt. is empowered to notify agril. Commodities under the provisions of the Act for the purpose of regulation of marketing. This has resulted into anamoly. Even commodities not passing through the market yard or for which no services are provided are also notified. It is logical that only such commodities be notified which pass through the market yard or for which marketing infrastructure has been provided & the market fee should be in proportion to the infrastructure & facilities provided.<br /> <br />(g) Single Point Levy of Market Fee: <br /> <br />At present by and large market fee is collected on a particular lot whenever it is transacted. These amounts to multiple point collection Simplification of market fee and thus adding to the cost therefore it is necessary to introduce single point levy of market fee in the entire process of marketing in the country.<br />Government of India in the Planning Commission had constituted a working Group to examine these issues. The present concept paper highlights the issues which need consideration for review so that necessary action is initiated. A draft Model Act incorporating the above proposals for amendment will be taken up if so desired.<br />Q.2:-An efficient agricultural marketing system can bring about substantial reduction <br />in marketing cost. Discuss <br />Ans.Agricultural marketing plays an important role not only in stimulating production and consumption, but in accelerating the pace of economic development. The agriculture marketing system plays a dual role in economic development in countries whose resources are primarily agricultural. Increasing demands for money with which to purchase other goods leads to increasing sensitivity to relative prices on the part of the producers, and specialization in the cultivation of those crops on which the returns are the greatest, subject to socio-cultural, ecological and economic constraints. It is the marketing system that transmits the crucial price signals.<br />1Agricultural Marketing is one of the manifold problems, which have direct bearing upon the prosperity of the cultivators, as India is an agricultural country and about 70% of its population depends on agriculture.2Most of the total cultivated area (about 76%) is to under food grains and pulses. Approximately 33% of the output of food grains, pulses and hearly all of the productions of cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds etc. are marketed as they remain surplus after meeting the consumption needs of the farmers. Development of technology, quick means of communication and transportation has introduced specialization in agriculture.3Agriculture supplies raw materials to various industries and therefore, marketing of such commercial crops like cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds etc. assumes greater importance.4With the introduction of green revolution agricultural production in general and food grains in particularly has substantially increased. Agriculture once looked as a subsistance sector is slowly changing to a surplus and business proposition.5The interaction among producers, market functionaries, consumers and government that determine the cost of marketing and sharing of this cost among the various participants.6The producer, middleman and consumer look upon the marketing process from their own individual point of view. The producer is primarily concerned with selling his products.7Any increase in the efficiency of the marketing process, which results in lower costs of distribution at lower prices to consumers, really brings about an increase in the national income.8A reduction in the cost of marketing is a direct benefit to the society.9Marketing process brings a new varieties, qualities and beneficial goods to consumers and therefore, marketing acts as a line between production and consumption.10Scientific, systematic marketing stabilizes the price level.11An improved marketing system will stimulate the growth of number of agrobased industries mainly in the field of processing.12A marketing system can become a direct source of new technical knowledge and induce farmers to adopt upto date scientific methods of cultivation.<br />Marketing is therefore, playing an important role in the economic development and stability of a country.<br />Q.3:-An efficient agricultural marketing system is an effective instrument for breaking the vicious circle of rural poverty. Discuss<br />AnsWe take an example of Grameen Bank. The Grameen Bank is based on the voluntary formation of small groups of five people to provide mutual, morally binding group guarantees in lieu of the collateral required by conventional banks. At first only two members of a group are allowed to apply for a loan. Depending on their performance in repayment the next two borrowers can then apply and, subsequently, the fifth member as well. <br /> <br />The assumption is that if individual borrowers are given access to credit, they will be able to identify and engage in viable income-generating activities - simple processing such as paddy husking, lime-making, manufacturing such as pottery, weaving, and garment sewing, storage and marketing and transport services. Women were initially given equal access to the schemes, and proved not only reliable borrowers but astute enterpreneurs. As a result, they have raised their status, lessened their dependency on their husbands and improved their homes and the nutritional standards of their children. Today over 90 percent of borrowers are women. <br /> <br />Intensive discipline, supervision, and servicing characterize the operations of the Grameen Bank, which are carried out by quot;
Bicycle bankersquot;
in branch units with considerable delegated authority. The rigorous selection of borrowers and their projects by these bank workers, the powerful peer pressure exerted on these individuals by the groups, and the repayment scheme based on 50 weekly installments, contribute to operational viability to the rural banking system designed for the poor. Savings have also been encouraged. Under the scheme, there is provision for 5 percent of loans to be credited to a group find and Tk 5 is credited every week to the fund. <br /> <br />The success of this approach shows that a number of objections to lending to the poor can be overcome if careful supervision and management are provided. For example, it had earlier been thought that the poor would not be able to find renumerative occupations. In fact, Grameen borrowers have successfully done so. It was thought that the poor would not be able to repay; in fact, repayment rates reached 97 percent. It was thought that poor rural women in particular were not bankable; in fact, they accounted for 94 percent of borrowers in early 1992. It was also thought that the poor cannot save; in fact, group savings have proven as successful as group lending. It was thought that rural power structures would make sure that such a bank failed; but the Grameen Bank has been able to expand rapidly. Indeed, from fewer than 15,000 borrowers in 1980, the membership had grown to nearly 100,000 by mid-1984. By the end of 1998, the number of branches in operation was 1128, with 2.34 million members (2.24 million of them women) in 38,957 villages. There are 66,581 centres of groups, of which 33,126 are women. Group savings have reached 7,853 million taka (approximately USD 162 million), out of which 7300 million taka (approximately USD 152 million) are saved by women. <br /> <br />It is estimated that the average household income of Grameen Bank members is about 50 percent higher than the target group in the control village, and 25 percent higher than the target group non-members in Grameen Bank villages. The landless have benefited most, followed by marginal landowners. This has resulted in a sharp reduction in the number of Grameen Bank members living below the poverty line, 20 percent compared to 56 percent for comparable non-Grameen Bank members. There has also been a shift from agricultural wage labour (considered to be socially inferior) to self-employment in petty trading. Such a shift in occupational patterns has an indirect positive effect on the employment and wages of other agricultural waged labourers. What started as an innovative local initiative, quot;
a small bubble of hopequot;
, has thus grown to the point where it has made an impact on poverty alleviation at the national level quot;
.<br />Q.4:-On what basis can agricultural markets be classified?<br />Ans.Agricultural Markets can be classified by:<br />Pasture<br />Property must be fenced if used for livestock. Hay or pasture sod (i.e. Bahia) operations need not be fenced to qualify.<br />An apparent effort has been made to maintain and care sufficiently and adequately for this type of land (i.e. fertilizing, liming, tilling, mowing, etc.).<br />If property is used for horse boarding, there should be a written agreement between the parties involved. This agreement must include the terms for the lease of pasture land. Classification is not normally granted for horses in a stable only. There must be some agricultural land use involved. An occupational license is required for horse boarding. Raising of any livestock for your own use does not qualify. Pleasure horses alone do not qualify.<br />The commercial raising of goats or sheep qualifies for the Classification. On tracts of 5 acres or less, it would take at least 16 goats or sheep to verify a commercial operation.<br />If property is leased to others, the lease must be in effect as of January 1st and a copy of the lease must be on file in the Property Appraiser’s office. It is the responsibility of the property owner, not the lessee, to keep this office informed on the agriculture use of the land.<br />Citrus<br />Trees must be planted prior to January 1st, or at the very least, the land must be prepared for citrus planting. Standard plantings are from 100 to 160 trees per acre. Anything less than 70 trees per acre could be considered a hobby and not a true commercial venture.<br />Agricultural values for citrus are based on type of fruit and effective age of grove. A Citrus Questionnaire, available in this office, must be submitted with the application.<br />Rowcrops<br />This category is in reference to those agriculture products referred to as vegetables. Production of crops for your own use does not qualify.<br />Parcels should be of sufficient size so that the sale of the crop products produces enough income to sustain the entire operation. (Rule of Thumb: 5 to 10 acres).<br />Timberland<br />Must be at least 20 acres of planted pines or predominantly natural stand of pines.<br />A Forest Management Plan, prepared by a professional forester, must be submitted with the application.<br />Ongoing activities, such as cutting of fire lanes, thinning of trees, under brushing, reforesting, burning, cruising (inventorying), and any other activity recommended by the Management Plan should be readily apparent to the agricultural field appraiser.<br />Nurseries<br />Nurseries should have a state agricultural certificate. Sales can be on a wholesale or retail level, but plants for sale must be grown on the premises.<br />Only land areas actually used for the nursery and service area shall be classified.<br />Types of Nurseries:<br />In Ground: ornamentals and woody ornamentals<br />Above Ground: in containers<br />Flower Farm: flowers only<br />Miscellaneous Agriculture<br />Sugar cane, sod, swine, poultry, fish farms, aquaculture, ratite and fruit, other than citrus, will be handled on a case by case basis.<br />For a bee/honey operation you must be a registered Florida Beekeeper and have your own, or have access to, honey extracting equipment, hive building and repair facility, etc. Bee leases will be reviewed on a case by case basis.<br />All operations should be of sufficient size so that the income produced will sustain the entire operation.<br />General<br />All applications are field checked to verify the usage and to ensure correct assessments. Additional information will be requested from the property owner to determine the continuance of eligibility. This information is usually in the form of income and expense documents and will be requested on a regular basis. All financial documents will be kept confidential in this office.<br />Application for agricultural classification must be made every year between January 1st and March 1st.<br />If the application is approved, you will receive notification before July 1st. If the application is denied, you will receive a certified letter before July 1st. The letter will explain the appeal process.<br />Any residence on the property causes one acre to be removed from the agriculture classification. This acre is assessed at the current market value and is referred to as a home site.<br />Agricultural classification is not an across-the-board exemption. The agriculturally classified value is determined through a formula that uses the potential income produced by the agricultural operation as a principal factor. This value per acre is different for each agriculture use and will usually result in a lower assessed value per acre than the market land value. The land must be used for a commercial agricultural operation or the agriculture classification will be denied. <br />Once an application is approved, you will receive an automatic renewal receipt at the beginning of each year. Please read this receipt carefully as it is, in effect, your application for that year. Even though the classification has been automatically renewed, the application can still be denied if the operation does not meet the proper criteria. When the property is sold, or when the name of the owner is changed in any way, the agricultural classification is automatically removed and a new application must be made.<br />It is the responsibility of the property owner to notify this office of any change in the status or use of the property with an agricultural classification.<br />Q.5:-Explain the problem of “defective preparation for marketing” with reference to<br />Agricultural marketing in India. <br />Ans.Defective or Inadequacies preparation for marketing system with reference to<br />Agricultural marketing in India. <br />Indian system of agricultural marketing suffers from a number of defects. As a consequence, the Indian farmer is deprived 'of a fair price for his produce. The main defects of the agricultural marketing system are discussed here.1. Improper warehouses<br />There is an absence of proper ware housing facilities in the villages. Therefore, the farmer is compelled to store his products in pits, mud-vessels, quot;
Kutchaquot;
storehouses, etc. These unscientific methods of storing lead to considerable wastage. Approximately 1.5% of the produce gets rotten and becomes unfit for human consumption. Due to this reason supply in the village market increases substantially and the farmers are not able to get a fair price for their produce.<br />2. Lack of grading and standardization<br />Different varieties of agricultural produce are not graded properly. The practice usually prevalent is the one known as quot;
daraquot;
sales wherein heap of all qualities of produce are sold in one common lot Thus the farmer producing better qualities is not assured of a better price. Hence there is no incentive to use better seeds and produce better varieties.<br />3. Inadequate transport facilities<br />Transport facilities are highly inadequate in India. Only a small number of villages are joined by railways and pucca roads to mandies. Produce has to be carried on slow moving transport vehicles like bullock carts. Obviously such means of transport cannot be used to carry produce to far-off places and the farmer has to dump his produce in nearby markets even if the price obtained in these markets is considerably low. This is even more true with perishable commodities.<br />4. Presence of a large number of middlemen<br />The chain of middlemen in the agricultural marketing is so large that the share of farmers is reduced substantially. For instance, a study of D.D. Sidhan revealed, that farmers obtain only about 53% of the price of rice, 31% being the share of middle men (the remaining 16% being the marketing cost).<br />5. Malpractices in unregulated markets<br />Even now the number of unregulated markets in the country is substantially large. Arhatiyas and brokers, taking advantage of the ignorance, and illiteracy of the farmers, use unfair means to cheat them. The farmers are required to pay arhat (pledging charge) to the arhatiyas, quot;
tulaiiquot;
(weight charge) for weighing the produce, quot;
palledariquot;
to unload the bullock-carts and for doing other miscellaneous types of allied works, quot;
gardaquot;
for impurities in the produce, and a number of other undefined and unspecified charges.<br />6. Inadequate market information<br />It is often not possible for the farmers to obtain information on exact market prices in different markets. So, they accept, whatever price the traders offer to them. With a view to tackle this problem the government is using the radio and television media to broadcast market prices regularly.<br />7. Inadequate credit facilities<br />Indian farmer, being poor, tries to sell off the produce immediately after the crop is harvested though prices at that time are very low. The safeguard of the farmer from such quot;
forced salesquot;
is to provide him credit so that he can wait for better times and better prices. Since such credit facilities are not available, the farmers are forced to take loans from money lenders, while agreeing to pledge their produce to them at less than market prices.<br />Thus it is not possible to view the present agricultural marketing in India in isolation of (and separated from) the land relations. The regulation of markets broadcasting of prices by All India Radio, improvements in transport system, etc., have undoubtedly benefited the capitalist farmers, and they are now in a better position to obtain favourable prices for their quot;
market producequot;
but the above mentioned changes have not benefited the small and marginal farmers to any great extent.<br />Q.6:-How does the lack of organization among cultivators affect the process of <br />agricultural marketing? <br />Ans.The importance of marketing in agriculture is very well illustrated by saying, “that a good farmer has one eye on the plough and the other on the market”. This is true when agriculture is mainly for subsistence; and now, even Indian agriculture is becoming commercialized. In these days of commercial agriculture, it will be more fit to say, “a good farmer has only his hands on the plough but the eyes on the market. Since agriculture constitutes a major part of the economy, marketing of agricultural products also assumes considerable importance in our context. Marketed surplus is the amount of agricultural produce that is brought to the market for sale after what is retained by the producers for their own consumption. Hence it will be less than total production. It is difficult to give a correct estimation of marketed surplus, since it differs according to crop, place, season and general state of the economy. Marketing finance is also important since the small producer will experience difficulty in waiting for payment from the whole-sale buyer, if the time lag is too long. Proper storage and handling facilities are important because otherwise, the produce will perish and become unmarketable and unusable. <br />Indian Farmers and Marketing Disabilities:<br />The present system of agricultural marketing is not well-organized and the farmers have to depend largely on the middlemen for the disposal of the farm’s yield who have no hesitation in taking advantage of the farmer’s dependence upon them. The real evil is the tendency of these intermediaries who exploit the ignorance and helplessness of the farmers to increase their own profit. The malpractices in the present system of agricultural marketing are very well known. The Rural Credit Survey Committee described the position as follows:<br />“while standards of marketing have improved, in most of the relatively few regulated markets which have been established, a number of malpractices still exist even in them since personnel and enforcement are two great problems, not always sufficiently attended to, much less solved.<br /> Sometimes, the malpractices take fresh lease of unauthorized life just outside the market, for the private interests are strong, the advantages of evading strict regulation are many and the producer is in no position to seek eventual advantage and protection from law at the cost of the immediate disadvantage involved in the loss of powerful customers, which are also sources of credit and finance. Moreover, there is a very great lacuna that no control at all is exercised over village sales, in which the primary producer is literally, legally and in practice at the mercy of the village trader”. Frequently large samples are also taken by the buyers with payment. The cultivators are not paid for them even when no sale is affected. Generally the transactions take place on a sample basis. Consequently, the producer does not get the full worth of his produce. The reputation of Indian agricultural producers in the world market is low.<br />The villagers have practically no contact with the outside world not are they in touch with the trend of market process and they mostly depend on hearsay reports received form the village bania who is always busy in earning profits from buyers by making them fools to the ignorant villagers.<br />In India, the following are some of the common defects agricultural marketing:<br />1. Lack of organization,<br />2. Forced sales,<br />3. Presence of middlemen,<br />4. Numerous market charges,<br /> 5. Market malpractices,<br />6. Lack of standard weights and measures,<br />7. Inadequate storage,<br /> 8. No standardization of price and quality,<br />9. Lack of marketing finance, and<br />10. Want of proper market information.<br />Q.7:-What are ‘storage functions’ in an agricultural market?<br />Ans.Agricultural marketing involves in its simplest form the buying and selling of agricultural produce. In olden days when the village economy was more or less self-sufficient the marketing of agricultural produce presented no difficulty as the farmer sold his produce to the consumer on a cash or barter basis.<br />Marketing functions. In modern marketing the agricultural produce has to undergo a series of transfers or exchanges from one hand to another before it finally reaches the consumer. This is achieved through three marketing functions (a)assembling ,(b)preparation for consumption and (c) distribution. Concentration pertains to the operations concerned with the assembly and transport from the field to a common assembly field or market. The produce may be taken direct to the market or it may be stored on the farm or in the village for varying periods before its transport. It may be sold as obtained from the field or may be cleaned, graded, processed and packed either by the farmer or village merchant before it is taken to the market. Some of the processing is done not because consumers desire it, but because it is necessary for the conservation of quality. At the market the produce may be sold by the farmer direct to the consumer or more usually through a commission agent or a broker. It may also be purchased by traders, wholesalers or retailers. The transactions may be carried out by direct negotiation or through middlemen, by barter or cash, by open or under cover auction, on the spot or in future markets. The transactions take place at one or more levels in the primary, secondary or terminal markets or all three. Distribution (dispersion ) involves the operations of wholesaling and retailing at various points. By a series of indispensable adjustments and equalising functions, it is the task of the distribution system to match the available supplies with the existing demand.<br />MARKETING FUNCTIONARIES (AGENCIES)<br />The transfer of produce or goods takes place through a chain of middlemen or agencies. In the primary market the main functionaries are the producer, the village or itinerary merchant, pre-harvest contractors, commission agents, transport agents etc. In the secondary market the processing and manufacturing agents are the additional functionaries. Financing agents such as shroffs, banks and co-operatives may also take part. In the terminal or export market the commercial analyst and shipping agent also gets involved in the transfer of goods.<br />MARKETING IMPROVEMENTS<br />India being a primary producing country, agriculture plays a vital role, both as an essential infrastructure and a development component in generating and sustaining a higher national income. Out of a natonal income of about Rs 38,921 crores in 1972-73 as much as Rs 17,500 crores or about 44.9% is contributed by agriculture and allied sectors. It is estimated that about 50% of the agricultural produce is available as marketable surplus. The marketing system in India provides sustenance for abour 3 million persons who are engaged in performing various marketing function . In the field of exports too, the agricultural sector accounts for about 50% of the total value.<br />GOVERNMENT REGULATORY PROGRAMMES.<br />With this object in view, a number of marketing surveys were conducted by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection which revealed the shortcomings in the country's marketing system. A rectification of these deficiencies was sought to be achieved by rationalizing various activities and standardizing various practices in the markets through legislation or otherwise. The primary objective of improving the system of agricultural marketing was not only to remove the handicaps from which the producer-seller was suffering but also to increase his income by ensuring him a fair price.<br />An important development in the field of regulated markets is the keen interest taken by the International Development Agency (IDA) in the development of the infrastructure in regulated markets. The IDA is financing the development of infrastructure in 50 markets of Bihar. The World Bank has approved a loan assistance of 6.5 crores to Karnataka also for the development of markets.<br />Q.8:-List out the sources of income for a Regulated Agricultural Market.<br />Ans.The World Bank estimate that 41.6% of India lives below the international poverty line. That means that as many as 410 million Indian citizens are living on less than $1.25US a day. If correct, this estimate implies that 1/3 of the entire world’s poor live in India, meaning that the importance of poverty reduction is exceptionally relevant to the country. In the past 20 years, great gains have been made in reducing the number of poor encapsulated in these daunting statistics, but India is faced with an obligation to continue to reduce the number of people living in poverty. India’s impressive growth has disproportionately benefited certain geographic and social groups. For India to truly become a country that epitomizes the future of change, the wage gap and the economic inequality that accompanies it must be eliminated. Historically, state intervention has favored industry over agriculture. This can be a positive influence on increasing GDP, but it does not help to eliminate poverty or reduce inequality. This is because many of the poor live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture as a source of income. In fact, some estimates claim that up to 75% of India’s poor live in rural areas. Thus, one of the hidden creators of income inequality is underinvestment in the agricultural sector. As investment flows into cities, wealth creation is concentrated in urban centers. While it is incredibly important to foster industry, this kind of specialization cannot take place at the expense of the agricultural industry. Not only is a robust agricultural industry important to national food security, it is also essential to ending the wage gap.<br />Agriculture income is exempt under the Indian Income Tax Act. This means that income earned from agricultural operations is not taxed. The reason for exemption of agriculture income from Central Taxation is that the Constitution gives exclusive power to make laws with respect to taxes on agricultural income to the State Legislature. However while computing tax on non-agricultural income agricultural income is also taken into consideration.<br />Sources of income for a Regulated Agricultural Market:<br />(i) Any rent received from land which is used for agricultural purpose.<br />(ii) Any income derived from such land by agricultural operations including processing of agricultural produce, raised or received as rent in kind so as to render it fit for the market, or sale of such produce.<br />(iii) Income attributable to a farm house subject to the condition that building is situated on or in the immediate vicinity of the land and is used as a dwelling house, store house etc.<br />Now income earned from carrying nursery operations is also considered as agricultural income and hence exempt from income tax.<br />In order to consider an income as agricultural income certain points have to be kept in mind:<br />(i) There must me a land.<br />(ii) The land is being used for agricultural operations.<br />(iii) Agricultural operation means that efforts have been induced for the crop to sprout out of the land .<br />(iv) If any rent is being received from the land then in order to assess that rental income as agricultural income there must be agricultural activities on the land.<br />(v) In order to assess income of farm house as agricultural income the farm house building must be situated on the land itself only and is used as a store house/dwelling house.<br />Certain income which is treated as Agriculture Income;<br />(a) Income from sale of replanted trees.<br />(b) Rent received for agricultural land.<br />(c) Income from growing flowers and creepers.<br />(d) Share of profit of a partner from a firm engaged in agricultural operations.<br />(e) Interest on capital received by a partner from a firm engaged in agricultural operations.<br />(f) Income derived from sale of seeds.<br />Certain income which is not treated as Agricultural Income;<br />(a) Income from poultery farming.<br />(b) Income from bee hiving.<br />(c) Income from sale of spontaneously grown trees.<br />(d) Income from dairy farming.<br />(e) Purchase of standing crop.<br />(f) Dividend paid by a company out of its agriculture income.<br />(g) Income of salt produced by flooding the land with sea water.<br />(h) Royalty income from mines.<br />(i) Income from butter and cheese making.<br />(j) Receipts from TV serial shooting in farm house is not agriculture income.<br />ertain points to be remembered;<br />(a) Agricultural income is considered for rate purpose while computing tax of Individual/HUF/AOP/BOI/Artificial Judicial Person.<br />(b) Losses from agricultural operations could be carried forward and set off with agricultural income of next eight assessment years.<br />(c) Agriculture income is computed same as business income.<br />Thanks<br />