Rail Joints
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This document discusses various types of track fittings and fastenings used in railways. It describes fish plates which are used to hold two rails together horizontally and vertically, and are made of special steel. It also describes fittings used for wooden sleepers like dog spikes, screw spikes and round spikes. Elastic spikes, dog bolts, chairs, bearing plates and Pandrol clips are also discussed. Pandrol clips are elastic clips made of spring steel that exert a toe load to prevent movement between rails and sleepers, but have drawbacks like not allowing gauge adjustment and causing rail foot indentation.
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Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Rails fastening.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
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This document provides information about various types of fasteners including bolts, screws, nuts and washers. It discusses fastener materials, markings, sizes and specifications. Key points include:
- Common materials for fasteners include steel, stainless steel, brass and alloys. Coatings like zinc and galvanizing provide corrosion resistance.
- Metric and imperial bolt head markings indicate grade/strength. Thread specifications use designations like coarse or fine thread pitches.
- Common fastener types include hex bolts, wood screws, machine screws and lag bolts. Anchor types are used for attaching to materials like concrete.
- Washers, nuts, anchors and drive types are also
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Upload ortho instru
The document provides an overview of orthodontic instruments, including their materials, manufacturing processes, parts, features, classifications, and uses. Key orthodontic instrument categories discussed include diagnostic instruments, separator placement instruments, band forming instruments, bracket positioning instruments, ligature instruments, cutters, debonding instruments, wire bending/forming instruments, and measuring instruments. Maintenance and sterilization of instruments is also briefly covered.
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This document describes different caster mounting applications and their load and steering characteristics. It lists 12 different configurations for mounting casters to floors, cross supports, frames, or tracks using bolted or welded swivel plates or stem casters. The configurations provide various combinations of rigid, swivel, and V-grooved casters suited for different load capacities, maneuverability needs, and distances required for steering over both short and long ranges.
Orthodontic brackets
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Orthodontic brackets
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Place and Fix Reinforcement Materials Intro (2023 Edit).pptx
Steel reinforcement is used to strengthen concrete. Deformed steel bars or welded wire mesh are installed in formwork before pouring concrete. This creates a composite material with increased tensile and shear strength. Reinforcement prevents cracking and failure of concrete under loads. Common reinforcement materials include deformed bars, fabric mesh, and trench mesh configured for specific uses. Proper installation of reinforcement and vapor barriers is important for concrete strength and preventing moisture issues.
kwikupproducts2014 (small)
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Machine element,
The document discusses different types of machine elements used for joining parts, including fasteners, screws, bolts, nuts, keys, and cotter joints. It describes various thread types like V-threads, square threads, and ACME threads. It also explains different forms of bolts, nuts, keys, and cotter joints; when each type would be used; and how they function to join parts together both permanently and temporarily.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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Rail Joints
- 1. Rail joints
- 4. Bridge joint Bridge joint with metal flat Bridge joint with bridge plate
- 6. Square or Even rail joint
- 8. Track fittings and fastenings
- 9. Track fittings and fastenings To hold the rails in their proper position For joining rails together as well as fixing them to the sleepers Types of track fittings
- 10. Fish plates The name ‘fish plate’ derives from the fish-shaped section of this fitting. The function of a fish plate is to hold two rails together in both the horizontal and vertical planes. Fish plates are manufactured using a special type of steel Fish plates are designed to have roughly the same strength as the rail section
- 11. Fish plates (contd) Bone-shaped Increased depth fish plate for BH rails
- 12. Fish plates (contd) Fish plate with rail
- 13. Fittings for Wooden Sleepers - for fixing rails to wooden sleepers The fastening is named because the head of this spike looks like the ear of a dog. Round spikes are used along with anticreep bearing plates for fixing rails to sleepers. Fang bolts are employed under the switches for fastening slide chairs to the sleepers. These are used in locations where the gauge is to be preserved.
- 14. Dog spikes Screw spikes Round spikes
- 15. Dog spikes
- 16. Screw spikes
- 17. Standard spikes Elastic spike
- 18. Elastic spike
- 19. Dog bolt or Hook bolt Straight lip type Sloping lip type
- 20. Fang nut and bolt
- 21. Chair
- 22. Cast Iron chair
- 23. Cast Iron chair with wooden key
- 24. Cast Iron chair with spring key
- 25. Slide chair pressed-up lug type
- 26. Slide chair with key-pressed up lug type
- 27. Compound chair
- 28. Bearing plate for FF rails
- 29. Pandrol clip or Elastic rail clip
- 30. Pandrol clip or Elastic rail clip (contd) It is a ‘fit and forget’ type of fastening that requires very little attention towards its maintenance. The clip is made of a silico–manganese spring steel bar with a diameter of 20.6 mm and is heat treated. It exerts a toe load of 710 kg for a nominal deflection of 11.4 mm. The toe load is quite adequate to ensure that no relative movement is possible between the rail and the sleeper. Pandrol clips can be driven with the help of an ordinary 4-pound hammer and require no special tools. The Pandrol or elastic clip can be fixed on wooden, steel, cast iron, and concrete sleepers with the help of a base plate and some other ancillary fittings. Pandrol clips are the most widely used clips with concrete sleepers on Indian Railways
- 31. Pandrol clip or Elastic rail clip (contd) Drawbacks of Pandrol clip 1. Their use makes the adjustment of the gauge impossible. 2. The Pandrol clip has a point contact and this causes indentation on the foot of the rail due to a heavy toe load and a small contact area. 3. It does not provide enough safeguard from theft or sabotage because it can easily be taken out using an ordinary hammer.