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Energy Balance and Temperature
The Fate of Solar Radiation
• We owe it all to the sun…
• 3 things can happen to solar (and all)
radiation:
1) Absorption
2) Scattering and Reflection
3) Transmission
Absorption
• Absorption – the full energy
transfer from radiation to a
substance
• Atmospheric absorption varies by
substance:
UV – absorbed by O3 (stratosphere)
Visible – hardly absorbed (lucky for us)
Infrared – partially absorbed by water
vapor, CO2 (less cooling in high humidity..)
Getting hotter…
Absorption – The Atmospheric
Window
• The atmospheric window is a band (8-12 μm)
of very little absorption
Earth’s surface emission Atmospheric absorption
Absorption
(0
to
1)
Absorption – The Atmospheric
Window
• Liquid water (i.e. clouds), however, are good
absorbers of all longwave radiation
• Are cloudy or clear nights warmer???
Scattering and Reflection
• Scattering – the deflection of
radiation by a substance
• Diffuse scattering – radiation
deflected in many directions,
becomes diffuse radiation
• Reflection – a type of scattering,
radiation is deflected back with
equal intensity (mirror)
• Albedo – the fraction of light
reflected (earth’s albedo is ~0.3)
Scattering and Reflection
• Scattering affects many things:
• Shaded areas still receive solar radiation
(better buy more sunscreen!)
• The sky is blue and sunsets are red
(Rayleigh scattering)
• Hazy or polluted days make the sky white
or gray (Mie scattering)
• Clouds are white (nonselective scattering)
Rayleigh Scattering
- Occurs when substance is small
compared to wavelength of radiation
(such as atmospheric gases)
- Scatters smaller wavelengths (blue)
more than longer wavelengths (red)
- Makes the sky appear blue, sunsets red
Rayleigh Scattering
Rayleigh Scattering
Mie Scattering
- Occurs when substance is of comparable
size to wavelength of radiation (such as
aerosols)
- Unlike Rayleigh scattering, scatters all
wavelengths more efficiently
- Makes hazy and polluted skies look white
or gray, enhances sunsets
Mie Scattering
Nonselective Scattering
- Scattering by relatively large particles such
as cloud droplets
- Scatters all wavelengths comparably
- Makes clouds appear white or gray
Transmission
• Transmission – radiation passes
through a substance without
being absorbed or scattered
The Energy Balance of Earth
• Earth is generally neither warming or
cooling (global climate change aside) – it
is in steady-state, or equilibrium
• This means the gain from solar radiation
must be balanced by the loss from
terrestrial radiation
The Energy Balance of Earth
• The story begins with a net gain of solar
radiation…
The Energy Balance of Earth
• The story ends with a loss of longwave
radiation from earth and the atmosphere
The Energy Balance of Earth
• But the story isn’t really over….
• In this situation, the atmosphere and
surface will cool and heat indefinitely…
- Why don’t they?
The Energy Balance of Earth
• Conduction and convection!!!
1) Conduction causes heat transfer to air in
contact with ground
2) Convection causes this air near the
surface to rise like a helium balloon,
mixing heat throughout the atmosphere
Sensible heat flux
The Energy Balance of Earth
• Conduction and convection!!!
2 types of convection
Free convection Forced convection
The Energy Balance of Earth
• One last mechanism of surface/atmosphere
heat exchange:
- Latent Heat
• Latent heat is the energy used to change
the phase of a substance, and it is
transferred in the atmosphere through
convection
The Energy Balance of Earth
• Now the story finally ends, at equilibrium…
Radiation Conduction and Convection
The Energy Balance of Earth
• Latitudinal variations
also exist in the
radiation budget
• But these are
opposed by advection
of heat through wind
and ocean currents
The Greenhouse Effect
• The atmosphere is kind of
like a greenhouse, and
kind of not
• Earth stays warm by
atmospheric
absorption/re-emission
• Without greenhouse
gases, earth’s equilibrium
temperature would be
much cooler (0oF instead
of 59oF)
The Greenhouse Effect
• Altering greenhouse gas (i.e. CO2)
concentrations in the atmosphere will alter
earth’s equilibrium temperature
Global Climate Change
• Global climate is affected by two things:
1) Radiative input (Milankovitch cycles,
completely natural)
2) Radiative output (strength of greenhouse
effect and aerosol effects, natural AND
anthropogenic)
Global Climate Change
Source: Climate Generation, Elizabeth Andre
Global Climate Change
• Orbital changes of Earth combine to produce variations
in the amount of solar energy that falls on Earth, thereby
impacting climate
– Eccentricity: Earth’s elliptical orbit changes shape as
it revolves around the Sun
– Precession: Earth’s orbit rotates around Sun
(perihelion) and Earth rotates around its axis (axial)
– Obliquity: Earth’s tilt changes
 These changes line up well with Earth’s temperature
record (e.g. ice ages)
Milankovitch Theory (Radiative Input)
Global Climate Change
Greenhouse Effect (Radiative Output)
CO2 Methane
 Depends on Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
plus several others ….
Global Climate Change
Aerosol Effects (Radiative Output)
 Depends on Aerosol Concentrations
Global Climate Change
Temperature
• Temperature is a
measure of the
average kinetic
energy of a substance
Measuring Temperature
• Mercury (or other fluid) thermometer –
measures temperature by fluid
expansion/contraction
• Bimetallic strip – measures
temperature by different
contraction/expansion of
metal strips
Measuring Temperature
• Thermistor – measure temperature based
on resistance to electrical current (fast
response)
• Radiosondes – box of weather
instruments, including a thermistor, placed
on weather balloons to measure
atmospheric variables aloft

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Heat Balance on Earth.ppt

  • 1. Energy Balance and Temperature
  • 2. The Fate of Solar Radiation • We owe it all to the sun… • 3 things can happen to solar (and all) radiation: 1) Absorption 2) Scattering and Reflection 3) Transmission
  • 3. Absorption • Absorption – the full energy transfer from radiation to a substance • Atmospheric absorption varies by substance: UV – absorbed by O3 (stratosphere) Visible – hardly absorbed (lucky for us) Infrared – partially absorbed by water vapor, CO2 (less cooling in high humidity..) Getting hotter…
  • 4. Absorption – The Atmospheric Window • The atmospheric window is a band (8-12 μm) of very little absorption Earth’s surface emission Atmospheric absorption Absorption (0 to 1)
  • 5. Absorption – The Atmospheric Window • Liquid water (i.e. clouds), however, are good absorbers of all longwave radiation • Are cloudy or clear nights warmer???
  • 6. Scattering and Reflection • Scattering – the deflection of radiation by a substance • Diffuse scattering – radiation deflected in many directions, becomes diffuse radiation • Reflection – a type of scattering, radiation is deflected back with equal intensity (mirror) • Albedo – the fraction of light reflected (earth’s albedo is ~0.3)
  • 7. Scattering and Reflection • Scattering affects many things: • Shaded areas still receive solar radiation (better buy more sunscreen!) • The sky is blue and sunsets are red (Rayleigh scattering) • Hazy or polluted days make the sky white or gray (Mie scattering) • Clouds are white (nonselective scattering)
  • 8. Rayleigh Scattering - Occurs when substance is small compared to wavelength of radiation (such as atmospheric gases) - Scatters smaller wavelengths (blue) more than longer wavelengths (red) - Makes the sky appear blue, sunsets red
  • 11. Mie Scattering - Occurs when substance is of comparable size to wavelength of radiation (such as aerosols) - Unlike Rayleigh scattering, scatters all wavelengths more efficiently - Makes hazy and polluted skies look white or gray, enhances sunsets
  • 13. Nonselective Scattering - Scattering by relatively large particles such as cloud droplets - Scatters all wavelengths comparably - Makes clouds appear white or gray
  • 14. Transmission • Transmission – radiation passes through a substance without being absorbed or scattered
  • 15. The Energy Balance of Earth • Earth is generally neither warming or cooling (global climate change aside) – it is in steady-state, or equilibrium • This means the gain from solar radiation must be balanced by the loss from terrestrial radiation
  • 16. The Energy Balance of Earth • The story begins with a net gain of solar radiation…
  • 17. The Energy Balance of Earth • The story ends with a loss of longwave radiation from earth and the atmosphere
  • 18. The Energy Balance of Earth • But the story isn’t really over…. • In this situation, the atmosphere and surface will cool and heat indefinitely… - Why don’t they?
  • 19. The Energy Balance of Earth • Conduction and convection!!! 1) Conduction causes heat transfer to air in contact with ground 2) Convection causes this air near the surface to rise like a helium balloon, mixing heat throughout the atmosphere Sensible heat flux
  • 20. The Energy Balance of Earth • Conduction and convection!!! 2 types of convection Free convection Forced convection
  • 21. The Energy Balance of Earth • One last mechanism of surface/atmosphere heat exchange: - Latent Heat • Latent heat is the energy used to change the phase of a substance, and it is transferred in the atmosphere through convection
  • 22. The Energy Balance of Earth • Now the story finally ends, at equilibrium… Radiation Conduction and Convection
  • 23. The Energy Balance of Earth • Latitudinal variations also exist in the radiation budget • But these are opposed by advection of heat through wind and ocean currents
  • 24. The Greenhouse Effect • The atmosphere is kind of like a greenhouse, and kind of not • Earth stays warm by atmospheric absorption/re-emission • Without greenhouse gases, earth’s equilibrium temperature would be much cooler (0oF instead of 59oF)
  • 25. The Greenhouse Effect • Altering greenhouse gas (i.e. CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere will alter earth’s equilibrium temperature
  • 26. Global Climate Change • Global climate is affected by two things: 1) Radiative input (Milankovitch cycles, completely natural) 2) Radiative output (strength of greenhouse effect and aerosol effects, natural AND anthropogenic)
  • 27. Global Climate Change Source: Climate Generation, Elizabeth Andre
  • 28. Global Climate Change • Orbital changes of Earth combine to produce variations in the amount of solar energy that falls on Earth, thereby impacting climate – Eccentricity: Earth’s elliptical orbit changes shape as it revolves around the Sun – Precession: Earth’s orbit rotates around Sun (perihelion) and Earth rotates around its axis (axial) – Obliquity: Earth’s tilt changes  These changes line up well with Earth’s temperature record (e.g. ice ages) Milankovitch Theory (Radiative Input)
  • 29. Global Climate Change Greenhouse Effect (Radiative Output) CO2 Methane  Depends on Greenhouse Gas Concentrations plus several others ….
  • 30. Global Climate Change Aerosol Effects (Radiative Output)  Depends on Aerosol Concentrations
  • 32. Temperature • Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance
  • 33. Measuring Temperature • Mercury (or other fluid) thermometer – measures temperature by fluid expansion/contraction • Bimetallic strip – measures temperature by different contraction/expansion of metal strips
  • 34. Measuring Temperature • Thermistor – measure temperature based on resistance to electrical current (fast response) • Radiosondes – box of weather instruments, including a thermistor, placed on weather balloons to measure atmospheric variables aloft