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IRJET- Performance Comparison Analysis between Multi-FFT OFDM for Power Line Carrier Communication
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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1201 Performance comparison Analysis between Multi-FFT OFDM for Power Line Carrier Communication Rajat Singh1, Shailesh Khaparkar2 1Rajat Singh, Research Scholar, M.Tech, Communication Systems, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology & Science, Jabalpur 2Shailesh Khaparkar, Associate Professor, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology &Science, Jabalpur --------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------ ABSTRACT:- With the development of the smart grid, power line communications (PLC) is becoming more and more important. Compared with traditional modulation, Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing(OFDM)hastheadvantages of the full use of spectrum, inherent robustness against narrowband interference, and excellent robustness in multi-path environments. This paper is devoted to compare FFT-based OFDM in Broadband-,PLC. (BB-PLC) Therefore OFDM (16 QAM) has been utilized for the purpose of analysis of the channel performance while ensuring the speed and robustness of the channel to be the main criteria for any kind of services or applications .Moreoverthereusually arises a problem of power failure and reliable communication over remote locations and therefore the solution for it is an interfacing between wired and wireless communication technologies and hence in the thesis work, a comparison of the bit error probability had been shown between the performance of the channel while using multi FFT OFDM this comparison provides an solution to choose the technology according to the requirement of application. Keywords-FFT; OFDM; smart grid; BB- PLC; NPLC; PLC standand. INTRODUCTION: Traditional power line communications use single-carriermodulationsuchasFrequencyShiftKeying(FSK),SpreadFrequency Shift Keying (SFSK) and Binary Phase ShiftKeying (BPSK), which only reach low data rate. New transducers such as the synchrophasors or Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are being today deployed in the transmission side of the grid. The immediate consequence of PMU deployment is that a large amount of data is being generated and the networking provisions for delivering this amount of data at the required QoS are not in place yet [1]. New generation of PLC prefers multi-carrier modulations for its advantages. IEEE1901.1 standardize the broadband PLC for in-home PLC-based local area networks and internet access, while standardization of narrow band PLC for smart grid applications is in progress.Therearetwo mainkinds of multi-carrier modulation, namelyFFT-basedOFDMandwavelet-basedOFDM.Inthispaper wefocusontheFFT-basedOFDM accounting for the general applications. Currently, there is no universal standard for NB-PLC, but two standards are widely used and can be the reference of the new NB-PLC standards: PLC G3[3], which has been launched by ERDF and Maxim, and PRIME[4], initialized by the PRIME Alliance (Iberdrola, Texas Instruments et. al.). SinceIEEE1901.1ismatureenough,wetake it as the deputy of BB-PLC. PLC G3 is frequency-band compliant with CENELEC, FCC, and ARIB while PRIME is only compliant with CENELEC. Power line communication has been emanated as one of the most enduring means of communication for smart grid applications especially while considering the biggestadvantagei.e.analready establishedinfrastructure,thereforesendingout the control information over the same network will add only a little cost and hence opens the door for a plethora of applications. The communication over Power Line is not so new when we are concerned about generation, transmission or deliverance of power but here our main concern is control and management of power rather than transmission or deliverance of power and this purpose can only be accomplished if we are utilizing the available resources in an efficient manner which in turn is dependent on the fast and effective transmission of data or control information over these channels. To ensure the fulfilment of these requisites there is a requirement to analyse the basic topological connections and the circuit modelling and thus determined the various control and traffic problems associated with the transmission of this information which usually varies according to applications. Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM): OFDM is the key wireless technology for high data rate transmission in which the available spectrum is divided into several sub-channel and each sub-channel is modulated by a low data rate. It operates large bandwidth up to 20 MHz and high data rate up to 100 Mbps. If the subcarrier signals accomplish the orthogonality condition then this result in
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1202 overlapping of spectrum and hence spectral efficiency is improved. Thistechniqueisknownas OrthogonalFrequencyDivision Multiplexing (OFDM). Data with bit rate R is transmitted into N parallel channels, each one of them with separate frequencies. Over each channel, the total bit rate is spread in equal parts at rate R/N. In each channel the data will be mapped to represent an information symbol and then multiplied by its corresponding frequency. These parallel information symbols are summed to form one OFDM symbol. Thus the duration of each OFDM symbol is Ts=N/R. Orthogonality provides the carriers a suitable cause to be narrowly spaced with overlapping without inter carrier interference. OFDM block diagram MULTI-FFT DEMODULATION AND COMBINER: The goal of multiple-FFT demodulation and combining is to reduce the ICI in the outputs. • Pre-processing based on optimal, multiple re sampling of the received signal. • Multiple FFT demodulators are used to approximate the optimal receiver front-end for arbitrarily time- varying channels. Multiple FFT demodulators includes a technique for predicting the Doppler shift from the combiner weights. • The proposed receiver replaces the conventional, single FFT demodulator with a few (e.g.two)FFTsand combiner whose outputs are combined in a manner that minimizes post detection error. • The receiver also incorporates spatial diversity combining, an adaptive channel estimator and a phase prediction method to track the channel response across OFDM blocks.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1203 FIG.2.1 PROPOSED OFDM SYSTEM DESIGN Power Line Communication: Power Line Communication is defined as a technology that utilizes high, medium and low voltage electrical networks to provide various services like voice and data transmission in addition to providing the power to the electrical utilities required for their operation. In the initial stages, the power line communication was meant for deliverance of power only but as the time had ripen up it had started gaining more importance in high frequency applications , also known as Broad-Band Power Line. Since then these electrical networks had been used by the electricity producers and distributors for the purpose of remote controlling and network monitoring as well. It operate with electric power distribution system and provides a highly reliable means of communication among PLC devices which are electrically coupled to each other or located in proximity to the premises of power distribution system . A system for PLC comprises repeaters, bypass devices, backhaul devices, wireless backhaul devices, communication interfacing units etc. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY: The multiple-FFT demodulation techniques draw on the notion that the channel variations may be decomposedbased on a set of predefined functions. Given such a decomposition, the received signal is projected onto these functions, and the projections are passed on to FFT demodulation and subsequent combining. The four ICI mitigation methods : Partial FFT demodulation (P-FFT) Shaped FFT demodulation (S- FFT) Fractional FFT demodulation (F-FFT) Taylor FFT demodulation (T-FFT PARTIAL FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (P-FFT): P-FFT divides the received OFDM block into I sections which are I times shorter than the original OFDM block. If the sections are sufficiently short, the channel variations are expected to be negligible during each section. The combiner reassembles the sections after giving each section a different weight. P-FFT thus resembles channel- matched filtering where the function is approximated as piecewise constant. P-FFT uses decomposition onto a set of non- overlapping flat windows in time.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1204 Non overlapping rectangular wave- forms, eachcovering an interval of length (P-FFT) SHAPED FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (S-FFT) : The precision of the approximation can be improved by smoothing the transitions between the sections. To this end, we introduce S-FFT which provides a smooth decomposition of the channel,preservingthecontinuityoftheapproximationsto S- FFT uses smooth windowing. Raised-cosine waveforms (S-FFT) FRACTIONAL FFT DEMODULATION (F-FFT): The FFFT is a generalization of the ordinary Fourier transform with an order parameter α and is identical to the ordinary Fourier transform when this order α is equal to /2. The FFFT belongs to the class of time–frequency representations that have been extensively used by the signal processing community. In all the time–frequency representations, one normally uses a plane with two orthogonal axes corresponding to time and frequency. F-FFT is based on a decomposition onto complex exponentials. complex exponentials at multiples of a fraction of the carrier spacing (F-FFT) TAYLOR FFT DEMODULATION (T-FFT): T-FFT is based on polynomial expansion of the time- varying channel coefficients. The idea of estimating the channel coefficients in time and/or frequency domain by polynomials and used for equalization where a 2-D polynomial expansion (in time and frequency) is employed to increase the accuracy of channel estimation and ICI equalization. T-FFT uses Taylor series polynomials
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1205 Orthogonal polynomials of degrees 0 to (T-FFT). Evolution of combiner weights corresponding to one receiving element as detection proceeds over carriers and OFDM blocks during one frame with carriers for the first receiver element by using 16 QAM modulation techniques. RESULT AND SIMULATIONS: The Performance Evaluation of Power Line Channel has been accomplished using OFDM (16-QAM)andtheOFDMisbeing used considering the requirement of higher data rate and robustness. Sub-channel constellation scattering and the mixed OFDM-QAM output COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: The MSE is improved by using 16 QAM modulation techniques as compared to QPSK.
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1206 The BER (Probability of error) is reduced by using 16 QAM modulation techniques as compared to QPSK. CONCLUSION: The Performance Evaluation of Power Line Channel has been accomplished using OFDM (16-QAM)andtheOFDMisbeing used considering the requirement of higher data rate and robustness. The obtained results had been shown and the results indicate that there is a trade-off between the probability of error and the complexityandthemajoradvantageofusingOFDMis the requirement of a simple equalization technique which is an inverse model of the channel model .It is concluded that the multi-fft detection techniques has been applied to find out the MSE and BER performance of system using 16 QAM modulation scheme. The MSE and BER value has significantly improved by multi-FFT detection using 16 QAM as compared to QPSK. iterative ICI cancellation and equalization for OFDM. REFERENCE: [1] Galli, S., Scaglione, A., Wang, Z.For the grid and through the grid: The role of power line communications in the smart grid (2011) Proceedings of the IEEE, 99 (6), art. no. 5768099, pp. 998-1027. [2] IEEE Standard for Broadband over PowerLineNetworks:MediumAccessControl andPhysical LayerSpecifications.[online] [3] T. Banwell and S. Galli, “A novel approach to accurate modelling of the indoor power line channel—Part I: Circuit analysis and companion model,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.20, no. 2, pp. 655–663, Apr. 2005. [4] M. Zimmermann and K. Dostert, “A multipath model for the power line channel,” IEEETrans.Communication.,vol.50,no.4, pp. 553–559, Apr. 2002. [5] D.Nordell,”Communication systems for distribution automation,” in Proc. IEEE transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo., Bogota, Columbia, Apr. 13-15, 2008 [6] G. Bumiller, L. Lampe, and H. Hrasnica, “Power line communication networks for large- scale control and automation systems,”IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 4, Apr. 2010. [7] H.Meng , S.Chen , Y. Guan , C. Law, P.So, E. Gunawan, and T.Lie ,transmission line model for high frequency power line communication channel , in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on power system technol. , PowerCon,Kunming, China, Oct 13-17, 2002. [8] S.Galli and I.Banwell, “A Novel approach to accurate modelling of the indoor power line channel –part-II:transfer function and channel properties,”IEEE trans. Power Del., vol. 20 , no.3 pp.1869-18/8,jul 2005 [9]. 1.Cherif Rezgui “Analyse performance of fractional fourier transform on timing and carrier frequency offsets estimation” International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 2, April 2016 [10].Yashar M. Aval, Student Member, IEEE, and Milica Stojanovic, Fellow, IEEE “Differentially Coherent Multichannel Detection of Acoustic OFDM Signal”, 0364-9059 2014 IEEE. [11].Y. M. Aval and M. Stojanovic, “Multi-FFT demodulators,” 2014.
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