IT includes earth's atmosphere composition detatils

1. EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE
CLASS

2. 01
03
02
04
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STRUCTURE &
COMPOSITION
RADIATIVE
BALANCE
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ROLE OF
THE ATMOSPHERE
EARTH’S TEMPERATURE
REGIME

3. STRUCTURE &COMPOSITION
ATMOSPHERE
BLANKET OF THE EARTH
01

4. INTRODUCTION
One of the main components of Earth’s
interdependent physical systems is the
atmosphere. An atmosphere is made of
the layers of gases surrounding a planet or
other celestial body. Earth’s atmosphere is
composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen, and one percent other gases.

5. 78%
21%
PERCENTAGES OF GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
0.5%
OXIGEN NITROGEN CARBON DIOXIDE
0.5%
ARGON

6. GAS COMPOSITION
Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent
nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, and 0.1
percent other gases. Trace amounts of carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapour, and neon are some of the other
gases that make up the remaining 0.1 percent.

7. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
EXOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
50 km
THERMOSPHERE
85km
STRATOSPHERE
85km
TROPOSPHERE
10,000 km
8 to 14.5 km

8. STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
LAYERS HEIGHT (KM) THICKNESS (KM) TEMPERATURE (ºC) OTHERS
TROPOSPHERE 10 10 15 -55 90% air
STRATOSPHERE 50 40 55 - 17 Ozone rich zone
MESOSPHERE 80 30 17 - 100
Radiation is not
absorbed
THERMOSPHERE 500 420 100 or more
Shooting stars
and auroras

10. PHYSICOCHEMICAL ROLE OF
THE ATMOSPHERE
02

11. TROPOSPHERE
The layer closest to Earth’s surface is the troposphere, reaching
from about seven and 15 kilometers (five to 10 miles) from the
surface. The troposphere is thickest at the equator, and much
thinner at the North and South Poles. The majority of the mass of
the entire atmosphere is contained in the troposphere—between
approximately 75 and 80 percent. Most of the water vapor in the
atmosphere, along with dust and ash particles, are found in the
troposphere—explaining why most of Earth’s clouds are located in
this layer. Temperatures in the troposphere decrease with altitude.

12. The stratosphere is the next layer up from Earth’s surface. It
reaches from the top of the troposphere, which is called the
tropopause, to an altitude of approximately 50 kilometers (30
miles). Temperatures in the stratosphere increase with altitude.
A high concentration of ozone, a molecule composed of three
atoms of oxygen, makes up the ozone layer of the stratosphere.
This ozone absorbs some of the incoming solar radiation,
shielding life on Earth from potentially harmful ultraviolet (UV)
light, and is responsible for the temperature increase in altitude.
STRATOSPHERE

13. The top of the stratosphere is called the stratopause. Above
that is the mesosphere, which reaches as far as about 85
kilometers (53 miles) above Earth’s surface. Temperatures
decrease in the mesosphere with altitude. In fact, the coldest
temperatures in the atmosphere are near the top of the
mesosphere—about -90°C (-130°F). The atmosphere is thin
here, but still thick enough so that meteors will burn up as they
pass through the mesosphere—creating what we see as
“shooting stars.” The upper boundary of the mesosphere is
called the mesopause.
MESOSPHERE

14. The thermosphere is located above the mesopause
and reaches out to around 600 kilometers (372 miles).
Not much is known about the thermosphere except that
temperatures increase with altitude. Solar radiation
makes the upper regions of the thermosphere very hot,
reaching temperatures as high as 2,000°C (3,600°F).
THERMOSPHERE

15. The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (though it is
so tenuous that some scientists consider it to be part of interplanetary
space rather than part of the atmosphere). It extends from the
thermopause (also known as the "exobase") at the top of the
thermosphere to a poorly defined boundary with the solar wind and
interplanetary medium. The altitude of the exobase varies from about
500 kilometres (310 mi; 1,600,000 ft) to about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
in times of higher incoming solar radiation.[22]
EXOSPHERE

16. RADIATIVE BALANCE
OF THE ATMOSPHERE
03

17. Earth's surface absorbs and emits radiation at the same
rate. This balance in the rate of Earth's absorption and
emission occurs at 255K (-18°C or 0°F), but Earth's
average temperature is actually much warmer (288K,
15°C, or 59°F).
Even though Earth's atmosphere absorbs and emits
infrared radiation, it does not absorb and emit equally.
Certain gases in the atmosphere absorb some
wavelengths of radiation (transferring their energy into
heat), while other gases are transparent and allow
radiation to pass through freely, without absorption
taking place.
INTRODUCTION

19. The solar radiation Earth receives
primarily consists of shorter
wavelengths of visible light. As Wein's
law explains, the sun's high
temperature emits solar radiation of
mostly shorter wavelengths. This
incoming solar radiation may be
scattered, reflected, or absorbed.
WHAT HAPPENS TO INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION ?

20. The average amount of solar energy falling on one square meter
of level surface outside of Earth’s atmosphere is about 342
watts.
To simplify the explanation of how global radiation balances
over a 1-year period, we will use a measurement of 100 units in
place of 342 watts (noted above) as the base unit of
measurement for incoming solar radiation falling on 1 square
meter.
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION

21. Of the 100 units of incoming solar radiation,
30 are scattered or reflected back to space by the atmosphere and Earth’s
surface.
Of these 30 units, 6 units are scattered by the air, water vapour, and
aerosols in the atmosphere; 20 units are reflected by clouds; 4 units are
reflected by Earth’s surface.
The 70 units of incoming solar radiation make it into Earth’s atmosphere.
This is equivalent to 240 watts per square meter (70% of 342 W/m2).
The atmosphere and clouds absorb 19 units of this incoming solar radiation,
leaving 51 units of solar radiation that is absorbed at Earth’s surface.
These incoming 51 units consist of shorter wavelength solar radiation (mostly
in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum), which is absorbed by
land, water, and vegetation.

22. Of the 51 units of solar radiation absorbed by Earth’s surface,
23 units are used to evaporate water, causing a loss of 23 units of
heat at Earth’s surface.
Seven (7) units are used for the processes of conduction and
convection, also causing a loss of heat at Earth’s surface.
The remaining units of the original 51 units of solar radiation are
emitted from Earth’s surface as outgoing infrared radiation, also
known as terrestrial radiation.
However, Earth actually radiates 117 units away from the surface,
not 21 units (51 − 23 − 7 = 21).
RADIATION BALANCE AT EARTH'S SURFACE

23. This happens because Earth receives solar radiation only during
the daylight hours; but emits infrared radiation during both the
day and the night hours. Only 6 of these 117 units are emitted
into space beyond Earth’s atmosphere.
The remaining 111 units of infrared radiation, which were
emitted to the atmosphere from Earth’s surface, are absorbed by
greenhouse gases and clouds.
Much of this infrared radiation (96 units) is then emitted back
from the Atmosphere to Earth’s surface. This process is known
as the greenhouse effect. Without this process, Earth would be
much colder.

25. Energy gains and losses are balanced not only at Earth’s surface, but
also in Earth’s atmosphere. In the previous Incoming Solar
Radiation section,
you learned that 19 units of incoming solar radiation are absorbed by
the atmosphere (greenhouse gases and clouds), and 111 units of
infrared (terrestrial) radiation are absorbed by greenhouse gases and
clouds.
Twenty-three (23) units of energy are also transferred to the
atmosphere as water vapor condenses and latent heat is released.
Finally, 7 units of energy (or sensible heat) are gained through the
processes of convection and conduction.
THE RADIATION BALANCE FOR EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

26. The main process that causes energy loss from the atmosphere is the
emission of infrared radiation inward to Earth’s surface and outward to
space. As you have learned, 96 units of infrared radiation are emitted
back from the Atmosphere to Earth. Another 64 units of infrared
radiation are emitted from the Atmosphere into space.

28. The incoming solar radiation is absorbed at Earth’s surface
(51 units) and by the atmosphere and clouds (19 units). This is
balanced by the infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface
(6 units) and from the atmosphere (64 units) which are both lost
to space.
RADIATION BALANCE FOR BOTH
EARTH’S SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERE

30. CONSTANT
VELOCITY
FUNCTIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC
FRICTION
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
SOLAR RADIATION
FILTER
Saturn is the ringed
planet and a gas giant
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLES
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
GREENHOUSE
EFFECT
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s very hot

31. EARTH’S
TEMPERATURE REGIME
04

32. WHAT IS IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE?
PASSENGER PLANE
METEORS
RADIOSONDE
SATELLITE
Guiding you from the object, identify in which earth's atmospheric layer it is located
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