The reversed Carnot cycle is used in refrigerators and heat pumps. It operates between two specified temperatures and achieves the highest theoretical coefficient of performance. The cycle involves four processes: 1) isentropic compression of the refrigerant using a compressor to the maximum temperature T2. 2) Isothermal condensation of the refrigerant using a condenser at T2. 3) Isentropic expansion of the refrigerant using an expansion device to the minimum temperature T1. 4) Isothermal absorption of heat from the substance using an evaporator at T1, providing the refrigeration effect.
Forced cooling of a supercritical steam turbine after shut down of power plantSrikar Yadav
Forced cooling of a supercritical steam turbine after a shut down of power plant- types of cooling system, detailed analysis of cooling system under practical experience of experts in specified field.
Forced cooling of a supercritical steam turbine after shut down of power plantSrikar Yadav
Forced cooling of a supercritical steam turbine after a shut down of power plant- types of cooling system, detailed analysis of cooling system under practical experience of experts in specified field.
This presentation briefly describes the Carnot cycle and the theorem associated with it. It also states about the Carnot reversible engine with the help of diagrams it illustrates the processes that occur inside the Carnot engine SOURCE: The source should be at a fixed high-temperature 𝑻_𝟏 from which the heat engine can draw heat. It has infinite thermal capacity and any amount of heat can be drawn from it at constant temperature 𝑻_𝟏.
SINK: The sink should be at a fixed lower temperature 𝑻_𝟐 to which any amount of energy can be rejected. It also has infinite thermal capacity and its temperature remains at a constant temperature 𝑻_𝟐.
WORKING SUBSTANCE: A cylinder with non-conducting sides and a conducting bottom contains the perfect gas as a working substance. A perfect non-conducting and frictionless piston are fitted into the cylinder. The working substance undergoes a complete cyclic operation. A perfect non-conducting stand is also provided so that the working substance can undergo an adiabatic operation.The most efficient heat engine cycle is the Carnot cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes. The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat engine cycle allowed by physical laws. When the second law of thermodynamics states that not all the supplied heat in a heat engine can be used to do work, the Carnot efficiency sets the limiting value on the fraction of the heat which can be so used.
In order to approach the Carnot efficiency, the processes involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and involve no change in entropy. This means that the Carnot cycle is an idealization, since no real engine processes are reversible and all real physical processes involve some increase in entropy.The working substance is subjected to the following cycle or quasi-static operations known as Carnot’s cycle to obtain a continuous supply of work.
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION: The cylinder is first placed on the source so that the gas acquires the temperature T1 of the source. It is then allowed to undergo quasi-static expansion. As the gas expands, its temperature tends to fall. Heat passes into the cylinder through the perfectly conducting base which is in contact with the source. The gas, therefore, undergoes slow isothermal expansion at the constant temperature T1. Let the working substance during isothermal expansion goes from its initial state A(𝑷_𝟏,𝑽_𝟏,𝑻_𝟏) to the state B(𝑷_𝟐,𝑽_𝟐,𝑻_𝟏) at constant temperature T1 and does work W1 given by
ADIABATIC EXPANSION: The cylinder is now removed from the source and placed on the insulating stand. The gas is allowed to undergo slow adiabatic expansion, performing external work at the expense of its internal energy, until its temperature falls to T2, the same as that of the sink.
This process is represented by the adiabatic BC, starting from state B (𝑷_𝟐,𝑽_𝟐,𝑻_𝟏) to the state C(𝑷_𝟑,𝑽_𝟑,𝑻_𝟐) . In this process, there is no tras
Definations related to refrigeration like refrigerating effect,TON of refrigeration,COP,vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption refrigeration system,types of refrigerants and properties of refrigerants.
Reheating Refrigeration System to control and utilize the rejected heat from an air conditioner to reduce the input power of the compressor without affecting the cooling effect.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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A refrigerator of heat pump that operates on the
reversed carnot cycle is called a Reversed Carnot
Refrigerator and Reversed heat Pump.
The reversed carnot cycle is most efficient Ref-
geartion cycle operating b/w two specified temp.
It sets the highest Theoretical C.O.P.
Process 1-2:- Refrigerant compressed to state 2
(reach at max. temperature T2 ) by using
compressor. isentropic compression.
Process 2-3:- refrigerent change from saturated
vapour state to saturated liquid state
isothermally( at max. temperature T2 )by using
condenser
Process 3-4:- refrigerent expand isentropically (
at min. temperature T1 )by using expanding
device. or expansion coil.
Process 4-1:- refrigerent absorbs heat from
substance isothermally( at min. temperature T2
)by using evaporator.(refrigeration effect will
done).
