This document outlines minimum requirements for IMT-Advanced radio interface technologies. It discusses requirements in several areas:
- Cell spectral efficiency must be at least 2.2 bit/s/Hz/cell for uplink and 2.6 bit/s/Hz/cell for downlink in urban environments.
- Peak spectral efficiency should be at least 15 bit/s/Hz for downlink and 6.75 bit/s/Hz for uplink.
- Scalable bandwidth up to 40 MHz is required, with encouragement for support of up to 100 MHz.
- Cell edge user spectral efficiency is defined but specific values are not given.
IRJET- Performance Comparison Analysis between Multi-FFT OFDM for Power Line ...IRJET Journal
This document compares different multi-FFT OFDM techniques for power line carrier communications. It analyzes the performance of partial FFT (P-FFT), shaped FFT (S-FFT), fractional FFT (F-FFT), and Taylor FFT (T-FFT) demodulation methods to reduce inter-carrier interference in OFDM systems over power lines. These multiple-FFT techniques approximate the optimal receiver front-end for time-varying power line channels better than a single FFT. The document also discusses OFDM modulation, power line communications, and proposes using multiple FFT demodulation and combining to improve the speed and robustness of power line communication channels.
The document discusses the radio network controller (RNC) in 3G mobile and wireless networks. The RNC is responsible for controlling base stations connected to it. It performs critical functions like mobility management, power control, soft and softer handovers, link maintenance, and traffic concentration. The RNC allows communication between users and multiple base stations, providing advantages like fewer lost calls and improved quality of service.
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR QOS ASSESSMENT IN TETRA NETWORKSijmnct
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing quality of service (QoS) in Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) networks. It introduces a set of KPIs that TETRA operators can use to evaluate whether their networks are meeting QoS requirements for public safety users. The document provides an overview of TETRA network architecture and features, including services, resource management, registration and mobility handling, and voice and data services. It emphasizes that QoS compliance is critical for TETRA networks due to the needs of public safety users.
Key performance indicators for qos assessment in tetra networksijmnct
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing quality of service (QoS) in Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) networks. TETRA networks are designed to provide critical communication services to public safety organizations. However, unlike other mobile networks, KPIs are not commonly used to evaluate TETRA network performance and QoS. The authors introduce a set of KPIs that TETRA operators can use to monitor whether network services meet QoS requirements. The KPIs cover aspects of TETRA network architecture, features, services, registration, mobility, voice services, and data services.
This document discusses adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) techniques in wireless communications. It provides an introduction to AMC and describes how it allows matching modulation, coding, and other signal parameters to radio link conditions. The document then outlines the development roadmap for broadband wireless access (BWA) and WiMAX, including added support for mobility, advanced antennas, and modulation/coding schemes. It discusses the advantages of AMC in improving transmission rates and bit error rates by exploiting channel state information. Finally, it notes challenges around AMC being sensitive to measurement errors and delay in selecting the appropriate modulation.
Maria D'cruz_WCDMA UMTS Wireless NetworksMaria D'cruz
The document provides an overview of WCDMA/UMTS architecture and radio resource management. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the standardization of WCDMA. The key aspects of WCDMA air interface, UTRAN architecture, core network functionality, and radio resource management techniques like admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control are summarized. Diagrams illustrate the system architecture and information flow between network elements.
Unit 5 process data transmission standards and buseshiya123jes
1) There are three transmission modes - simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Simplex allows transmission in one direction, half duplex allows transmission in either direction but not simultaneously, and full duplex allows simultaneous transmission in both directions.
2) Transmission media are either guided (wired) using cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic, or unguided (wireless) using radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Guided media uses conductors while unguided uses electromagnetic waves without conductors.
3) Common transmission standards and technologies described include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. Each has their own advantages
This document discusses a project analyzing GSM cell parameters and calculating path loss using propagation models. It provides background on GSM, describes conducting drive tests to collect cell data in rural and urban areas, and analyzing the data using HATA and Free Space Path Loss models. Key information collected includes cell identity, location area code, GPS coordinates, and signal strength. The rural base station had sectors 1551, 1552, 1553 and the urban station had 50521, 50522, 50523. Path loss was calculated using the models to predict radio signal propagation.
IRJET- Performance Comparison Analysis between Multi-FFT OFDM for Power Line ...IRJET Journal
This document compares different multi-FFT OFDM techniques for power line carrier communications. It analyzes the performance of partial FFT (P-FFT), shaped FFT (S-FFT), fractional FFT (F-FFT), and Taylor FFT (T-FFT) demodulation methods to reduce inter-carrier interference in OFDM systems over power lines. These multiple-FFT techniques approximate the optimal receiver front-end for time-varying power line channels better than a single FFT. The document also discusses OFDM modulation, power line communications, and proposes using multiple FFT demodulation and combining to improve the speed and robustness of power line communication channels.
The document discusses the radio network controller (RNC) in 3G mobile and wireless networks. The RNC is responsible for controlling base stations connected to it. It performs critical functions like mobility management, power control, soft and softer handovers, link maintenance, and traffic concentration. The RNC allows communication between users and multiple base stations, providing advantages like fewer lost calls and improved quality of service.
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR QOS ASSESSMENT IN TETRA NETWORKSijmnct
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing quality of service (QoS) in Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) networks. It introduces a set of KPIs that TETRA operators can use to evaluate whether their networks are meeting QoS requirements for public safety users. The document provides an overview of TETRA network architecture and features, including services, resource management, registration and mobility handling, and voice and data services. It emphasizes that QoS compliance is critical for TETRA networks due to the needs of public safety users.
Key performance indicators for qos assessment in tetra networksijmnct
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing quality of service (QoS) in Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) networks. TETRA networks are designed to provide critical communication services to public safety organizations. However, unlike other mobile networks, KPIs are not commonly used to evaluate TETRA network performance and QoS. The authors introduce a set of KPIs that TETRA operators can use to monitor whether network services meet QoS requirements. The KPIs cover aspects of TETRA network architecture, features, services, registration, mobility, voice services, and data services.
This document discusses adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) techniques in wireless communications. It provides an introduction to AMC and describes how it allows matching modulation, coding, and other signal parameters to radio link conditions. The document then outlines the development roadmap for broadband wireless access (BWA) and WiMAX, including added support for mobility, advanced antennas, and modulation/coding schemes. It discusses the advantages of AMC in improving transmission rates and bit error rates by exploiting channel state information. Finally, it notes challenges around AMC being sensitive to measurement errors and delay in selecting the appropriate modulation.
Maria D'cruz_WCDMA UMTS Wireless NetworksMaria D'cruz
The document provides an overview of WCDMA/UMTS architecture and radio resource management. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the standardization of WCDMA. The key aspects of WCDMA air interface, UTRAN architecture, core network functionality, and radio resource management techniques like admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control are summarized. Diagrams illustrate the system architecture and information flow between network elements.
Unit 5 process data transmission standards and buseshiya123jes
1) There are three transmission modes - simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Simplex allows transmission in one direction, half duplex allows transmission in either direction but not simultaneously, and full duplex allows simultaneous transmission in both directions.
2) Transmission media are either guided (wired) using cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic, or unguided (wireless) using radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Guided media uses conductors while unguided uses electromagnetic waves without conductors.
3) Common transmission standards and technologies described include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. Each has their own advantages
This document discusses a project analyzing GSM cell parameters and calculating path loss using propagation models. It provides background on GSM, describes conducting drive tests to collect cell data in rural and urban areas, and analyzing the data using HATA and Free Space Path Loss models. Key information collected includes cell identity, location area code, GPS coordinates, and signal strength. The rural base station had sectors 1551, 1552, 1553 and the urban station had 50521, 50522, 50523. Path loss was calculated using the models to predict radio signal propagation.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
Umts Radio Interface System Planning And OptimizationDavid Rottmayer
The document discusses planning and optimizing UMTS radio networks. It begins with an overview of UMTS network architecture and the differences between UMTS and GSM radio system planning. Key aspects of UMTS planning include coverage and capacity planning occurring simultaneously, as capacity requirements influence coverage. The document then covers WCDMA air interface specifications, propagation environments, and the UMTS radio system planning process. It discusses challenges such as varying traffic levels and distributions. The document provides a typical link budget example and explains transmitter, receiver, and channel parameters considered in UMTS coverage planning.
Negative resistance amplifier circuit using GaAsFET modelled single MESFETTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Negative resistance devices have attracted much attention in the wireless communication industry because of their low cost, better performance, high speed, and reduced power requirements. Although negative resistance circuits are non-linear circuits, they are associated with distortion, which may either be amplitude-to-amplitude distortion or amplitude-to-phase distortion. In this paper, a unique way of realizing a negative resistance amplifier is proposed using a single metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET). Intermodulation distortion test (IMD) is performed to evaluate the characteristic response of the negative resistance circuit amplifier to different bias voltages using the harmonic balance (HB) of the advanced designed software (ADS 2016). The results obtained are compared to those of a conventional distributed amplifier. The findings of this study showed that the negative resistance amplifier spreads over a wider frequency output with reduced power requirements while the conventional distributed amplifier has a direct current (DC) offset with output voltage of 32.34 dBm.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ericsson documents.mx ericsson-field-guide-for-utranThananan numatti
This document provides a 3-page summary of a 170-page technical guide describing optimization practices for Ericsson's UMTS radio access network for AT&T. It defines accepted practices for software version P5.0.14, describing how subscriber devices interact with the network and recommendations to produce best performance. The document is organized into 11 sections covering topics like new features, design concepts, signaling flows, configuration parameters, and performance metrics. It is intended as a common reference for AT&T, Regional, and Ericsson staff.
Pwm control strategies for multilevel inverters based on carrier redistributi...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes three PWM control strategies for multilevel inverters based on carrier redistribution techniques. The strategies are Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD), and Phase Disposition (PD). Simulation results show the performance of a seven-level diode-clamped inverter using the three carrier-based PWM strategies with sinusoidal PWM, third harmonic injection PWM, and modified space vector PWM modulation signals. The total harmonic distortion is evaluated and compared for each modulation scheme.
IRJET- Low Cost Harmonic Measurement using Arduino UNOIRJET Journal
This document describes a low-cost system for measuring harmonics using an Arduino Uno. Harmonic measurement is important for power quality monitoring and control. The system quantizes and samples the input signal to detect total harmonic distortion using Arduino's fast Fourier transform implementation. It uses a potential divider and Arduino to build a portable device for measuring power line frequency changes and quality interference in real-time. This allows immediate detection of the power system's operational state.
Wirleless communicatrion notes for 8th sem EC -unit 2SURESHA V
This document discusses common components of cellular networks. It describes the main components as the mobile station (MS), base station system (BSS) including the radio base station (RBS) and base station controller (BSC), and the network switching system (NSS) including the mobile switching center (MSC). The BSS handles radio interface functions and connectivity to the MSC. The MSC is responsible for call routing and mobility management. Other components discussed include the visitor location register (VLR), home location register (HLR), transcoder controller (TRC) and signaling system 7 (SS7).
Industrial visit report all india radio and toshniwal industriesmanish katara
This industrial tour report summarizes visits to Toshniwal Industries Pvt. Ltd. and All India Radio Ajmer. Toshniwal Industries manufactures various temperature measurement instruments such as optical pyrometers, thermal imagers, RTDs, thermocouples, and infrared thermometers. All India Radio Ajmer is a public radio broadcaster with high power transmitters, an antenna mast, and satellite communication systems. The report provides an overview of the departments and technical components at each location.
This document discusses the hardware implementation of a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using a DSP microcontroller, GPS receiver, and supporting components. PMUs are used to measure voltage and current phasors in real time with synchronized time tags. The hardware PMU is tested in a LabVIEW environment. Measured voltage and current signals are converted to digital values and transmitted via an RS232 link. Output signals from the hardware are also sent via SMS using a GSM modem.
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
These slides presents an overall discussion on fault location techniques generally used in present power transmission and distribution system. Later of the class we will discuss about the implementation principles and mathematical formulations.
This document describes the hardware and software architecture of a hypothetical digital switching system (DSS). It includes:
1. The hardware architecture of the DSS, which includes a central processor, network control processors, interface controllers, interface modules, and a switching fabric.
2. An overview of the software architecture, including system-level software, call processing software organized into high, medium, and low levels, and database software.
3. Examples of call flows through the DSS, including calls within and between interface controllers, as well as incoming and outgoing calls. The key steps of identifying the calling party, establishing a connection through the switching fabric, and call supervision are described.
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
The document provides an overview of advanced wireless networks and UMTS. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G networks, including the limitations of 2G and requirements for 3G. It describes the UMTS architecture, including the UTRAN, core network, and protocols on the Iu interface. It also covers basic UMTS principles such as CDMA techniques, radio resources including frequency, time, and power/code, and radio resource management.
Unit 5 : wireless communication : GSM System operationsAshutha K
The document summarizes the key steps in GSM call setup, which includes 10 operations: interrogation, radio resource connection establishment, service request, authentication, ciphering mode setting, IMEI number check, TMSI allocation, call initiation, assignment of a traffic channel, and user alerting signaling. The radio resource connection establishment involves 10 steps including paging the mobile station, establishing a signaling connection, determining available channels, and assigning a traffic channel for the call. Authentication ensures the identity of the mobile station through random numbers and encryption keys.
This document discusses the key interfaces, architecture, and procedures related to control and user planes, mobility management, and connection management in 3G networks. The control plane handles protocols for controlling radio access bearers and the connection between UE and network. It has physical, data link, and network layers. The user plane is responsible for transferring user data through access and core network protocols. Mobility management allows tracking and delivering services to mobile subscribers via location management, registration, and security functions. Connection management establishes and maintains connections to exchange information with peer entities.
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
The document provides an overview of LTE networks and outlines potential security testing approaches. It describes the components of LTE networks including eNodeBs, MMEs, and gateways. The document discusses protocols like S1AP, GTP, and potential attacks such as spoofing signaling or manipulating encapsulated user data. It recommends testing key controls enforced by the gateway, IPSec implementation, and network routing/filtering to evaluate the security of LTE networks.
This document outlines the development of a web and iPhone application to provide real-time tracking of shuttle services for the Academy of Art University (AAU). It includes sections on the project type, target audience, competitive analysis of similar applications, adopted technologies, and the development process from 2009 to the launch of final versions for both web and iPhone. The goal was to improve students' and faculty's ability to find shuttle schedule information anywhere and anytime through their mobile devices.
This document outlines the requirements, evaluation criteria, and submission templates for candidate radio interface technologies and sets of technologies to be considered for IMT-Advanced standards. It describes the services, spectrum, and technical performance requirements, and provides evaluation guidelines and templates that proponents must use to submit technology proposals. A complete submission includes completed templates describing the technology, an initial self-evaluation of how the technology meets the requirements, and an indication of which requirements and evaluation criteria versions apply. Technologies will be accepted if they meet requirements in at least 3 of 4 test environments.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
Umts Radio Interface System Planning And OptimizationDavid Rottmayer
The document discusses planning and optimizing UMTS radio networks. It begins with an overview of UMTS network architecture and the differences between UMTS and GSM radio system planning. Key aspects of UMTS planning include coverage and capacity planning occurring simultaneously, as capacity requirements influence coverage. The document then covers WCDMA air interface specifications, propagation environments, and the UMTS radio system planning process. It discusses challenges such as varying traffic levels and distributions. The document provides a typical link budget example and explains transmitter, receiver, and channel parameters considered in UMTS coverage planning.
Negative resistance amplifier circuit using GaAsFET modelled single MESFETTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Negative resistance devices have attracted much attention in the wireless communication industry because of their low cost, better performance, high speed, and reduced power requirements. Although negative resistance circuits are non-linear circuits, they are associated with distortion, which may either be amplitude-to-amplitude distortion or amplitude-to-phase distortion. In this paper, a unique way of realizing a negative resistance amplifier is proposed using a single metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET). Intermodulation distortion test (IMD) is performed to evaluate the characteristic response of the negative resistance circuit amplifier to different bias voltages using the harmonic balance (HB) of the advanced designed software (ADS 2016). The results obtained are compared to those of a conventional distributed amplifier. The findings of this study showed that the negative resistance amplifier spreads over a wider frequency output with reduced power requirements while the conventional distributed amplifier has a direct current (DC) offset with output voltage of 32.34 dBm.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ericsson documents.mx ericsson-field-guide-for-utranThananan numatti
This document provides a 3-page summary of a 170-page technical guide describing optimization practices for Ericsson's UMTS radio access network for AT&T. It defines accepted practices for software version P5.0.14, describing how subscriber devices interact with the network and recommendations to produce best performance. The document is organized into 11 sections covering topics like new features, design concepts, signaling flows, configuration parameters, and performance metrics. It is intended as a common reference for AT&T, Regional, and Ericsson staff.
Pwm control strategies for multilevel inverters based on carrier redistributi...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes three PWM control strategies for multilevel inverters based on carrier redistribution techniques. The strategies are Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD), and Phase Disposition (PD). Simulation results show the performance of a seven-level diode-clamped inverter using the three carrier-based PWM strategies with sinusoidal PWM, third harmonic injection PWM, and modified space vector PWM modulation signals. The total harmonic distortion is evaluated and compared for each modulation scheme.
IRJET- Low Cost Harmonic Measurement using Arduino UNOIRJET Journal
This document describes a low-cost system for measuring harmonics using an Arduino Uno. Harmonic measurement is important for power quality monitoring and control. The system quantizes and samples the input signal to detect total harmonic distortion using Arduino's fast Fourier transform implementation. It uses a potential divider and Arduino to build a portable device for measuring power line frequency changes and quality interference in real-time. This allows immediate detection of the power system's operational state.
Wirleless communicatrion notes for 8th sem EC -unit 2SURESHA V
This document discusses common components of cellular networks. It describes the main components as the mobile station (MS), base station system (BSS) including the radio base station (RBS) and base station controller (BSC), and the network switching system (NSS) including the mobile switching center (MSC). The BSS handles radio interface functions and connectivity to the MSC. The MSC is responsible for call routing and mobility management. Other components discussed include the visitor location register (VLR), home location register (HLR), transcoder controller (TRC) and signaling system 7 (SS7).
Industrial visit report all india radio and toshniwal industriesmanish katara
This industrial tour report summarizes visits to Toshniwal Industries Pvt. Ltd. and All India Radio Ajmer. Toshniwal Industries manufactures various temperature measurement instruments such as optical pyrometers, thermal imagers, RTDs, thermocouples, and infrared thermometers. All India Radio Ajmer is a public radio broadcaster with high power transmitters, an antenna mast, and satellite communication systems. The report provides an overview of the departments and technical components at each location.
This document discusses the hardware implementation of a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using a DSP microcontroller, GPS receiver, and supporting components. PMUs are used to measure voltage and current phasors in real time with synchronized time tags. The hardware PMU is tested in a LabVIEW environment. Measured voltage and current signals are converted to digital values and transmitted via an RS232 link. Output signals from the hardware are also sent via SMS using a GSM modem.
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
These slides presents an overall discussion on fault location techniques generally used in present power transmission and distribution system. Later of the class we will discuss about the implementation principles and mathematical formulations.
This document describes the hardware and software architecture of a hypothetical digital switching system (DSS). It includes:
1. The hardware architecture of the DSS, which includes a central processor, network control processors, interface controllers, interface modules, and a switching fabric.
2. An overview of the software architecture, including system-level software, call processing software organized into high, medium, and low levels, and database software.
3. Examples of call flows through the DSS, including calls within and between interface controllers, as well as incoming and outgoing calls. The key steps of identifying the calling party, establishing a connection through the switching fabric, and call supervision are described.
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
The document provides an overview of advanced wireless networks and UMTS. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G networks, including the limitations of 2G and requirements for 3G. It describes the UMTS architecture, including the UTRAN, core network, and protocols on the Iu interface. It also covers basic UMTS principles such as CDMA techniques, radio resources including frequency, time, and power/code, and radio resource management.
Unit 5 : wireless communication : GSM System operationsAshutha K
The document summarizes the key steps in GSM call setup, which includes 10 operations: interrogation, radio resource connection establishment, service request, authentication, ciphering mode setting, IMEI number check, TMSI allocation, call initiation, assignment of a traffic channel, and user alerting signaling. The radio resource connection establishment involves 10 steps including paging the mobile station, establishing a signaling connection, determining available channels, and assigning a traffic channel for the call. Authentication ensures the identity of the mobile station through random numbers and encryption keys.
This document discusses the key interfaces, architecture, and procedures related to control and user planes, mobility management, and connection management in 3G networks. The control plane handles protocols for controlling radio access bearers and the connection between UE and network. It has physical, data link, and network layers. The user plane is responsible for transferring user data through access and core network protocols. Mobility management allows tracking and delivering services to mobile subscribers via location management, registration, and security functions. Connection management establishes and maintains connections to exchange information with peer entities.
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
The document provides an overview of LTE networks and outlines potential security testing approaches. It describes the components of LTE networks including eNodeBs, MMEs, and gateways. The document discusses protocols like S1AP, GTP, and potential attacks such as spoofing signaling or manipulating encapsulated user data. It recommends testing key controls enforced by the gateway, IPSec implementation, and network routing/filtering to evaluate the security of LTE networks.
This document outlines the development of a web and iPhone application to provide real-time tracking of shuttle services for the Academy of Art University (AAU). It includes sections on the project type, target audience, competitive analysis of similar applications, adopted technologies, and the development process from 2009 to the launch of final versions for both web and iPhone. The goal was to improve students' and faculty's ability to find shuttle schedule information anywhere and anytime through their mobile devices.
This document outlines the requirements, evaluation criteria, and submission templates for candidate radio interface technologies and sets of technologies to be considered for IMT-Advanced standards. It describes the services, spectrum, and technical performance requirements, and provides evaluation guidelines and templates that proponents must use to submit technology proposals. A complete submission includes completed templates describing the technology, an initial self-evaluation of how the technology meets the requirements, and an indication of which requirements and evaluation criteria versions apply. Technologies will be accepted if they meet requirements in at least 3 of 4 test environments.
A study of throughput for iu cs and iu-ps interface in umts core networkPfedya
This document proposes algorithms to calculate throughput for interfaces in the UMTS core network, specifically Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces. It describes the protocol stacks and overhead for each interface. Formulas are provided to calculate bandwidth for a voice channel and video call on Iu-CS based on codec type and efficiency of protocols like AAL2. The document also provides a formula to calculate total bandwidth of the Iu-CS interface based on number of subscribers and traffic proportions. A similar approach is taken for the Iu-PS interface. Finally, a case study applies the algorithms to dimension a UMTS core network topology with specific traffic parameters.
Google Co-op allows users to contribute context and expertise to improve Google search results. Users can label web content with categories, and subscribe to content from sites they value to alter their search results. By labeling and subscribing, users help Google understand what sites are authoritative on topics, while also filtering out spam. The social aspects of Google Co-op are still in beta but aim to incorporate human knowledge into search through user contributions and feedback.
This document provides an overview of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) presented at a Nokia seminar. It includes:
1. An introduction to GPRS defining it as a packet switched service that uses existing GSM infrastructure and provides connections to external data networks.
2. A description of the GPRS architecture including network elements like the SGSN, GGSN, and interfaces. The functions of these elements are also outlined.
3. Details on GPRS operations covering aspects like radio resource reservation, security, mobility management, and interworking with other GSM services.
This document provides guidelines for evaluating radio interface technologies proposed for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the objectives of IMT-Advanced including supporting a wide range of services across mobile and fixed networks. The document outlines the evaluation methodology, including using system and link level simulations to assess characteristics like spectral efficiency and latency, as well as inspections of submissions. Evaluation groups will use these guidelines to evaluate proposals against requirements for technologies to be considered IMT-Advanced.
This document compares three channel models used for MIMO simulations: the 3GPP Spatial Channel Model (SCM), its extension (SCME), and models developed by WINNER. The SCM was originally designed for 2 GHz frequencies and 5 MHz bandwidth. SCME extended SCM to support higher frequencies and bandwidths up to 100 MHz but remained backward compatible. WINNER models are based on measurements covering 2-6 GHz and bandwidths up to 100 MHz, supporting more scenarios. Key differences between the models include supported frequency ranges, number of scenarios, cluster parameters, and time evolution assumptions. Performance analyses show similar fading distributions and autocorrelation properties across the models.
This thesis investigates closed loop power control schemes for the LTE uplink physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). Different values of the path loss compensation factor between 0.7-1.0 are evaluated to determine the optimal value. Both ideal and realistic cases accounting for delay, error, and power headroom reporting are simulated. Using a simple upload traffic model, closed loop power control with a fractional path loss compensation factor of 0.8 improved mean bit rate by 63-68% compared to full compensation in both ideal and realistic scenarios. Power headroom reporting triggered by path loss changes provided better performance than periodic triggering.
This document describes the transmission convergence layer specification for Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON). It defines the frame structure, encapsulation, dynamic bandwidth allocation, operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) functionality, security, and other aspects of the transmission convergence layer. The transmission convergence layer provides the interface between the optical distribution network and the payload data and is responsible for the transmission of different traffic types over the G-PON infrastructure. It allows the transport of services such as voice, video and data at rates up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream through encapsulation using the G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM).
The document provides routing guidelines for efficient routing methods in TDM, ATM and IP networks. It recommends using bandwidth reservation and avoiding long paths under congestion to improve efficiency. While state-dependent routing is emphasized in ATM and IP networks, the document suggests using event-dependent routing or more efficient information dissemination to avoid inefficient flooding. It also recommends quality of service routing rules to ensure performance quality.
This document describes internal monitoring of network performance using specific metrics like Answer Seizure Ratio (ASR) and Answer Bid Ratio (ABR). Internal monitoring allows collection of a large volume of records to evaluate daily network performance and troubleshoot issues. Supplementary data on signaling faults, subscriber behavior, and network failures is also exchanged quarterly to further analyze quality of service. Internal automatic observations provide advantages over external monitoring in monitoring network performance.
NetSim Long Term Evolution (LTE) Networks library includes LTE/LTE-A networks, LTE
Femto Cell, LTE D2D and LTE VANET. The LTE libraray allows you to connect, if required,
with Internetwork devices such as Routers, Switches etc running Ethernet, Wireless LAN, IP
Routing, TCP / UDP.
The document discusses the optical transport network (OTN) standard defined in ITU-T G.709. It describes the OTN layered structure, interfaces and rates, frame structure and overhead, and techniques for testing OTN elements. The OTN architecture allows more efficient transport of client signals using optical channels and standardized overhead to manage network functions like multiplexing and forward error correction.
Application of Modified Second-Order Frequency TransformationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a modified second-order frequency transformation (MSFT) filter to overcome the limited cutoff frequency range of existing frequency transformation filters. The MSFT filter applies a low-pass to high-pass transformation to the prototype filter before the second-order frequency transformation. It also applies a one-to-one mapping condition between frequency variables to obtain a two-band response. This increases the cutoff frequency range compared to existing filters. The MSFT filter is proposed to reduce noise in noisy signals and detect the original noiseless signal. It provides finer control over the cutoff frequency with lower complexity than programmable filters with variable coefficients.
Referenced in presentation, "The Seven Wonders of China's Mobile World"
http://www.slideshare.net/ckeikofunahashi/m-learncon-session-907-ckeikofunahashi
Spectrum requirement estimation for imt systems in developing countriesijdpsjournal
In this paper
we analyze the methodology develope
d by
the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
for
estimat
ing
the spectrum requirement for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) systems.
The
International
Telecommunication Union estimates spectrum requirement
s
by following ITU
-
R
-
Rec.M1768.
Although
this
methodology is adopted by ITU
-
R
,
there are
discrepancies
for
estimat
ing
the spectrum
requirement for developing countries. ITU estimates the spectrum requirement by considering technica
l
and market
parameters
that
were provided by the
most de
veloped countries with high income and high
development index
. Developed countries have
a very rapid expansible telecom
market
due to the high level
of penetration
,
dominant
user density
and usage of high
-
volume multimedia services.
In contrast,
developing
countries
use less bandwidth
-
intensive services such as voice communication,
low rate data
,
low and medium multimedia.
However,
while
the input parameters are adequate for developed countries
,
they
do not reflect the status of developing countries. For th
is reason
the
ITU spectrum estimation
overestimate
s
the exact requirement
s
of spectrum for IMT systems for developing countries. This paper
presents an approach based on the technical and market related parameters, which is thought to be
applicable
for
ove
rcom
ing
the shortcomings of
the
current ITU methodology in estimatin
g
the spectrum
requirement
for developing
countries like Bangladesh
Multi band, multi mode digital rf receiver front end module for m-wimaxeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the given document:
The document describes the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, including an overview of the LTE air interface aspects, protocol aspects, and conformance testing challenges. It also discusses LTE product development challenges and looks ahead to potential LTE-Advanced technologies. The document is intended to help readers understand the LTE standard and test solutions as LTE development and deployment progresses.
This document summarizes the key technologies that enable LTE-Advanced, which is an enhancement of LTE to meet the requirements for IMT-Advanced. LTE-Advanced introduces carrier aggregation to support transmission bandwidths up to 100MHz by aggregating multiple LTE carriers. It also enhances multiple antenna technologies to support up to 8 antennas in the downlink and 4 antennas in the uplink. Other technologies introduced include coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, enhanced uplink transmission schemes, and the use of intelligent relay nodes.
LTE-Advanced improves upon LTE technology to meet the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification. This document summarizes the key technology components of LTE-Advanced, including band aggregation, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, improved uplink transmission, coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and the use of relay stations. LTE-Advanced aims to provide peak data rates of 1 Gbps downstream and 500 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and high throughput for cell edge users.
Design and simulation of passive uhf rfid temperature sensor tag using 3 d em...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- MIMO-Energy Efficient and Spectrum Analysis using Congnitive Radio Tec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving energy efficiency and spectrum utilization in wireless networks using MIMO and cognitive radio technologies. It proposes using a parametric method for cognitive radio networks, where priority is given to unused channels to allow secondary users to opportunistically access the spectrum without interfering with primary transmissions. Matlab simulations demonstrate how this approach allows a secondary user to identify and use an unused channel based on the occupancy status of channels used by five primary users. The parametric method and priority checking enable more efficient spectrum sharing while avoiding interference.
Scheduling schemes for carrier aggregation in lte advanced systemseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document defines the functional building blocks and rules for combining them to describe the optical transport network functionality within equipment, such as optical transmission section termination, optical multiplex section termination, optical channel termination, and optical channel cross-connect functionality. It uses a specification methodology based on functional decomposition and defines functional blocks for the OCh, OTU, and ODU layers of the optical transport network architecture. The functional blocks can be combined to specify UNI and NNI interfaces. Optical technology-dependent aspects are not defined to allow for technology changes within optical subnetworks.
IRJET- Efficient Shift add Implementation of Fir Filter using Variable Pa...IRJET Journal
This document discusses efficient implementations of shift-add operations in finite impulse response (FIR) filters using variable partition hybrid form structures. FIR filters are widely used in digital signal processing and their performance is dominated by multiplication operations. The proposed method aims to reduce power consumption and complexity by implementing multiplications using optimized shift-add networks instead of multipliers. It explores variable size partitioning approaches and prefix adders to reduce gate count, dynamic power, and improve filter performance.
Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks - A SurveyIJERA Editor
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have been emerged as a revolutionary solution to migrate the spectrum
scarcity problem in wireless networks. Due to increasing demand for additional spectrum resources, CRNs have
been receiving significant research to solve issues related with spectrum underutilization. This technology
brings efficient spectrum usage and effective interference avoidance, and also brings new challenges to routing
in multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks. In CRN, unlicensed users or secondary users are able to use
underutilized licensed channels, but they have to leave the channel if any interference is caused to the primary or
licensed users. So CR technology allows sharing of licensed spectrum band in opportunistic and non-interfering
manner. Different routing protocols have been proposed recently based on different design goals under different
assumptions.
1. Rep. ITU-R M.2134 1
REPORT ITU-R M.2134
Requirements related to technical performance
for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s)
(2008)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
............................................................................................................................ Page
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2
2 Scope and purpose.......................................................................................................... 2
3 Related ITU-R texts ....................................................................................................... 3
4 Minimum requirements .................................................................................................. 3
4.1 Cell spectral efficiency ....................................................................................... 4
4.2 Peak spectral efficiency ...................................................................................... 4
4.3 Bandwidth........................................................................................................... 5
4.4 Cell edge user spectral efficiency....................................................................... 5
4.5 Latency ............................................................................................................... 6
4.5.1 Control plane latency ........................................................................... 6
4.5.2 User plane latency................................................................................ 6
4.6 Mobility ........................................................................................................ 6
4.7 Handover............................................................................................................. 7
4.8 VoIP Capacity..................................................................................................... 8
2. 2 Rep. ITU-R M.2134
1 Introduction
International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced) systems are mobile systems
that include the new capabilities of IMT that go beyond those of IMT-2000. Such systems provide
access to a wide range of telecommunication services including advanced mobile services,
supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packet-based.
IMT-Advanced systems support low to high mobility applications and a wide range of data rates in
accordance with user and service demands in multiple user environments. IMT-Advanced also has
capabilities for high-quality multimedia applications within a wide range of services and platforms
providing a significant improvement in performance and quality of service.
The key features of IMT-Advanced are:
– a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to
support a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner;
– compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks;
– capability of interworking with other radio access systems;
– high-quality mobile services;
– user equipment suitable for worldwide use;
– user-friendly applications, services and equipment;
– worldwide roaming capability;
– enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for
high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as targets for research)1.
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs.
The capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends
and technology developments.
2 Scope and purpose
This Report describes requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced candidate
radio interfaces. These requirements are used in the development of Report ITU-R M.2135.
This Report also provides the necessary background information about the individual requirements
and the justification for the items and values chosen. Provision of such background information is
needed for a broader understanding of the requirements.
This Report is based on the ongoing development activities from external research and technology
organizations.
1 Data rates sourced from Recommendation ITU-R M.1645.
3. Rep. ITU-R M.2134 3
3 Related ITU-R texts
Recommendation ITU-R M.1224
Recommendation ITU-R M.1645
Recommendation ITU-R M.1768
Recommendation ITU-R M.1822
Report ITU-R M.2038
Report ITU-R M.2072
Report ITU-R M.2074
Report ITU-R M.2078
Report ITU-R M.2079
Report ITU-R M.2135
Report ITU-R M.2133.
4 Minimum requirements
IMT-Advanced can be considered from multiple perspectives, including the users, manufacturers,
application developers, network operators, and service and content providers as noted in § 4.2.2 in
Recommendation ITU-R M.1645 – Framework and overall objectives of the future development of
IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000. Therefore, it is recognized that the technologies for
IMT-Advanced can be applied in a variety of deployment scenarios and can support a range of
environments, different service capabilities, and technology options. Consideration of every
variation to encompass all situations is therefore not possible; nonetheless the work of the ITU-R
has been to determine a representative view of IMT-Advanced consistent with the process defined
in Resolution ITU-R 57 – Principles for the process of development of IMT-Advanced and the
requirements defined in this Report.
The requirements presented in this document are for the purpose of consistent definition,
specification, and evaluation of the candidate RITs or SRITs for IMT-Advanced in ITU-R in
conjunction with the development of Recommendations and Reports, such as the framework and
key characteristics and the detailed specifications of IMT-Advanced. The intent of these
requirements is to ensure that IMT-Advanced technologies are able to fulfil the objectives of
IMT-Advanced and to set a specific level of minimum performance that each proposed technology
needs to achieve in order to be considered by ITU-R for IMT-Advanced.
These requirements are not intended to restrict the full range of capabilities or performance that
candidate technologies for IMT-Advanced might achieve, nor is it intended to describe how the
IMT-Advanced technologies might perform in actual deployments under operating conditions that
could be different from those presented in ITU-R Recommendations and Reports on
IMT-Advanced.
Requirements are to be evaluated according to the criteria defined in Report ITU-R M.2135 –
Requirements, evaluation criteria, and submission templates for the development of
IMT-Advanced.
NOTE 1 − The values herein are for a radio interface technology (RIT) or a set of radio interface
technologies (SRIT).
4. 4 Rep. ITU-R M.2134
4.1 Cell spectral efficiency
Cell2 spectral efficiency (η) is defined as the aggregate throughput of all users (the number of
correctly received bits, i.e. the number of bits contained in the service data units (SDUs) delivered
to Layer 3, over a certain period of time) divided by the channel bandwidth divided by the number
of cells. The channel bandwidth for this purpose is defined as the effective bandwidth times the
frequency reuse factor, where the effective bandwidth is the operating bandwidth normalised
appropriately considering the uplink/downlink ratio.
The cell spectral efficiency is measured in bit/s/Hz/cell.
Let χi denote the number of correctly received bits by user i (downlink) or from user i (uplink) in a
system comprising a user population of N users and M cells. Furthermore, let ω denote the channel
bandwidth and T the time over which the data bits are received. The cell spectral efficiency, η, is
then defined according to equation (1).
MT
N
i
i
⋅⋅
=
∑=
ω
χ
η
1
(1)
TABLE 1
Cell spectral efficiency
Test environment (1)
Downlink
(bit/s/Hz/cell)
Uplink
(bit/s/Hz/cell)
Indoor 3 2.25
Microcellular 2.6 1.80
Base coverage urban 2.2 1.4
High speed 1.1 0.7
(1)
The test environments are described in Report ITU-R M.2135.
These values were defined assuming an antenna configuration of downlink 4 × 2, uplink 2 × 4.
However, this does not form part of the requirement and the conditions for evaluation are described
in Report ITU-R M.2135
4.2 Peak spectral efficiency
The peak spectral efficiency is the highest theoretical data rate (normalised by bandwidth), which is
the received data bits assuming error-free conditions assignable to a single mobile station, when all
available radio resources for the corresponding link direction are utilised (i.e., excluding radio
resources that are used for physical layer synchronisation, reference signals or pilots, guard bands
and guard times).
2 A cell is equivalent to a sector, e.g. a 3-sector site has 3 cells.
5. Rep. ITU-R M.2134 5
The minimum requirements for peak spectral efficiencies are as follows3:
– Downlink peak spectral efficiency is 15 bit/s/Hz
– Uplink peak spectral efficiency is 6.75 bit/s/Hz.
These values were defined assuming an antenna configuration of downlink 4 × 4, uplink 2 × 4.
However this does not form part of the requirement and the conditions for evaluation are described
in Report ITU-R M.2135.
4.3 Bandwidth
Scalable bandwidth is the ability of the candidate RIT to operate with different bandwidth
allocations. This bandwidth may be supported by single or multiple RF carriers.
The RIT shall support a scalable bandwidth up to and including 40 MHz.
Proponents are encouraged to consider extensions to support operation in wider bandwidths (e.g. up
to 100 MHz) and the research targets expressed in Recommendation ITU-R M.1645.
4.4 Cell edge user spectral efficiency
The (normalized) user throughput is defined as the average user throughput (the number of correctly
received bits by users, i.e., the number of bits contained in the SDU delivered to Layer 3, over a
certain period of time, divided by the channel bandwidth and is measured in bit/s/Hz. The channel
bandwidth for this purpose is defined as the effective bandwidth times the frequency reuse factor,
where the effective bandwidth is the operating bandwidth normalised appropriately considering the
uplink/downlink ratio. The cell edge user spectral efficiency is defined as 5% point of the
cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the normalized user throughput. Table 2 lists the cell
edge user spectral efficiency requirements for various test environments.
With χi denoting the number of correctly received bits of user i, Ti the active session time for user i
and ω the channel bandwidth, the (normalized) user throughput of user i, γi, is defined according to
equation (2).
ω
χ
γ
⋅
=
i
i
i
T
(2)
TABLE 2
Cell edge user spectral efficiency
Test environment(1)
Downlink (bit/s/Hz) Uplink (bit/s/Hz)
Indoor 0.1 0.07
Microcellular 0.075 0.05
Base coverage urban 0.06 0.03
High speed 0.04 0.015
(1)
The test environments are described in Report ITU-R M.2135.
3 For information, theoretical peak data rates can then be determined as in the following examples, which
are calculated by multiplying the peak spectral efficiency and the bandwidth:
− Example downlink peak data rate in 40 MHz is 600 Mbit/s.
− Example downlink peak data rate in 100 MHz is 1 500 Mbit/s.
− Example uplink peak data rate in 40 MHz is 270 Mbit/s.
− Example uplink peak data rate in 100 MHz is 675 Mbit/s.
6. 6 Rep. ITU-R M.2134
These values were defined assuming an antenna configuration of downlink 4 × 2, uplink 2 × 4.
However, this does not form part of the requirement and the conditions for evaluation are described
in Report ITU-R M.2135.
4.5 Latency
4.5.1 Control plane latency
Control plane (C-Plane) latency is typically measured as the transition time from different
connection modes, e.g., from idle to active state. A transition time (excluding downlink paging
delay and wireline network signalling delay) of less than 100 ms shall be achievable from idle state
to an active state in such a way that the user plane is established.
4.5.2 User plane latency
The user plane latency (also known as transport delay) is defined as the one-way transit
time between an SDU packet being available at the IP layer in the user terminal/base station and the
availability of this packet (protocol data unit, PDU) at IP layer in the base station/user terminal.
User plane packet delay includes delay introduced by associated protocols and control signalling
assuming the user terminal is in the active state. IMT-Advanced systems shall be able to achieve a
user plane latency of less than 10 ms in unloaded conditions (i.e., a single user with a single data
stream) for small IP packets (e.g., 0 byte payload + IP header) for both downlink and uplink.
4.6 Mobility
The following classes of mobility are defined:
– Stationary: 0 km/h
– Pedestrian: > 0 km/h to 10 km/h
– Vehicular: 10 to 120 km/h
– High speed vehicular: 120 to 350 km/h
Table 3 defines the mobility classes that shall be supported in the respective test environment.
TABLE 3
Mobility classes
Test environments(1)
Indoor Microcellular Base coverage
urban
High speed
Mobility classes
supported
Stationary,
pedestrian
Stationary,
pedestrian,
Vehicular
(up to 30 km/h)
Stationary,
pedestrian,
vehicular
High speed vehicular,
vehicular
(1)
The test environments are described in Report ITU-R M.2135.
A mobility class is supported if the traffic channel link data rate, normalized by bandwidth, on the
uplink, is as shown in Table 4, when the user is moving at the maximum speed in that mobility class
in each of the test environments.
7. Rep. ITU-R M.2134 7
TABLE 4
Traffic channel link data rates
Bit/s/Hz Speed
(km/h)
Indoor 1.0 10
Microcellular 0.75 30
Base coverage urban 0.55 120
High speed 0.25 350
These values were defined assuming an antenna configuration of downlink 4 × 2, uplink 2 × 4.
However, this does not form part of the requirements and the conditions for evaluation are
described in Report ITU-R M.2135.
4.7 Handover
The handover interruption time is defined as the time duration during which a user terminal cannot
exchange user plane packets with any base station. The handover interruption time includes the time
required to execute any radio access network procedure, radio resource control signalling protocol,
or other message exchanges between the user equipment and the radio access network, as applicable
to the candidate RIT or SRIT. For the purposes of determining handover interruption time,
interactions with the core network (i.e., network entities beyond the radio access network) are
assumed to occur in zero time. It is also assumed that all necessary attributes of the target channel
(that is, downlink synchronisation is achieved and uplink access procedures, if applicable, are
successfully completed) are known at initiation of the handover from the serving channel to the
target channel.
The IMT-Advanced proposal shall be able to support handover interruption times specified in
Table 5.
TABLE 5
Handover interruption times
Handover type Interruption time
(ms)
Intra-frequency 27.5
Inter-frequency
– within a spectrum band
– between spectrum bands
40
60
In addition, inter-system handovers between the candidate IMT-Advanced system and at least one
IMT system shall be supported, but are not subject to the limits in Table 5.
8. 8 Rep. ITU-R M.2134
4.8 VoIP capacity
VoIP capacity was derived assuming a 12.2 kbit/s codec with a 50% activity factor such that the
percentage of users in outage is less than 2% where a user is defined to have experienced a voice
outage if less than 98% of the VoIP packets have been delivered successfully to the user within a
one way radio access delay bound of 50 ms.
However, this codec does not form a part of the requirements and the conditions for evaluation are
described in Report ITU-R M.2135.
The VoIP capacity is the minimum of the calculated capacity for either link direction divided by the
effective bandwidth in the respective link direction4.
These values were defined assuming an antenna configuration of 4 × 2 in the downlink and 2 × 4 in
the uplink. However, the antenna configuration is not a minimum requirement and the conditions
for evaluation are described in Report ITU-R M.2135.
TABLE 6
VoIP capacity
Test environment(1)
Min VoIP capacity
(Active users/sector/MHz)
Indoor 50
Microcellular 40
Base coverage urban 40
High speed 30
(1)
The test environments are described in Report ITU-R M.2135.
4 In other words, the effective bandwidth is the operating bandwidth normalised appropriately considering
the uplink/downlink ratio.