This document provides an overview of radiocarbon dating and discusses reporting standards. It explains that radiocarbon dating uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14 to determine the age of carbon-bearing materials by comparing the amount of carbon-14 remaining to the amount expected in a fresh sample. Key points include how samples are calibrated to convert determinations into calendar dates, the importance of reporting details like laboratory codes and pretreatment methods, and an example of how radiocarbon dates from a site in Ireland can be compared to other contemporary dates. It also describes an Irish radiocarbon dating project that compiles over 6,000 radiocarbon determinations to allow comparisons across different sites and regions.
Carbon 14 and archeological ages, Christian and Intelligent Design discussion of source, measurement, results, interpretation, and errors in Carbon-14 dating.
Carbon dating determines the age of organic material by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in the material. Carbon-14 is continually produced in the atmosphere and absorbed by plants and animals during life. After death, the amount of carbon-14 decreases steadily as it decays, allowing the age of once-living materials to be estimated by measuring the amount remaining. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years, so its levels are measured to calculate elapsed time since death. Carbon dating is widely used in archaeology and geology to estimate the age of ancient living things.
Radiocarbon dating determines the age of organic materials by measuring their residual radioactive carbon-14 content. There are three naturally occurring carbon isotopes: stable carbon-12 and carbon-13, and radioactive carbon-14. Carbon-14 is generated in the upper atmosphere and incorporated into living organisms, allowing their age to be determined since absorption of carbon-14 ceases upon death. However, interpreting radiocarbon dates requires corrections for variations in atmospheric carbon-14 levels over time and differences in local reservoirs like oceans, which can make samples appear older than their true age. Accurate dating is limited to materials under 50,000 years old with the practical limit being around 26,000 years.
This document discusses various methods for dating fossils and archaeological samples, including relative dating techniques that rely on the position of artifacts in stratigraphic layers, as well as absolute dating using radioactive isotopes. It describes how radioactive dating works by measuring the decay of isotopes with known half-lives, like carbon-14, in organic materials. Examples are given of formulas to calculate ages from radioactive dating. Limitations are noted, such as applicability only to certain materials and accuracy of instruments. Lists of human evolution fossils and radioactive isotopes are also included.
1) Radiocarbon dating is a technique used to determine the age of biological artifacts up to 62,000 years old.
2) It relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14, a rare carbon isotope that is present in living organisms at a consistent ratio with carbon-12.
3) Once an organism dies, the amount of carbon-14 it contains begins to decay and can be used to calculate the date of death based on a known half-life of carbon-14.
Radiocarbon dating is a method for determining the age of organic material by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-14 remaining in the sample. Willard Libby developed the method in the 1940s, for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1960. It is based on the principle that living organisms absorb carbon-14 from the atmosphere, but after death, the amount of carbon-14 decreases as it radioactively decays. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining and knowing its half-life of 5730 years, the age of the sample can be estimated. Radiocarbon dating has revolutionized understanding of chronologies in archaeology, geology, and other fields, but is limited to dating samples under 60,000 years
This document discusses carbon dating and its uses in determining the age of once-living materials. Carbon dating works by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in organic material. It has a half-life of about 5,730 years and can date materials up to 60,000 years old. Examples given where carbon dating has been applied include dating the Dead Sea Scrolls to 250-130 BC, determining the Shroud of Turin originated in the 13th century, and estimating meteorite exposure times on Earth. Archaeology also relies heavily on radiocarbon dating.
Radiometric methods for age determinationPramoda Raj
This document discusses radiometric dating methods used to determine the age of materials such as rocks. It describes four common radiometric dating techniques: 1) Uranium-Lead dating which analyzes the decay of uranium isotopes into lead isotopes, 2) Potassium-Argon dating which analyzes the decay of potassium-40 into argon-40, 3) Rubidium-Strontium dating which analyzes the decay of rubidium-87 into strontium-87, and 4) Carbon-14 dating which is only applicable to once-living materials by analyzing the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14. The document provides details on the radioactive isotopes, daughter products, and half-
Carbon 14 and archeological ages, Christian and Intelligent Design discussion of source, measurement, results, interpretation, and errors in Carbon-14 dating.
Carbon dating determines the age of organic material by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in the material. Carbon-14 is continually produced in the atmosphere and absorbed by plants and animals during life. After death, the amount of carbon-14 decreases steadily as it decays, allowing the age of once-living materials to be estimated by measuring the amount remaining. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years, so its levels are measured to calculate elapsed time since death. Carbon dating is widely used in archaeology and geology to estimate the age of ancient living things.
Radiocarbon dating determines the age of organic materials by measuring their residual radioactive carbon-14 content. There are three naturally occurring carbon isotopes: stable carbon-12 and carbon-13, and radioactive carbon-14. Carbon-14 is generated in the upper atmosphere and incorporated into living organisms, allowing their age to be determined since absorption of carbon-14 ceases upon death. However, interpreting radiocarbon dates requires corrections for variations in atmospheric carbon-14 levels over time and differences in local reservoirs like oceans, which can make samples appear older than their true age. Accurate dating is limited to materials under 50,000 years old with the practical limit being around 26,000 years.
This document discusses various methods for dating fossils and archaeological samples, including relative dating techniques that rely on the position of artifacts in stratigraphic layers, as well as absolute dating using radioactive isotopes. It describes how radioactive dating works by measuring the decay of isotopes with known half-lives, like carbon-14, in organic materials. Examples are given of formulas to calculate ages from radioactive dating. Limitations are noted, such as applicability only to certain materials and accuracy of instruments. Lists of human evolution fossils and radioactive isotopes are also included.
1) Radiocarbon dating is a technique used to determine the age of biological artifacts up to 62,000 years old.
2) It relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14, a rare carbon isotope that is present in living organisms at a consistent ratio with carbon-12.
3) Once an organism dies, the amount of carbon-14 it contains begins to decay and can be used to calculate the date of death based on a known half-life of carbon-14.
Radiocarbon dating is a method for determining the age of organic material by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-14 remaining in the sample. Willard Libby developed the method in the 1940s, for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1960. It is based on the principle that living organisms absorb carbon-14 from the atmosphere, but after death, the amount of carbon-14 decreases as it radioactively decays. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining and knowing its half-life of 5730 years, the age of the sample can be estimated. Radiocarbon dating has revolutionized understanding of chronologies in archaeology, geology, and other fields, but is limited to dating samples under 60,000 years
This document discusses carbon dating and its uses in determining the age of once-living materials. Carbon dating works by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in organic material. It has a half-life of about 5,730 years and can date materials up to 60,000 years old. Examples given where carbon dating has been applied include dating the Dead Sea Scrolls to 250-130 BC, determining the Shroud of Turin originated in the 13th century, and estimating meteorite exposure times on Earth. Archaeology also relies heavily on radiocarbon dating.
Radiometric methods for age determinationPramoda Raj
This document discusses radiometric dating methods used to determine the age of materials such as rocks. It describes four common radiometric dating techniques: 1) Uranium-Lead dating which analyzes the decay of uranium isotopes into lead isotopes, 2) Potassium-Argon dating which analyzes the decay of potassium-40 into argon-40, 3) Rubidium-Strontium dating which analyzes the decay of rubidium-87 into strontium-87, and 4) Carbon-14 dating which is only applicable to once-living materials by analyzing the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14. The document provides details on the radioactive isotopes, daughter products, and half-
This document discusses radiometric dating techniques used by geologists to determine the age of rocks. It introduces radiometric dating, the concept of half-life, and commonly dated minerals like zircon and monazite. Methods like uranium-lead dating are explained in detail. Instruments used for dating like laser ablation-ICPMS and electron microprobe are also mentioned. The document concludes that radiometric dating, especially uranium-lead dating of zircon, is a reliable method for determining the age of rocks and major geological events.
Uranium dating is a radioactive dating technique that relies on the decay of uranium isotopes to date archaeological and geological samples. There are three main types of uranium dating: uranium-uranium dating, uranium-thorium dating, and uranium-lead dating. Uranium-lead dating provides the most accurate dates and can be used to determine the age of samples from 1 million to over 4.5 billion years old. Uranium dating techniques are used in applications such as determining the age of dinosaur fossils and dating archaeological sites.
Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes can be used as proxies for paleoclimate reconstruction. Oxygen isotopes in carbonate shells vary based on temperature and ice volume, providing information about glacial/interglacial cycles. Carbon isotopes reflect the global carbon cycle and can indicate changes in productivity, circulation, and terrestrial carbon storage over time.
Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks by comparing the observed amounts of radioactive isotopes and their decay products, using known decay rates. For example, uranium is a radioactive element found in Earth's crust that decays into lead over millions of years. By measuring the ratio of uranium to lead in a rock sample, scientists can determine the age of the rock. Lead is a soft, heavy metal with the symbol Pb that is one of the decay products formed when uranium decays.
This document provides an overview of environmental chemistry. It begins by defining environmental chemistry and describing the key environmental segments of the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. It then discusses environmental quality standards, indicators of pollution including dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The document outlines the scope of environmental chemistry and notes the need for public awareness of environmental issues.
what is radio active isotopes
uses of various fields in tracers
disadvantages of tracers
what are radioactive tracers
application in research fields in tracers
application in agriculture fields
This document discusses stable isotopes of oxygen, specifically O16 and O18. Stable isotopes have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses. During evaporation and condensation, O18 fractionates from O16, leaving precipitation and ice "depleted" in O18 compared to ocean water. The ratio of O18/O16 in samples is used to infer past climate conditions, as warmer temperatures cause greater fractionation, resulting in more negative δO18 values in precipitation under wetter and cooler conditions. Proxies like ice cores and speleothems preserve stable isotope records that can reveal how climates differed in the past.
This document discusses health effects of radiation and nuclear waste management. It provides information on natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure and their relative contributions. It describes the types of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma rays and their different properties. The principles of radiation protection including justification, optimization and dose limits are explained. Both acute and chronic effects of radiation are outlined along with factors influencing biological impact. The document also discusses management of radioactive waste and principles of reducing radiation exposure.
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
This document discusses various methods for dating fossils and rocks, including carbon-14 dating and radioisotope dating. It explains how these methods work, such as by measuring the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in a sample. However, it notes that all of these dating methods rely on assumptions, like the starting conditions and decay rates having always remained constant, that are difficult to prove and have been shown to be inaccurate at times by experiments. Therefore, the ages provided by these dating methods are not completely reliable and should be interpreted with caution.
Radioisotopes have various applications in environment studies, agriculture, medicine, and industry. Some key uses include monitoring water resources and soil erosion, managing red tide, identifying air pollution sources, mineral analysis, food irradiation, cattle productivity monitoring, agroforestry promotion, and carbon and uranium dating. Nuclear techniques such as radioimmunoassay and tracer methods are used for these applications.
The document provides an overview of foraminifera including:
- Their morphology, wall structure, and chamber development which can be unilocular or multilocular in various arrangements.
- Their importance for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and paleoceanography making them useful tools for dating rocks and reconstructing past environments.
- Their global geological distribution through time from Cambrian to Recent, reaching their maximum diversity in the Tertiary and present.
What is Geochemical distribution, Geochemical distribution of elements and factors affecting, Why to Study, Types of elements on basis of Geochemical distribution of elements, General Distribution Table, Associated Refrences
Biological functions and toxicity of elements convertedMAYURI SOMPURA
biological function and toxicity of elements ,trace elements ,macro elements ,micro elements ,copper ,leadership ,biological function and toxicity of zinc ,biological function and toxicity of copperchromium ,iodine ,chemistry of iron ,zinc ,radioactive elements biological function
The document discusses the discovery of radioactivity and the different types of radioactive decay:
- Alpha, beta, and gamma decay were discovered through experiments by Henri Becquerel, Marie and Pierre Curie, and Ernest Rutherford in the late 19th century.
- Alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus), beta decay involves emitting an electron or positron, and gamma decay involves emitting high-energy photons.
- The decays result in the transmutation of elements and conservation of nucleon number. Radioactive decay occurs at exponential rates described by half-lives and can be used to date materials.
Nuclear waste disposal and its geological importanceParth Pandya
The document discusses nuclear waste disposal and its geological importance. It describes the different types of nuclear waste - high, intermediate, and low level waste. It explains how waste is produced and stored. The key disposal methods discussed are deep geological disposal for high level waste, near-surface disposal for low level waste, and sulfide sponge and Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 which can remove radionuclides like strontium-90 and technetium from nuclear waste. Ocean dumping was also mentioned but is now banned in most countries.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear chemistry. It discusses the basic components of atoms and how nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions. It describes the three types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) and their properties. The document also covers radioactive decay and concepts such as decay constant, half-life, and average life. Additional topics include nuclear stability factors, mass defect and binding energy, and the application of radioisotopes as tracers and in radiotherapy, mutation breeding, and carbon dating.
Rare earth elements and their properties and their applications in steelsHitesh Basitti
This document discusses a seminar presentation on rare earth elements, their properties, and applications in steels. It begins with definitions of rare earth elements and includes information on: lanthanide contraction and its causes; rare earth element electronic configurations; major rare earth element deposits worldwide; common rare earth-bearing minerals like monazite and bastnasite; other industrial applications of rare earth elements beyond steels; how rare earth elements purify steels, modify inclusions, enable grain refinement as microalloys; and their influence on steel microstructures. Examples of industrial processes utilizing rare earth element oxide metallurgy are also provided.
Radioactive minerals in India include uranium, thorium, and rare metals. Uranium deposits are found in three provinces - Singhbhum, Mahadek, and Cuddapah. The Singhbhum province contains vein-type deposits hosted in schist along the Singhbhum shear zone, including the major deposits at Jaduguda and Bhatin. The Mahadek province hosts large sandstone-type deposits in the Mahadek Formation such as Domiasiat. The Cuddapah province contains unconformity deposits such as Tummalapalle Rachakuntapalle and stratabound deposits. Thorium is found in monazite placers along coastal areas. Rare metals like
This document summarizes different types of elements found in the Earth's crust, including their abundance, distribution, and behavior. It discusses major elements, which make up over 90% of the crust by weight. It also describes trace elements, which occur in very low concentrations, and rare earth elements. Trace elements provide information about magmatic processes. Rare earth elements are a set of 17 elements in the periodic table and tend to be late crystallizing with higher ionic radii. Their relative abundances also provide insights into melting histories.
Radiocarbon dating is a method used to determine the age of organic material by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-14 remaining in the sample. It relies on two key facts: 1) all living things absorb carbon from the atmosphere in a stable carbon-12 to carbon-14 ratio, and 2) carbon-14 decays after death at a known rate. By measuring the carbon-14 level in a sample and calculating how many half-lives it would take to decay to that level from the original ratio, the age can be estimated. However, calibration is required to convert radiocarbon years to calendar years due to past fluctuations in atmospheric carbon levels. Samples must also be properly collected and pre-treated to avoid contamination.
At the 2013 Carbon Management Technology Conference (CMTC13), Tony Butterfield from the University of Utah presented teaching modules on carbon capture designed for high school teachers to help their students understand more about carbon capture (links to modules below). The modules were developed by Alissa Park, Columbia University, is association with the NSF-funded Research Coordination Network on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (RCN-CCUS).
For more information on RCN-CCUS, visit: http://www.aiche.org/ccus-network
Carbon Capture in Water module: http://www.che.utah.edu/outreach/module?p_id=37
Carbon Captured Chalk module: http://www.che.utah.edu/outreach/module?p_id=36
For other K-12 outreach modules from the University of Utah, visit: http://www.che.utah.edu/~tony/OTM/
This document discusses radiometric dating techniques used by geologists to determine the age of rocks. It introduces radiometric dating, the concept of half-life, and commonly dated minerals like zircon and monazite. Methods like uranium-lead dating are explained in detail. Instruments used for dating like laser ablation-ICPMS and electron microprobe are also mentioned. The document concludes that radiometric dating, especially uranium-lead dating of zircon, is a reliable method for determining the age of rocks and major geological events.
Uranium dating is a radioactive dating technique that relies on the decay of uranium isotopes to date archaeological and geological samples. There are three main types of uranium dating: uranium-uranium dating, uranium-thorium dating, and uranium-lead dating. Uranium-lead dating provides the most accurate dates and can be used to determine the age of samples from 1 million to over 4.5 billion years old. Uranium dating techniques are used in applications such as determining the age of dinosaur fossils and dating archaeological sites.
Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes can be used as proxies for paleoclimate reconstruction. Oxygen isotopes in carbonate shells vary based on temperature and ice volume, providing information about glacial/interglacial cycles. Carbon isotopes reflect the global carbon cycle and can indicate changes in productivity, circulation, and terrestrial carbon storage over time.
Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks by comparing the observed amounts of radioactive isotopes and their decay products, using known decay rates. For example, uranium is a radioactive element found in Earth's crust that decays into lead over millions of years. By measuring the ratio of uranium to lead in a rock sample, scientists can determine the age of the rock. Lead is a soft, heavy metal with the symbol Pb that is one of the decay products formed when uranium decays.
This document provides an overview of environmental chemistry. It begins by defining environmental chemistry and describing the key environmental segments of the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. It then discusses environmental quality standards, indicators of pollution including dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The document outlines the scope of environmental chemistry and notes the need for public awareness of environmental issues.
what is radio active isotopes
uses of various fields in tracers
disadvantages of tracers
what are radioactive tracers
application in research fields in tracers
application in agriculture fields
This document discusses stable isotopes of oxygen, specifically O16 and O18. Stable isotopes have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses. During evaporation and condensation, O18 fractionates from O16, leaving precipitation and ice "depleted" in O18 compared to ocean water. The ratio of O18/O16 in samples is used to infer past climate conditions, as warmer temperatures cause greater fractionation, resulting in more negative δO18 values in precipitation under wetter and cooler conditions. Proxies like ice cores and speleothems preserve stable isotope records that can reveal how climates differed in the past.
This document discusses health effects of radiation and nuclear waste management. It provides information on natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure and their relative contributions. It describes the types of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma rays and their different properties. The principles of radiation protection including justification, optimization and dose limits are explained. Both acute and chronic effects of radiation are outlined along with factors influencing biological impact. The document also discusses management of radioactive waste and principles of reducing radiation exposure.
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
This document discusses various methods for dating fossils and rocks, including carbon-14 dating and radioisotope dating. It explains how these methods work, such as by measuring the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in a sample. However, it notes that all of these dating methods rely on assumptions, like the starting conditions and decay rates having always remained constant, that are difficult to prove and have been shown to be inaccurate at times by experiments. Therefore, the ages provided by these dating methods are not completely reliable and should be interpreted with caution.
Radioisotopes have various applications in environment studies, agriculture, medicine, and industry. Some key uses include monitoring water resources and soil erosion, managing red tide, identifying air pollution sources, mineral analysis, food irradiation, cattle productivity monitoring, agroforestry promotion, and carbon and uranium dating. Nuclear techniques such as radioimmunoassay and tracer methods are used for these applications.
The document provides an overview of foraminifera including:
- Their morphology, wall structure, and chamber development which can be unilocular or multilocular in various arrangements.
- Their importance for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and paleoceanography making them useful tools for dating rocks and reconstructing past environments.
- Their global geological distribution through time from Cambrian to Recent, reaching their maximum diversity in the Tertiary and present.
What is Geochemical distribution, Geochemical distribution of elements and factors affecting, Why to Study, Types of elements on basis of Geochemical distribution of elements, General Distribution Table, Associated Refrences
Biological functions and toxicity of elements convertedMAYURI SOMPURA
biological function and toxicity of elements ,trace elements ,macro elements ,micro elements ,copper ,leadership ,biological function and toxicity of zinc ,biological function and toxicity of copperchromium ,iodine ,chemistry of iron ,zinc ,radioactive elements biological function
The document discusses the discovery of radioactivity and the different types of radioactive decay:
- Alpha, beta, and gamma decay were discovered through experiments by Henri Becquerel, Marie and Pierre Curie, and Ernest Rutherford in the late 19th century.
- Alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus), beta decay involves emitting an electron or positron, and gamma decay involves emitting high-energy photons.
- The decays result in the transmutation of elements and conservation of nucleon number. Radioactive decay occurs at exponential rates described by half-lives and can be used to date materials.
Nuclear waste disposal and its geological importanceParth Pandya
The document discusses nuclear waste disposal and its geological importance. It describes the different types of nuclear waste - high, intermediate, and low level waste. It explains how waste is produced and stored. The key disposal methods discussed are deep geological disposal for high level waste, near-surface disposal for low level waste, and sulfide sponge and Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 which can remove radionuclides like strontium-90 and technetium from nuclear waste. Ocean dumping was also mentioned but is now banned in most countries.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear chemistry. It discusses the basic components of atoms and how nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions. It describes the three types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) and their properties. The document also covers radioactive decay and concepts such as decay constant, half-life, and average life. Additional topics include nuclear stability factors, mass defect and binding energy, and the application of radioisotopes as tracers and in radiotherapy, mutation breeding, and carbon dating.
Rare earth elements and their properties and their applications in steelsHitesh Basitti
This document discusses a seminar presentation on rare earth elements, their properties, and applications in steels. It begins with definitions of rare earth elements and includes information on: lanthanide contraction and its causes; rare earth element electronic configurations; major rare earth element deposits worldwide; common rare earth-bearing minerals like monazite and bastnasite; other industrial applications of rare earth elements beyond steels; how rare earth elements purify steels, modify inclusions, enable grain refinement as microalloys; and their influence on steel microstructures. Examples of industrial processes utilizing rare earth element oxide metallurgy are also provided.
Radioactive minerals in India include uranium, thorium, and rare metals. Uranium deposits are found in three provinces - Singhbhum, Mahadek, and Cuddapah. The Singhbhum province contains vein-type deposits hosted in schist along the Singhbhum shear zone, including the major deposits at Jaduguda and Bhatin. The Mahadek province hosts large sandstone-type deposits in the Mahadek Formation such as Domiasiat. The Cuddapah province contains unconformity deposits such as Tummalapalle Rachakuntapalle and stratabound deposits. Thorium is found in monazite placers along coastal areas. Rare metals like
This document summarizes different types of elements found in the Earth's crust, including their abundance, distribution, and behavior. It discusses major elements, which make up over 90% of the crust by weight. It also describes trace elements, which occur in very low concentrations, and rare earth elements. Trace elements provide information about magmatic processes. Rare earth elements are a set of 17 elements in the periodic table and tend to be late crystallizing with higher ionic radii. Their relative abundances also provide insights into melting histories.
Radiocarbon dating is a method used to determine the age of organic material by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-14 remaining in the sample. It relies on two key facts: 1) all living things absorb carbon from the atmosphere in a stable carbon-12 to carbon-14 ratio, and 2) carbon-14 decays after death at a known rate. By measuring the carbon-14 level in a sample and calculating how many half-lives it would take to decay to that level from the original ratio, the age can be estimated. However, calibration is required to convert radiocarbon years to calendar years due to past fluctuations in atmospheric carbon levels. Samples must also be properly collected and pre-treated to avoid contamination.
At the 2013 Carbon Management Technology Conference (CMTC13), Tony Butterfield from the University of Utah presented teaching modules on carbon capture designed for high school teachers to help their students understand more about carbon capture (links to modules below). The modules were developed by Alissa Park, Columbia University, is association with the NSF-funded Research Coordination Network on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (RCN-CCUS).
For more information on RCN-CCUS, visit: http://www.aiche.org/ccus-network
Carbon Capture in Water module: http://www.che.utah.edu/outreach/module?p_id=37
Carbon Captured Chalk module: http://www.che.utah.edu/outreach/module?p_id=36
For other K-12 outreach modules from the University of Utah, visit: http://www.che.utah.edu/~tony/OTM/
This document discusses various applications of radioactive isotopes. It begins by introducing radioisotope tracers and why they are ideal for tracking materials through complex processes. Only a small number of radioactive atoms are needed to be detectable. It then discusses specific applications such as medical uses of short-lived isotopes to image organs, using tracers to detect leaks, and radioactive dating methods like carbon-14 dating. The document concludes by mentioning radioisotope thermoelectric generators use radioactive decay to generate electricity and have been used to power spacecraft.
Introduction Radiocarbon Dating and Application.pptxanindyapal288
Principles , Brief history and method of Carbon 12 radiocarbon dating with the help of present amount of Carbon 12 vs Carbon 14 ratio by the help of natural radioactive decay of Carbon 14 isotopes from living organisms .And other advance methods for radio dating AMS with examples and applications in archeological survey and history. Also some of the future potentials and cons of radio carbon dating.
Its Polar Environment Key As Well As Data _ Ancient Atmospheres Or Geophysica...ebooker97
Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica are considered key evidence for historical carbon dioxide levels in Earth's atmosphere. However, some researchers argue that glaciers may not reliably preserve atmospheric gases over thousands of years due to physical and chemical processes within the ice that can alter gas levels. While mainstream researchers assert that techniques exist to account for these effects, others point to evidence that gas levels measured in ice cores may be impacted by diffusion, recrystallization of ice, and chemical reactions with impurities, calling into question the accuracy of ice cores as records of ancient atmospheres. The debate centers around whether ice cores contain fossils of past atmospheres or are subject to geological processes that can remix gases over time within glacial ice.
Its Polar Environment Central Carbon Records _ Historic Atmospheres Or Even G...crackmaker00
This document discusses debates around whether ice cores can reliably preserve atmospheric gases from ancient times. While ice core research is widely accepted, some scientists like Jaworowski argue that physical and chemical processes within ice sheets can alter the composition of trapped air bubbles over time. The document examines evidence on both sides, noting that while ice core researchers have developed methods to account for certain effects, processes like gas diffusion are not fully understood and could significantly impact interpretations of ice core records. Overall, it presents a nuanced perspective and does not take a definitive position, highlighting ongoing questions and debates within the field.
This document discusses geoscience division services that provide analysis of core samples using cutting edge technology. The analysis includes program pyrolysis to determine hydrocarbons, organic carbon, and thermal maturity. X-ray diffraction is used to determine mineralogy, brittleness, and formation tops. X-ray fluorescence provides elemental composition. This precise data helps with exploration by identifying pay zones and reservoirs, and production by optimizing well placement and completions. The division produces high quality data faster than conventional labs using standardized procedures and experienced professionals. Case studies show how the analysis helped clients by locating unanticipated pay zones and reservoirs.
Its Polar Environment Central As Well As Information _ Ancient Atmospheres Or...ebooker97
1. There is ongoing debate about whether ice cores reliably preserve ancient atmospheric compositions like CO2 levels, or if geophysical processes within the ice continually remix gases.
2. Critics argue that ice sheets are permeable systems allowing liquid water and gas diffusion, challenging the assumption that air bubbles retain original atmospheres. Supporters counter that diffusion and contamination can be accounted for.
3. More recent studies acknowledge complex chemical and physical processes within ice sheets, like gas diffusion through liquid veins, calling into question the accuracy and interpretation of ice core atmospheric records. The debate remains unresolved.
Carbon dating uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14 to determine the age of organic materials. The document outlines the history, principles, applications, and limitations of carbon dating. Specifically, it notes that carbon-14 is formed in the atmosphere and incorporated into living things, but after death the amount of carbon-14 decays at a known rate, allowing the age of a sample to be estimated by measuring its remaining carbon-14. Examples are given of carbon dating being used to determine the ages of artifacts such as ancient manuscripts, cave paintings, and archaeological sites.
- The document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon quantum dots (CDs), which are nanoscale carbon materials less than 10 nm in size that exhibit fluorescence.
- CDs can be synthesized through top-down methods that break down bulk carbon sources or bottom-up methods that build CDs from small precursor molecules. Their properties can be tuned through surface functionalization and doping.
- CDs have potential applications in chemical sensing, bioimaging, optoelectronics and more due to their tunable fluorescence, biocompatibility and photostability. Their synthesis, properties, characterization and applications were discussed in detail in the presentation.
Increasing interest by governments worldwide on reducing CO2 released into the atmosphere form a nexus of of opportunity with enhanced oil recovery which could benefit mature oil fields in nearly every country. Overall approximately two-thirds of original oil in place (OOIP) in mature conventional oil fields remains after primary or primary/secondary recovery efforts have taken place. CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) has an excellent record of revitalizing these mature plays and can dramatically increase ultimate recovery. Since the first CO2 EOR project was initiated in 1972, more than 154 additional projects have been put into operation around the world and about two-thirds are located in the Permian basin and Gulf coast regions of the United States. While these regions have favorable geologic and reservoir conditions for CO2 EOR, they are also located near large natural sources of CO2.
In recent years an increasing number of projects have been developed in areas without natural supplies, and have instead utilized captured CO2 from a variety of anthropogenic sources including gas processing plants, ethanol plants, cement plants, and fertilizer plants. Today approximately 36% of active CO2 EOR projects utilize gas that would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere. Interest world-wide has increased, including projects in Canada, Brazil, Norway, Turkey, Trinidad, and more recently, and perhaps most significantly, in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. About 80% of all energy used in the world comes from fossil fuels, and many industrial and manufacturing processes generate CO2 that can be captured and used for EOR. In this 30 minute presentation a brief history of CO2 EOR is provided, implications for utilizing captured carbon are discussed, and a demonstration project is introduced with an overview of characterization, modeling, simulation, and monitoring actvities taking place during injection of more than a million metric tons (~19 Bcf) of anthropogenic CO2 into a mature waterflood.
Longer versions of the presentation can be requested and can cover details of geologic and seimic characterization, simulation studies, time-lapse monitoring, tracer studies, or other CO2 monitoring technologies.
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
01-Turchi - sCO2 Power Cycle for CSP SunShot Summit 2016-04-19 Rev5.pptxlalitkhekswani
The document discusses the potential for using supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycles for concentrating solar power (CSP) applications. It provides a history of closed Brayton cycles and why sCO2 cycles are attractive, noting their higher efficiency than steam and ability to integrate with CSP. The document outlines sCO2 cycle designs for CSP and research needs. It describes the Supercritical Transformational Electric Power initiative to demonstrate a 10 MWe sCO2 cycle to advance the technology towards commercial viability.
This document summarizes research conducted at ISIS on energy materials. It discusses how neutron and x-ray techniques are used across multiple length scales to study materials related to energy production, storage and efficiency. Specific examples are given on the study of hydrogen storage alloys, carbon dioxide sequestration materials, and lithium ion battery electrode materials. The research aims to develop new environmentally friendly energy technologies through improved fundamental understanding of materials properties and structures.
This document discusses carbon quantum dots (carbon dots), which are small carbon-based nanoparticles that exhibit fluorescence. The first section summarizes the discovery of carbon dots as byproducts in experiments producing carbon nanotubes. It describes how carbon dots were later intentionally synthesized through various methods, including arc discharge, electrochemical treatment of carbon nanotubes, and laser ablation of carbon sources. The document goes on to provide more details about various synthesis strategies and techniques for producing carbon dots and discusses characterization of their properties and applications.
Overall, reverse logistics for recycling plays a critical role in conserving natural resources, reducing waste, and minimizing environmental impacts associated with the production and consumption of goods. It helps promote a circular economy where materials are recycled and reused, rather than ending up in landfills or incinerators. It requires coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders, including consumers, businesses, waste management companies, recycling facilities, and manufacturers, to ensure that waste materials are collected, sorted, and processed efficiently and effectively. So, reverse logistics for recycling is an important aspect of waste management and sustainability efforts. Whether it is through curbside recycling programs, community recycling centers, or other specialized recycling initiatives, reverse logistics for recycling helps contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to managing waste materials. In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of reverse logistics for recycling as a way to reduce waste, conserve resources, and protect the environment, leading to greater efforts to promote and improve recycling programs worldwide. This is achieved through regulations, policies, and initiatives aimed at encouraging recycling, educating consumers about proper recycling practices, and investing in recycling infrastructure and technologies. Additionally, technological advancements, such as automation and digitization, are also being utilized to optimize reverse logistics processes for recycling, making it more efficient and cost-effective. As public awareness and concern about environmental issues continue to grow, reverse logistics for recycling will likely continue to play a vital role in waste management and sustainability efforts in the future. So, it's important to support and participate in recycling programs in your local community to contribute to a greener and more sustainable future. Remember to follow proper recycling guidelines, reduce waste whenever possible, and promote recycling awareness among your family, friends, and community. Together, we can make a positive impact on our planet through responsible recycling practices and reverse logistics for recycling. Let's work towards a more sustainable future
Apec workshop 2 presentation 13 r wright apec-gccsi engineering disclipines...Global CCS Institute
Dr. Robert Wright presented on the U.S. Department of Energy's carbon capture and storage (CCS) research and development programs. He discussed multiple R&D areas including CO2 capture from power plants and industrial sources, geological storage of CO2, monitoring and verification technologies, use of CO2 in enhanced oil recovery, and regional infrastructure through partnerships. Large pilot and demonstration projects were highlighted that involve injecting over 1 million tons of CO2 each to validate CCS technologies at commercial scales.
This document summarizes a study on using indoor algal cultures to consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen in university buildings. An undergraduate student set up several small reactors with different configurations to investigate algal growth under natural sunlight. The reactors showed steady algal growth over 10 days. Analysis of the batch growth data found that the smallest reactors captured carbon at the highest rate but produced less oxygen than the larger reactors. Based on the carbon capture rates, the size of an algal reactor needed to consume all the carbon dioxide produced by one person at rest is estimated to be 1.45 cubic meters. More research is still needed to increase algal growth rates and reduce the required reactor volume.
PubChem QC project. In this project we calculate all molecules in the PubChem Project. Currently 1,100,000 molecules are available at http://pubchemqc.riken.jp/ . Results are in public domain.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 St Patrick and the tale of the non-disappearing crossRobert M Chapple
1) The author visited Downpatrick Cathedral and St. Patrick's grave on a family trip and discovered that the three fragments of an ancient cross discovered during excavations over a century ago are still on display in the Cathedral, not lost as expected.
2) The author and family then toured the adjacent St. Patrick's Visitor Centre, finding the displays and audiovisual presentation high quality and reasonable in price.
3) The author concludes by recommending a visit to Downpatrick and its Patrick sites for those interested in learning more about the saint and early Irish Christianity.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
SS Nomadic was originally built in 1911 as a tender ship to transport passengers and luggage between Cherbourg, France and the ocean liners Titanic and Olympic. After serving this role, Nomadic went on to have a long career that included wartime service. In 2006, the ship was restored in Belfast, where it can now be toured. Visitors can experience the interior through guided tours and interactive exhibits that bring the ship to life, learning about what life would have been like for passengers and crew aboard this piece of maritime history.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 SS Nomadic, Belfast. 3D images. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
This document provides 3D anaglyph images of the SS Nomadic ship and various buildings and structures in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It directs readers to information on how to view the 3D images using glasses and links to other 3D images on the blog. The images allow viewers to see these sites in 3D.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Romanes eunt domus - Racist attack in East Belfast - July...Robert M Chapple
This blog post summarizes a series of racist attacks that occurred in East Belfast, Northern Ireland in July 2014 targeting Romanian families. The attacks were carried out by illiterate thugs who could not even spell the name of the country they claimed to hate. The blogger condemns the attacks, saying they go against human decency and that targeting defenseless families in their homes is despicable. A BBC news report provides further details on the incidents.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Rhind’s Sister. Recognising and honouring women in archae...Robert M Chapple
The document summarizes data about past recipients of the prestigious Rhind Lectures award given by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland since 1874. Of the 131 total recipients, 111 (85%) were men while only 5 (4%) were women. The author was surprised by this disparity, as women now make up close to half of those working in archaeology. While acknowledging broader societal factors, the author argues this imbalance should be addressed by honoring the outstanding contributions of qualified female archaeologists through awards like the Rhind Lectures.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Return of the Phantom Earthwork - a 'fake' ring barrow at...Robert M Chapple
The author is being prompted by Academia.edu to upload a letter they had published in Archaeology Ireland over 15 years ago questioning the identification of a potential archaeological site. This prompts the author to recount the full story, including their initial skepticism of the reported site, publishing their letter, and later having a pleasant interaction with the original author when they met in a pub. The author concludes by sharing photos of the "phantom earthwork" that prompted their original letter.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
The document summarizes a visit to Portaferry Castle in County Down, Northern Ireland. It describes exploring the castle ruins and learning about its 16th century origins. Portaferry Castle was built by the Savage family as a small tower house. It has since fallen into ruins covered in ivy, but still fascinates visitors with its battlements and remnants of defensive features like a murder hole. The document encourages visiting to experience Northern Ireland's ancient architectural treasures.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Portaferry Castle, Co. Down. 3D images. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
Portaferry Castle in County Down, Northern Ireland is the subject of 3D anaglyph images created by the blogger as experiments in 3D imaging technology. The post provides several 3D anaglyph images of Portaferry Castle that can be viewed with 3D glasses, and includes a link explaining how to view other 3D images on the blog.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mount Stewart, Co. Down. Restoration in action. Blogspot ...Robert M Chapple
Mount Stewart is an 18th century estate undergoing a large restoration project to address structural issues and restore it to how it appeared during Lady Edith's tenure. The £7 million project began in 2014 and will be complete in 2015. Rather than closing the house, visitors have been able to see the restoration work in progress, including structural repairs, storage of furnishings, and conservation of paintings, fabrics and other items. The restoration will make the building structurally sound and beautifully presented for visitors for years to come.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Mahee Castle, Co. Down. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
Mahee Castle is located near Nendrum Monastery in County Down. It is the remains of a tower house built in 1570. The castle was partially excavated in 2001 and 2002, revealing details of its construction and occupation. It appears to have been abandoned in the early 17th century after a relatively short period of use. Archaeological evidence uncovered drainage systems, cobbled floors, and artifacts that provide insight into life at the castle when it was inhabited. Today only parts of the tower and surrounding walls still stand.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 John Bradley 1954-2014. A brief tribute. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
John Bradley was a leading Irish medieval archaeologist and scholar who passed away in November 2014. This document is a tribute from Robert Chapple, who first met Bradley as a student in 1990 when Bradley enthusiastically shared his vast knowledge over coffee with students. Chapple continued to visit Bradley in Dublin to use his personal library and have engaging discussions. Bradley became a mentor to Chapple, providing guidance that influenced his career. Bradley insisted on paying for their meals and encouraged Chapple to pay his kindness forward to future students. Though they lost contact, Bradley's generosity left a lasting impact on Chapple and generations of students.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
Devenish Island is the site of an ancient monastic settlement founded by St. Molaise in the 6th century. The family takes a speedboat ferry to the island, where they explore remains of medieval buildings like the 13th century Great Church and 12th century St. Molaise's House oratory. The island contains significant archaeological features from different periods, such as two round towers, St. Mary's 15th century priory, and high crosses. It is considered one of the finest monastic sites from the Early Christian and medieval periods in Ireland.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part III. Devenish Island. Additional Photog...Robert M Chapple
The document shares additional photographs from a 2000 visit to Devenish Island, including:
1) Overviews of An Teampull Mór and 'St Molaise's House' along with the Round Tower.
2) Hypothetical reconstructions and details of decorative features on 'St Molaise's House'.
3) Various views of the Round Tower masks and reconstructed floors and ladders within.
4) Photographs of the 15th century high cross and details of its faces.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Island Life. Part II. White Island. Blogspot postRobert M Chapple
The document describes a trip to White Island in Lough Erne, Ireland. It details the author's frustration with having to wait over two hours for the boat to the island. Once there, the main attraction is described - a group of 7 carved figures and 1 head dating back to the 9th-11th century, unique in Irish archaeology. The figures are analyzed in detail and their possible original uses are discussed. The island is praised for its remarkable archaeological site.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
9. • Method discovered by Willard Libby & his team in
1949 (won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960)
10. • Uses naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C)
to determine the age of carbon-bearing materials.
11. • Plants fix atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into
organic material as part of photosynthesis.
• This process incorporates a quantity of 14C close to
the level of the isotope present in the
atmosphere.
• After the plants die/are eaten the 14C fraction
declines at a fixed, exponential rate due to
radioactive decay (half life: 5730±40 years).
• Comparing the remaining amount of 14C vs. the
amount expected in a ‘fresh’ sample allows a
determination of the age of the sample to be
made.
12. • ‘Raw’ results are presented as years BP (Before
Present - 1950) eg 3476±45BP
• Determinations are supplied with a ‘±’ (standard
deviation). This describes a level of uncertainty
with the date. Traditionally: statistical counting
uncertainty, but some labs also include an ‘error
multiplier’ to account for other forms of
uncertainty.
• Limits: 58,000 to 62,000 years
13. • Calibration: change determinations into calendar
dates.
• Necessary: 14C varies in the atmosphere over time
& locality.
• Standard: curve based on comparison of 14C
determination against samples of known date
(dendrochronology)
14. Reporting dates in publications/reports: some fundamentals
The radiocarbon determination: record the actual determination: 3727±49 BP
eg “this feature dated to 2286-1987 cal BC” fine in the text, but of limited use in
assessing/reusing that date
Lab Code: unique identifier for that date
Conventional vs. Measured dates: Beta Analytic Inc. return two dates
Measured: surviving 14C in sample, calculated using the Libby Half Life
Conventional: date with corrections for isotopic fractionation
15. Reporting dates in publications/reports: some fundamentals
Conventional vs. Measured dates:
May be several decades between the two. Recalibrating wrong one will lead to future
errors!
Feel free to quote both dates, but it is the Conventional Age that should be quoted first!
16. Reporting dates in publications/reports: some fundamentals
Type of analysis: conventional radiometric/AMS
eg AMS uses less carbon & may be used on small, single-entity, samples (individual pieces
of hazelnut shell). In the past use of AMS may indicate insufficient carbon for regular
date.
Pretreatment: Usually acid, alkali, acid (AAA) washes to sterilise sample & remove
modern matter.
eg techniques used to extract bone collagen may have small influence on dates: best
practice to report all available information.
Calibration: different computer programs & curves available (eg Calib, OxCal etc.)
Each program use slightly different algorithms & may return slightly different results. Best
practice: state program + version and calibration curve + version
eg: 3727±49 BP Calib 2σ: 2286-1987 cal BC
OxCal 2σ: 2287-1978 cal BC
17. Reporting dates in publications/reports: some fundamentals
The sample
Context information: clearly state which feature, which deposit, which box section?
eg lack of accuracy limits further interpretation
Material: Wood (+ identification), bone/antler?
eg discrimination between long & short-lived
species + twigs/heart wood id. Allows future researchers to reassess your work & confidently
incorporate it into future research
Entity type: is sample from one part of one plant (single entity)?
eg single twig, grain, or hazelnut shell
or
sample from unsorted charcoal from feature? (multiple entity)?
eg ‘bag of charcoal’ recovered from feature or small number of grains from one feature (no
guarantee that all are from the same plant/harvest)
Single entity is preferable, but not always possible: stating entity type helps others assess the
quality & reliability of your dating
18. Reporting dates in publications/reports: some fundamentals
Fundamental: include the ‘raw’ date with its standard deviation!
General rules : Include as much information as possible in publication
: If in doubt, include it!
19. Reporting dates in publications/reports: some fundamentals
Exception: Beta Analytic Inc. include detail ‘standard delivery’
20. Reporting dates in publications/reports: some fundamentals
Exception: Beta Analytic Inc. include detail ‘standard delivery’
Means: you paid for the standard return time, not the express service!
22. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
2006: Started as a response to my personal research needs: I had to write up two burnt
mound excavations and thought that comparing dates may be more
interesting/rewarding than just comparing morphology
23. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
Problem: dates are scattered across a vast array of books, journals & reports
24. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
Problem: dates are scattered across a vast array of books, journals & reports
Solution: start with my own library & go from there!
25. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
Originally: just for my own use & interest
Summer 2010: published ‘Just and expensive number?’ in Archaeology Ireland (24.2).
Noted that I had this resource & was willing to share
November 2010: made publically downloadable version
Current version (March 2012): 6093 radiocarbon
determinations & 240 dendro dates
26. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
Dates from NRA publications – instrumental to the success of this resource!
Literally hundreds of dates from Monograph & Seminar series of publications + same
again from the NRA Database
27. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
Context: M J O’Kelly’s 1989 textbook Early Ireland: An Introduction to Irish Prehistory lists
109 radiocarbon dates
J Waddell’s 2000 textbook The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland (2nd edn) lists 307
radiocarbon dates
NRA Database:
482 dates not available
from any other source!
28. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
Example: Site 19, Gransha, Co. Derry/Londonderry
Unusual MBA enclosed cemetery/ritual site
29. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
Example: Site 19, Gransha, Co. Derry/Londonderry
Charred barley grains from cist C1976
UBA-9321 3082±22 BP
30. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
UBA-9321 3082±22 BP.
A search for 14C dates on 25 radiocarbon years on either side of this date (3107-3057 BP)
brings back 73 dates, from 57 sites, across 21 counties
31. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
UBA-9321 3082±22 BP.
Some detail:
Burials
• Cloncowan II, Co. Meath (possible ring ditch)
• Magheramenagh, Portrush, Co. Londonderry (ring ditch)
• Derrycraw, Co. Down (token burial/possible cremation in cairn & ring ditch (2 dates))
• Island, Co. Cork (wedge tomb)
• Ballybannon, Co. Carlow (cremated Remains)
• Killoran 10, Co. Tipperary (cremation cemetery)
• Rathcannon, Co. Limerick (cremation cemetery)
• Cooradarrigan, Co. Cork (boulder burial)
• Ballybar Lower, Co. Carlow (flat Cemetery)*
• Priestsnewtown 6b, Co. Wicklow (cremation pit)*
• Templenoe, site 163.1, Co. Tipperary (Bronze Age grave)*
• Edenagarry, Co. Down (Burial Cairn) * = NRA Scheme site
32. Irish Radiocarbon & Dendrochronological Dates project
UBA-9321 3082±22 BP.
Some detail:
Houses/structures
• Corrstown, Co. Londonderry, (Structures 4 (2 dates), 17, 30, 37, 45, 47 & 68)
• Knockgraffon, site 137.1, Co. Tipperary*
• Toome (Brecart Td.), , Co. Antrim
• Grace Dieu West 8, Co. Waterford*
• Carrigillihy, Co. Cork
• Ballydrehid, site 185.5, Co. Tipperary*
• Cloghabreedy, site 125.1, Co. Tipperary*
• Ballyvergan West 1 AR 26, Co. Cork*
• Knockdomny, Co. Westmeath
• Mitchelstown 1, Cork (3 dates)*
• Cloghabreedy, site 125.4, Co. Tipperary*
• Chancellorsland, Site A, Co. Tipperary (2 dates) * = NRA Scheme site
35. “Radiocarbon Landscapes”
Direct Benefits:
Innovative way of interrogating the
archaeological literary mountain
Presents a more holistic approach to
archaeological research, where
connections are made between
contemporary events in different parts of
the island (vs. some reports which draw
only from sites on the same scheme, or
sites of similar morphology)
Indirect Benefits:
Data set is freely available to the entire
archaeological world & has been used by
INSTAR projects, Stephen Shennan’s
Prehistoric Demography, & various PhDs,
etc.!
36. “Radiocarbon Landscapes”
Downsides:
Not a research ‘silver bullet’ – for use as one
of a number of complimentary research
tools
Inconsistencies, repetitions & lack of robust
error checking: stems from being a
personal research project
‘One man band’ project – reliant on my own
book-buying power/donations &
occasional grant funding
42. New Kid on the Block!
Bayesian Statistics
Statistical means for modifying
beliefs in the light of new
information.
Ideas about the likelihood of A are
modified by observing B
43. Two kinds of Bayesian models
Type 1: Strong reasons for assigning
chronological order to a series of events
(eg Stratigraphy). This information will
strongly influence the model. Known as:
'informative prior belief'
Type 2: No stratigraphic information, only
assumptions about the mathematical
distribution of dates in a single phase of
activity. Known as: 'uninformative prior
belief'
44. Example: Gransha, Site 12. possible Early Neolithic house
Dug for commercial company: was allowed 1 date
Beta-227766 4930±70 BP. 2σ: 3943-3640 cal BC (303 years)
45. Example: Gransha, Site 12. possible Early Neolithic house
INSTAR Cultivating Societies: Assessing the Evidence for Agriculture in Neolithic Ireland
6 single entity dates AMS dated at 14Chrono, QUB
Thanks to Rick Schulting, Paula Reimer & Nikki Whitehouse for permission to use this data
46. Seems to span 200-300 years … possibly as much as 400 years
Based on these dates: how long was the site in use?
47. Prior beliefs are 'uninformative': based on assumptions of the mathematical distribution of
dates within a single activity phase
Q: If activity really started c3960 cal BC & ended c3400 cal BC, and we randomly took 7
samples for dating ... how likely are their calibrated ranges to look like this?
49. Q: What if activity started c3800 cal BC and ended c3500 cal BC?
A: More likely, but dates still do not fit particularly well. Would expect a wider calibrated
range
50. OxCal program asks this question a lot of times (100K - millions) to come up with the best
solution - ie the best estimate of the true span of activity sampled by the dates within the
model
52. But that's not all ... our 7 samples may not adequately represent the duration of the phase.
OxCal provides 'boundary start' & 'boundary end' statistical functions
53. Full report:
UJA 67, 2008
Together, these provide a statistical estimate of the actual life of this site:
Combine all dates (2σ): 3696-3638 cal BC
Boundary start (2σ): 3725-3642 cal BC
Boundary end(2σ): 3689-3597 cal BC
Span 1σ: 0-48 cal years
Span 2σ: 0-115 cal years
Compare: original date on charcoal: up to 303 years (2σ)
54. Problems with Bayesian modelling?
Has recently come to prominence in archaeology & is somewhat being accepted
uncritically
Problem: it is a statistical model!
"All models are wrong, some models are useful“ (Box 1979 cited in Bayliss et al. 2007)
Model is only as good as our baseline assumptions & the data we put into it!
Bayliss, A., Bronk Ramsey, C., van der Plicht, J. & Whittle, A. 2007 'Bradshaw and Bayes:
towards a timetable for the Neolithic' Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, 1-28.
55. Case Study: The Neolithic House Horizon
Cormac McSparron
1) Collect all known radiocarbon dates for Neolithic
houses (63 dates from 25 houses at 14 locations)
2) Span over 1000 years
AI 22.3
Reconstruction of Gortore, Co. Cork (NRA excavation)
56. Case Study: The Neolithic House Horizon
3) McSparron argued for the adoption of a ‘Gold Standard’ for acceptable dates
i) single entity samples
ii) from short-lived species (hazelnut shell, cereal grains etc.)
iii) from secure contexts
… no. of usable dates drops to 18
Positive: good geographical spread:
12 houses in 7 different locations
& relatively representative of the variety of
forms & sizes encountered.
57. Case Study: The Neolithic House Horizon
Assessment of ‘Gold Standard’ dates:
construction/use of these houses began between 3715 & 3650 cal BC
ended between 3690 & 3625 cal BC (c. 100 years)
assumption: these are representative of the
entirety of the evidence
suggests: sudden appearance around 3700 cal BC
across the island – colonising group?
Dating compatible with ‘Landnam’ (after 3850 cal BC) –
decline in tree pollen & rise in grass & other pollen
associated with open landscape
KEY: close analysis (reanalysis) of 14C dating has
provided fertile ground for new discoveries!
58. Thank You for Listening!
rmchapple@hotmail.com
@RMChapple
rmchapple.blogspot.com
Irish Radiocarbon &
Dendrochronological Dates
https://sites.google.com/site/chapplearchaeology/
Dingbat19and17