brackets

Part-I
www.indiandentalacademy.com

contents
Introduction
components of fixed orthodontic appliance
Introduction to bracket
Evolution of bracket system
Parts of a bracket
Types of brackets
Special bracket systems
Conclusion

introduction

Components of fixed orthodontic appliance
Active components Passive components
Arch wires
Springs
Elastics
separators
Brackets
Bands
Buccal tubes
Lingual attachments
Lock pins
Ligature wires

A bracket is a device that projects horizontally to provide
support.
Orthodontic brackets bonded/banded to enamel acts like an
handle which provides the means to transfer the force
applied by the activated arch-wire to the tooth.
The term is used only when referring to those devices that
are open in one side -vertical or horizontal
The term bracket came to be in use in orthodontics when Dr.
Angle introduced the ribbon arch appliance

EVOLUTION OF BRACKETS
Bandelette plates-by Pierre Fauchard..
 They are crude metal plates that were ligated
to the teeth with brass or silver ligature wire.
In the late 1900’s, found out if a rigid
framework is tied to teeth, the arch could be
expanded as dictated by the appliance

THE E-ARCH APPLIANCE (1900)
The first fixed appliance designed byThe first fixed appliance designed by
AngleAngle
Used for tipping teeth into new alignedUsed for tipping teeth into new aligned
positionposition
Used stationary anchorageUsed stationary anchorage
Expanded the arch-traction screwExpanded the arch-traction screw
No individual tooth controlNo individual tooth control
possiblepossible

PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE (1910)
E.H.ANGLE
Most of the teeth were
banded
Vertical tubes were soldered
to the bands with their long
axis parallel to the long axis of
the crown.
Rotational movements were
difficult to obtain .

RIBBON ARCH APPLIANCE (1915)
The first bracket devised in
1915 by angle
Big step in evolution of brackets
Vertically positioned rectangular slot behind the tube
& an 10*20 gold wire was inserted
Rotational movements
Bucco-lingual and inciso-gingival movements
Distal Tipping Of Buccal Segment not possible
Mesiodistal axial movement not possible

Final bracket design by angle Based on his “Line of
occlusion” concept
Reoriented the bracket from vertical to horizontal
 0.022”x0.028”
Orientation of wire at 90
◦
along the edge of the
rectangular wire, horizontally. Hence the name.
Movement in all 3 planes of space
Twist and torque has to be shaped in the arch form
Disadvantage-
- Time consuming
EDGEWISE APPLIANCE(1925)

BEGG APPLIANCE
Introduced by Raymond begg in 1920’s
His adaptation took three forms:
He replaced the precious metal ribbon arch with high
strength 16 mil ss wire
Retained the original ribbon arch bracket but turned it
upside down so that the bracket slot pointed gingivally
rather than occlusally
He added auxillary springs to the appliance for control of
root positions

Straight-wire appliance (ormco)
Lawrence F Andrews- mid 1970’s
No sophisticated wire bending
Less chair-side time.
But results were disappointing-
 Due to heavy forces.
 Canines tip into extraction spaces.
In late 1970’s –
Extraction or translation series.
Increased torque to the incisor brackets.
Anti-tip and antirotation to other brackets.
 Disadvantages
 Undesirable force vectors
 Over corrected tooth positions
r

Roth -1975 Roth ovation series.
Wick Alexander- 1978, “Vari- Simplex” prescription
Mc Laughlin, Bennett and Trevisi - PEA brackets-
MBT series.

BRACKET
Wings-tie wings and wings for rotational control.
Base-which is attached to
the tooth surface.
Stem-base and lingual half of the slot.
Slot-space for archwire and
for auxillaries
horizontal and vertical
Hook ,power arm for engagement of elastics.
Identification system –distogingival raised dot
or numerical system.

What is in-out?
A horizontal change relative to the line of
occlusion( first order movements)
Facio-lingual relationship of the crown to line of
occlusion
 ie, the labial surface of the crown can be placed
labially or lingually.

What is tip?
+ve tip-mesial crown movement
Distal root movement
The mesiodistal or facio-lingual angle of
the long axis of a tooth when measured to a
line perpendicular to the occlusal plane.

What is torque?
Torque is defined as relation of crown and root
inclination perpendicular to the line of occlusion.
G&V
Torsional or inclination changes or third order
movements- angle
+ve torque-labial crown movement
palatal root movement

Torque in base v/s. Torque in face
JCO 1991 ALBERT H. OWEN
Straight-Wire Appliance bracket slots
are at same height from anterior to
posterior (dashed line = center of
clinical crown).
Edgewise bracket slots are not
coordinated with bases, and therefore
must be placed at different heights to
line up slots.
TORQUE IN FACE
TORQUE IN BASE

BRACKET TYPES
WIDTH AND SIZE
TYPE OF ROTATION CONTROL WINGS
MODE OF LIGATION
BRACKET MATERIALS
BRACKETS FOR SPECIAL TECHNIQUES.

Width of the bracket
Single brackets-narrow width/single brackets and
wide width posterior brackets.
Twin brackets [dual, double or siamese brackets]-
mini twin, intermediate twin, standard twin, extra wide
twin.
Triple brackets.

Single width brackets
These were angle’s original edgewise bracket design
Bracket width was 0.050”
Rotational movements were difficult
To overcome this limitation angle soldered eyelets onto
bands
These eyelets were tied with ligatures to allow rotation
Repeated adjustment of ligatures
Relapse if ties not continued
Increases interbracket span.

TWIN BRACKETSTWIN BRACKETS
Siamese twin brackets”- swainSiamese twin brackets”- swain
2 brackets on a common base2 brackets on a common base
distance between the 2 bracketsdistance between the 2 brackets
-0.050”-0.050”
Excellent rotational control.Excellent rotational control.
Positive control on the tooth with mesio distalPositive control on the tooth with mesio distal
inclination.inclination.
Prevents rotation of unrotated tooth during retraction.Prevents rotation of unrotated tooth during retraction.
Decreased interbracket span-thus decrease resiliency ofDecreased interbracket span-thus decrease resiliency of
the wire.the wire.
Difficulty in obtaining final 10% of desired rotationDifficulty in obtaining final 10% of desired rotation
correction.correction.

Rotational control wings
They are added to the edgewise brackets to maintain the
single width ,they offer a lever arm to deflect the arch wire
and rotate the teeth.
desired tooth rotation is obtained .
its also possible to overcorrect the tooth position by
bending the rigid wings.
slight errors made in placement of bracket on teeth can be
corrected by selective bending of wings
Rotational control wings
 Flat wings
 Upset wings
 Curved wings
 Rigid or flexible wings
 Long or short wings.

 Lewis rotation bracket is a overpiece bracket
with integral rotation wings,it is rigid and have
flat upset wings and or curved wings.
Lang brackets have flat rotational control
wings.
Steiner brackets have flexible rotational arms
so it does not entirely rely on the resiliency of
archwire for rotation correction.

Ligation
Stainless steel Elastomeric
Conventional ligating brackets
Active passive
Self ligating brackets

BASED ON MATERIALS
 A) METAL BRACKETS
 1) Stainless steel brackets
 2) Gold-coated brackets
 3) Platinum-coated brackets
 4) Titanium brackets
 B) PLASTIC BRACKETS
 1) Polycarbonate brackets
 2) Polyurethane-composite brackets
 3) Thermoplastic-polyurethane brackets
 C) CERAMIC BRACKETS
 1) Monocrystalline alumina
 2) Polycrystalline alumina
 3) Polycrystalline Zirconia

TITANIUM BRACKETSTITANIUM BRACKETSGOLD-COATED BRACKETSGOLD-COATED BRACKETS
STAINLESS STEEL BRACKETSSTAINLESS STEEL BRACKETS PLATINUM COATED BRACKETS
Austenitic
AISI 303, 304, 316, and 317
•24 karat gold plating
• plated with 300 micro
inches of gold
•esthetic
3M UNITEK)
(AMERICAN ORTHODONTICS
ORMCO
Five times the abrasion
resistance of gold.
A smoother, harder surface
than stainless steel
For reduced friction and
improved sliding mechanics
is achieved.
Corrosion resistant
Low thermal conductivity
Increased retention –rough
surface
Single piece- no soldering joints-
nickel free

NICKEL-FREE BRACKETS
Made of Cobalt chromium
(CoCr) dental alloy
One-piece construction
(without solder) by metal
injection molding technique
Used in nickel sensitive
patients
Laser structured bracket base
for retention
Nu Edge nickel free
TP ortho

PLASTIC BRACKETS
Cohen and Silverman (IPB brackets) manufactured by
GAC in 1963.
The first plastic brackets
were manufactured from
unfilled polycarbonate and
esthetics was its main
advantage.
Pure plastic brackets lack
strength to resist distortion
and breakage, wire slot
wear, uptake of water,
discoloration and the need
for compatible resins.www.indiandentalacademy.com

DISADVANTAGES OF POLYCARBONATE BRACKETS
 Polycarbonate brackets undergo creep deformation when
transferring torque loads generated by arch wires to teeth.
 Discoloration of first generation unfilled polycarbonate
brackets during clinical aging.
 They absorb water to a slight extent and tend to weaken in
the course of about one year.
Various reinforced polycarbonate brackets were,
•Polymer fiber reinforced
•Fiberglass reinforced
•Ceramic reinforced
•Metal slot reinforced
•Metal slot and ceramic reinforced

some commercially available plastic
brackets….
Polycarbonate-Composite
•DB fibre
•Elan
Polyurethane-Composite
- Envision
Thermoplastic-polyurethane
Value Line
POLYCARBONATE BRACKETS
ElationTM
(GAC)
Polycarbonate-glass fibers
•Aesthetic Line
•Image
FIBER-REINFORCED POLYCARBONATE
BRACKETS

CERAMIC BRACKETS
TYPES OF CERAMIC BRACKETS
Monocrystalline (Sapphire)
Polycrystalline Alumina
Polycrystalline Zirconia-Yttrium oxide
Partially Stabilised Zirconia

MONOCRYSTALLINE CERAMIC BRACKET
Inspire
POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINA CERAMIC BRACKETS

Metal-Reinforced Ceramic Brackets
Clarity™

ROTHROTH

Roth started Rx with andrew’s bracket and altering the
values and bracket positions.
 Bracket identification marks.
 Dot - disto-gingival wing of upper.
 Dash- disto-gingival wing of lower.
 Groove - second bicuspid.
Auxiliary attachments were added to the brackets, such
as….
double and triple tubes for headgears, lip bumpers and
rectangular auxiliary tubes for Burstone or Bioprogressive
mechanics.
Additional hooks on each bracket evolved for the use of short
Class II or Class III elastics.
ROTH (ovation brackets) (1975)ROTH (ovation brackets) (1975)

Overcorrection in rothTORQUE
central lateral canine 1st
PM 2nd
PM 1st
M 2nd
M
SW Upper
7 3 -7 -7 -7 -9 -9
ROTH Upper
12 8 -2 -7 -7 -14 -14
ROTH Lower
-1 -1 -11 -17 -22 -30 -30
SW lower
-1 -1 -11 -17 -22 -30 -35
SUPER
TORQUE
PM 2nd
PM 1st
M 2nd
M
tip
5 9 9 2 0 0 0
torque
17 10 3 -7 -7 -14 -14
rotation
0 0 4M 2D 2D 0 0
There is a "Super Torque" set of maxillary anteriors
For cases like Class II, division 2, where an extreme
amount of torque may be needed.
NOT MUCH OVER CORRECTION IN LOWER
TO AVOID CUSPAL INTERFERENCE

The upper buccal segments are distally uprighted to 0
lower segments has given an 3*additional distal tip
TIP
PM 2nd
PM 1st
M 2nd
M
SW Upper
5 9 11 0/2 0/2 5 5
ROTH Upper
5 9 13 0 0 0 0
ROTH Lower
2/0 2/0 7 -1 -1 -1 -1
SW lower
2 2 5 2 2 2 2
ROTATION
PM 2nd
PM 1st
M 2nd
M
ROTH Upper
0 0 4 2 2 14 14
ROTH Lower
0 0 2 4 4 4 4

This system evolved around five factors related to
brackets
bracket selection
bracket height
bracket angulation
bracket torque
bracket in-out
The Vari-Simplex Discipline
JCO 1983 JUN R.G. ALEXANDER

bracket selection
LANG BRACKETS
LEWIS BRACKETS
CONVERATBLE SHEATH
OCCLUSALLY PLACED HEADGEAR TUBE
bracket height
BRACKET HEIGHT
Maxillary Arch
Centrals X
Laterals X – 0.5mm
Cuspids X + 0.5mm
Bicuspids X
1st Molars X – 0.5mm
2nd Molars X – 1.0mm
Mandibular Arch
Centrals X – 0.5mm
Laterals X – 0.5mm
Cuspids X + 0.5mm
Bicuspids X
1st Molars X – 0.5mm

BRACKET ANGULATIONS
Maxillary Arch
Centrals 5°
Laterals 8°
Cuspids 10°
Bicuspids and
Molars 0°
Mandibular Arch
Centrals 2°
Laterals 2°
Cuspids 6°
Bicuspids 0°
1st Molars – 6°
2nd Molars 0°
BRACKET TORQUES
Maxillary Arch
Centrals 14°
Laterals 7°
Cuspids –3°
Bicuspids – 7°
Molars – 10°
Mandibular Arch
Incisors – 5°
Cuspids – 7°
1st Bicuspids – 11°
2nd Bicuspids – 17°
1st Molars – 22°
2nd Molars 0° or – 27°
bracket angulation bracket torque
BRACKET IN-OUT
Maxillary Arch
IST MOLAR +15
SECOND MOLAR +12
Mandibular Arch
IST MOLAR +5
SECOND MOLAR +6
bracket in-out

Mc LAUGHLIN & BENNET 1975-1993
 Used SWA brackets with sliding mechanics and brackets positioned at
centre of the crown.
 Only one arch form- ovoid
1993-97 with TREVESI
 redesigned the bracket to MBT
TM
 Dots and dashes changed into laser numbering
 Rectangular shape replaced by rhomboidal shape.
 Revised bracket positioning to improve vertical accuracy.
 Brackets available in
 standard metal –when control is required
 midsized –small sized teeth, poor oral hygiene
 Clear (ClarityTM
)- older patients

1997-2001- new range of MBT
TM
Versatile+ brackets
Brackets positioned with gauges
3 arch-forms
Updated Light force and sliding mechanics.
MBT bracket is recommended as a modern version
of PEA bracket for use with continuous forces,
lace backs and bend backs.

MBT-Bracket design
Laser numbering
Rhomboidal shape-reduces bulk
Allows reference lines in both horizontal and vertical planes-
accurate bracket positioning.
Milled in CAD-CAM-Torque in base.
In mid sized brackets-combi-torque in base and face

In out
In –out of MBT is expressed well – arch-wire fits
snugly in the slot.
2nd
PM bracket-0.5mm thicker for small teeth

Tip
TIP
PM 2nd
PM 1st
M 2nd
M
SW Upper
5 9 11 2 2 5 5
MBT Upper
4 8 8 0 0 0 0
MBT Lower
0 0 3 2 2 0 0
SW lower
2 2 5 2 2 2 2
MOLARS
When a 0o
tube is place
parallel to upper 1st
molar
buccal cusp will create an
5
o
tip on the teeth.
0.019X0.025” wire –tip is almost fully expressed.
Canine bracket-70
out of 80
is expressed in a 0.019X0.025” wire

Torque
Torque is not effectively expressed
Small area of torque expression.
19x25 wire on 0.022 slot- 10o
play
Radiusing of the wire
So extra torque is build up on the bracket -reduces the
amount of wire bending at later stages

TORQUE
PM 2nd
PM 1st
M 2nd
M
SW Upper
7 3 -7 -7 -7 -9 -9
MBT Upper
17 10 -7
0
+7
-7 -7 -14 -14
MBT Lower
-6 -6 -6
0
+6
-12 -17 -20 -10
SW lower
-1 -1 -11 -17 -22 -30 -35
INCISOR TORQUE
Upper-Palatal root torque
Lower-labial root torque
Indicated in
Class II cases with class II elastics
Class I cases where torque helps correct anterior tooth fit
Calss III-where correct torque compensted for class III bases
CANINE
-7 is satisfactory to keep the canine roots in a prominent position
canine roots by remodelling in cancellous bone offers less resistance during retraction.
+7 and o –prominent canine roots or narrow maxillary bone
UPPER POSTERIORS
Premolars- continued with same
Molars- increased lingual crown torque-
reduces palatal cusp interferences
10* offset in -1st
and 2nd
molar tube
LOWER POSTERIORS
Reduced torque in posteriors to avoid lingual rolling
In premolars by 5 degree
In 1st
molar by 10 degree
In 2nd
molar by 25 degree
No offset

Versatility of MBT
TM
Versatile+
1. Palataly placed upper lateral incisor torque option -10o
.
2. 3 torque option for upper canine.
3. 3 torque option for lower canine.
4. Inter-changable lower incisor brackets.
5. Inter-changable upper PM brackets.
6. Use of upper 2M tubes on 1M non HG cases.
7. Use of lower 2M bracket on opposite side 1M when
finishing on class II.

Additional benefits
Thicker brackets for small premolars
Self ligating second molar tubes
Lower 1st
molar non convertible tubes
Lower 1st
molar double tube and upper 1st
molar
triple tube.
Bondable 2nd
molar mini tubes

minimizes the normal forces caused by ligation decreases the
resistance to sliding
Minimizes chair side time.
Precise control of tooth translation.
Greater interbracket span of archwire available without binding
of ligature wires and elastics.
Hygienic, wingless, easy to clean.
Esthetic and comfortable to patient.
Ligation stability retains original form throughout treatment.
Some self ligating bracket designs permit significant
miniaturization of bracket size.
Advantages……
.

Active vs. Passive BracketsActive vs. Passive Brackets
- action of the locking slide or clip on the wire
Active-SPEED, Sigma, and Time brackets
Passive-Damon SL, EdgeLok, and Wildman TwinLock
The aim of active ligation is to seat the arch wire against the
back of the bracket slot for rotation and torque control.
When the slide is closed, the lumen of the slot is full-size
Rotations are expressed by using high-tech flexible wires to
nearly fill the slot in a labiolingual direction
In active self-ligation, the energy to control rotations is
primarily derived from the clip; in passive self-ligation, the
energy is stored and expressed in the high-tech wires.

1998 NOV JCO

Passive Low friction self-ligating twin bracket
The Damon bracket was designed to satisfy the
following major criteria:
• Andrews Straight-Wire Appliance concept
• Twin configuration
• Slide forming a complete tube
• Passive slide on outside face of bracket
• Brackets opening inferiorly in both arches

Damon 2

greater control.
 Improves patient comfort
 Shortens treatment time for most cases.
Aligns teeth faster.
Saves time with sliding mechanics.
Requires less time for finishing.
Shortens chair side time for each visit.
Expands treatment planning options.
Simplifies treatment mechanics.
Makes it easier to keep appliances clean.
Improves practice efficiency and profitability.
advantages

 The SmartClip Self-Ligating Appliance System design shares the MBT
philosophy:
 maximum versatility,
 mid-sized twin brackets,
 bracket prescription
 the use of light force.
 The SmartClip consists of two Nitinol clips that open and close through
elastic deformation of the material when the arch wire exerts a force on
the clip. The bracket contains no moving door or latch.
 eliminates problems such as sticking, spontaneous opening, plaque
build-up, etc., that are associated with other types of self-ligating
brackets.

These are true self-ligating brackets, because the clip
automatically closes and secures the arch wire in the wire slot.
simplifies the process of arch wire engagement and
disengagement.
Because of the true twin design, the clinician
has the option of selectively engaging the arch wire in only
one clip when teeth are severely malalignied
 additional tie wing design allows ligature ties also.
Nitinol Clip Design
Designed with finite element analysis.
 Ensures proper arch wire engagement and disengagement
 Forces
 Stress-strain distributions for fatigue resistance.

conclusion

References
Contemporary orthodontics-4th
edition-william r
profitt
Orthodontics current principles & techniques-graber
& vanarsdall
Systemised orthodontic treatment mechanics-MBT
catalogues

Thank u

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