Klingbeil, R., 2011. Boron Concentrations in Desalinated Water: A Real Threat? Review of Health Issues, Technical Aspects and International Guidelines. Presentation at the WHO IWA PAEW Regional Water Safety Plan Conference - Middle East and North Africa Region, 10-12 October 2012, Muscat, Oman.
Fluoride Contamination in Ground water in Mulbagal Taluk (Ashwin's report)biomeshubha
This study analyzed fluoride contamination in drinking water sources in 270 villages in Mulbagal taluk, Karnataka. Water samples from bore wells were tested for fluoride levels. 48 villages had fluoride levels above the permissible limit of 1ppm, and 15 villages had critical levels over 3ppm. The results were mapped to identify areas of contamination. High fluoride consumption can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis in humans. The study recommends raising awareness, identifying uncontaminated water sources, and promoting rainwater harvesting to address the problem.
Fluoride Contamination Status of Ground Water & Quality Management in Parts o...BK SAHOO, GEOLOGIST,GWS&I
High fluoride concentration in ground water has been reported in Begunia, Bolagarh blocks of Khurda district and Bhapur Block of Nayagarh District, Orissa. Preliminary geological & geochemical studies were carried out to trace the source of fluoride in ground water.
This document discusses water reclamation and reuse. It describes the water reclamation process, which involves microfiltration to strain out particles, reverse osmosis to remove minerals, and advanced oxidation with UV light and hydrogen peroxide to disinfect. Tests conducted on wastewater for reclamation include measuring organics, solids, nutrients, and physical properties. The document also discusses the environmental, health, and agricultural aspects of water reclamation and reuse, concluding that it is needed to preserve freshwater sources and can augment water supplies when treated adequately.
Demineralized water lacks important minerals like calcium and magnesium that are naturally present in most drinking water sources. Long term consumption of demineralized water can negatively impact health in several ways: 1) It disrupts the body's water and mineral homeostasis leading to increased excretion of essential minerals; 2) It provides practically zero intake of calcium and magnesium which are important nutrients; 3) It may increase the leaching of toxic metals from water distribution pipes into the water. More research is still needed but demineralized water should be remineralized before long term consumption to support human health.
Energy as Motor of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination DevelopmentDegrémont
This document summarizes information about reverse osmosis desalination and trends in energy consumption. It discusses how reverse osmosis works to treat brackish water and seawater, showing typical operating pressures and recovery rates. Energy consumption in desalination depends on factors like total dissolved solids, recovery rate, temperature, and membranes used. The document then charts historical energy consumption for desalination plants from the 1970s to present, showing a gradual decline. Future reductions may come from improved energy recovery devices, membranes, and pretreatment techniques. Emerging technologies like forward osmosis also have potential to significantly reduce energy use.
Combination of Borax and Quebracho Condensed Tannins Treatment to Reduce Hydr...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67637
Livestock producers are acutely aware for the need to reduce gaseous emissions from stored livestock waste and have been trying to identify new technologies to address the chronic problem. Besides the malodor issue, toxic gases emitted from stored livestock manure, especially hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) are environmental and health hazards for humans and animals and under scrutiny by the Environmental Protection Agency for regulatory control of concentrated animal farm operations (CAFOs).
Presented by: Melvin Yokoyama
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Groundwater for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. Presentation at the 43rd Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) “Groundwater and society: 60 years of IAH”, Montpellier, France, 25-28 Sep 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2017. Wasserressourcen und Wassermanagement in Verbindung zu Sicherheitsfragen in der MENA Region [Water Ressources and Water Management in Relation to Security Questions in the MENA Region]. Presentation at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, Hamburg, 25 Jan 2017.
Fluoride Contamination in Ground water in Mulbagal Taluk (Ashwin's report)biomeshubha
This study analyzed fluoride contamination in drinking water sources in 270 villages in Mulbagal taluk, Karnataka. Water samples from bore wells were tested for fluoride levels. 48 villages had fluoride levels above the permissible limit of 1ppm, and 15 villages had critical levels over 3ppm. The results were mapped to identify areas of contamination. High fluoride consumption can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis in humans. The study recommends raising awareness, identifying uncontaminated water sources, and promoting rainwater harvesting to address the problem.
Fluoride Contamination Status of Ground Water & Quality Management in Parts o...BK SAHOO, GEOLOGIST,GWS&I
High fluoride concentration in ground water has been reported in Begunia, Bolagarh blocks of Khurda district and Bhapur Block of Nayagarh District, Orissa. Preliminary geological & geochemical studies were carried out to trace the source of fluoride in ground water.
This document discusses water reclamation and reuse. It describes the water reclamation process, which involves microfiltration to strain out particles, reverse osmosis to remove minerals, and advanced oxidation with UV light and hydrogen peroxide to disinfect. Tests conducted on wastewater for reclamation include measuring organics, solids, nutrients, and physical properties. The document also discusses the environmental, health, and agricultural aspects of water reclamation and reuse, concluding that it is needed to preserve freshwater sources and can augment water supplies when treated adequately.
Demineralized water lacks important minerals like calcium and magnesium that are naturally present in most drinking water sources. Long term consumption of demineralized water can negatively impact health in several ways: 1) It disrupts the body's water and mineral homeostasis leading to increased excretion of essential minerals; 2) It provides practically zero intake of calcium and magnesium which are important nutrients; 3) It may increase the leaching of toxic metals from water distribution pipes into the water. More research is still needed but demineralized water should be remineralized before long term consumption to support human health.
Energy as Motor of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination DevelopmentDegrémont
This document summarizes information about reverse osmosis desalination and trends in energy consumption. It discusses how reverse osmosis works to treat brackish water and seawater, showing typical operating pressures and recovery rates. Energy consumption in desalination depends on factors like total dissolved solids, recovery rate, temperature, and membranes used. The document then charts historical energy consumption for desalination plants from the 1970s to present, showing a gradual decline. Future reductions may come from improved energy recovery devices, membranes, and pretreatment techniques. Emerging technologies like forward osmosis also have potential to significantly reduce energy use.
Combination of Borax and Quebracho Condensed Tannins Treatment to Reduce Hydr...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67637
Livestock producers are acutely aware for the need to reduce gaseous emissions from stored livestock waste and have been trying to identify new technologies to address the chronic problem. Besides the malodor issue, toxic gases emitted from stored livestock manure, especially hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) are environmental and health hazards for humans and animals and under scrutiny by the Environmental Protection Agency for regulatory control of concentrated animal farm operations (CAFOs).
Presented by: Melvin Yokoyama
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Groundwater for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. Presentation at the 43rd Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) “Groundwater and society: 60 years of IAH”, Montpellier, France, 25-28 Sep 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2017. Wasserressourcen und Wassermanagement in Verbindung zu Sicherheitsfragen in der MENA Region [Water Ressources and Water Management in Relation to Security Questions in the MENA Region]. Presentation at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, Hamburg, 25 Jan 2017.
This document summarizes a case study on the impact of human activities on the water quality of Gurgaon Canal in Mewat, Haryana. Samples were collected from two locations and analyzed for physiochemical parameters. Results showed elevated levels of BOD, COD, turbidity, and total dissolved solids, indicating organic pollution from sewage and agricultural runoff. This pollution is affecting the surrounding ecosystem and groundwater. Recommendations include improving watershed management, regular monitoring, treatment of effluents, and enforcing laws to regulate waste disposal into the canal.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of the existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at a dairy industry in Gulbarga, India. Samples were collected from 7 points in the WWTP and analyzed for various parameters. The COD removal efficiency of the WWTP was found to be 49.89% and the BOD5 removal efficiency was 74.07%. While the COD efficiency is high, the treated effluent COD level still exceeds regulatory limits. Therefore, it is recommended to redesign the WWTP to achieve better performance and compliance with discharge standards.
A Study on the TDS Level of Drinking Mineral Water in BangladeshShafkat Shamim Rahman
This study analyzed the total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness levels in eight popular brands of bottled drinking water in Bangladesh. TDS measures all dissolved minerals in water, including beneficial minerals like calcium and magnesium. The study found very low levels of these minerals in several brands, with one brand containing a TDS of only 9.44 mg/L. Such low mineral levels provide no health benefits and could increase risks of kidney, bone, and cardiovascular problems, especially for malnourished people. The World Health Organization recommends TDS levels between 100-500 mg/L and total hardness between 100-500 mg/L for health. Many Bangladeshi bottled waters fail to meet these standards due to over-
Defluoridation of Ground Water Using Corn Cobs Powdertheijes
Most of the adsorbent used for removal of fluoride from drinking water is activated carbons. It is an expensive material, and so the use of alternative, which is a cheaper adsorbent, is required. Hence in the present work, an attempt has been made to remove the fluoride in drinking water using corn cobs powder as a natural adsorbent using a fabricated filter. The Bureau of Indian Standard has recommended the limit of fluoride content of 1mg/l (BIS: 10500-2012). The water samples were collected in different places namely Uppinahally, Doddagatta and Yadapura in Arsikere taluk of Hassan district. The defluoridation is done with corn cobs powder and then the results were compared. Filtration with corn cobs powder reduces the fluoride content for the samples from Uppinahally, Doddagatta and Yadapura with initial fluoride content 2.5mg/l, 1.2mg/l, and 1.4mg/l respectively to 1.01mg/l, 0.9mg/l and 0.8mg/l respectively
This document discusses various topics related to drinking water quality including:
1. Definitions of key terms like quality, potable water, and contaminated water.
2. Global water quantities and scarcity issues facing many regions of the world.
3. Water resources and consumption patterns in Pakistan, highlighting declining per capita availability and future shortages.
4. Common impurities found in drinking water and associated health impacts like bacteria, salts, heavy metals, and radiation.
5. Important water quality parameters including physical, chemical, biological, and radiological measures used to evaluate water safety.
Preliminary study on potable water solutions for the rural poorAbhishek Aggarwal
This study considers the drinking water problems that are common in the hilly regions in north Thane district (now Palghar), and explores possible treatment methods and existing enterprise solutions that may be applied there.
It also provides a picture of the conditions/way of living of the rural villagers in Mumbai, India - Health, Education, Water, Connectivity, Awareness, Sanitation conditions. Also, the participation of the NGOs.
Safe drinking water is a basic human necessity. Poor rural communities across the world struggle to meet this basic requirement either due to a lack of access to water or due to poor water quality of existing water sources. This study is a preliminary study which focuses on the latter problem - the challenges surrounding water quality. Drinking water quality is an immensely vast field, and challenges vary greatly by geography and local conditions. This study considers the drinking water problems that are common in the hilly regions in north Thane district (now Palghar), and explores possible treatment methods and existing enterprise solutions that may be applied there.
Drinking water quality is an immensely vast field, and challenges vary greatly by geography and local conditions. This is a preliminary study which focuses on the poor Drinking water quality of existing water sources - the challenges faced by the poor rural communities.
Groundwater Quality And Human Health: Sunderrajan Krishnan, CAREWATERIndia Water Portal
Groundwater quality has a significant impact on human health in India. Several contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates are causing widespread health problems. While technologies exist to remove many contaminants, challenges remain in implementing solutions at scale and addressing the root causes of contamination. A holistic approach is needed that considers the roles of various stakeholders like health agencies and emphasizes generating awareness about the links between water quality and community well-being.
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
Characterization of Leachate and its Impact on the Groundwater Quality at Shi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Water is essential for living and is used for drinking, irrigation and other purposes. Groundwater, in general terms, is defined as water that is present beneath the underlying rocks in the earth’s surface. When an unwanted contaminant changes the physical, biological and chemical properties of water, it is known as water pollution. A Landfill is the most common waste disposal practices used in many parts of the world. It is the cheapest of all waste management practices. The aim of this project is to characterize the landfill leachate and assess the groundwater quality in the vicinity of landfill to find out the impact of landfill leachate on groundwater. The samples were taken for both groundwater and the leachate to evaluate physico-chemical properties along with heavy metal assessment. The samples for leachate were collected from the outlet near the landfill site while the groundwater samples were collected from the handpump near the landfill site. It was observed that the mean value of TDS, EC, CL, Total Alkalinity, Mg, Na and Mn are found exceeding the permissible limits of BIS and WHO standards.
This document summarizes a research project assessing groundwater quality in Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 10 major boreholes serving the local community and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, cations, anions, metals, chloride, nitrate, and total hardness. The results found that pH and total dissolved solids ranged from 5.3-7.2 and 24-208 mg/L, respectively. When compared to WHO and Nigerian drinking water standards, the water quality parameters indicate the water is not suitable for drinking without treatment but can be used for domestic and industrial purposes.
pollution and environmental chemistry in keWan Syafawani
I. The document discusses various water quality parameters that can be used to measure water pollution, including dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, fecal coliform, nitrates, phosphates, total dissolved solids, and turbidity.
II. It then provides more details on some of these parameters based on studies conducted in Kelantan, Malaysia, finding that nitrate levels exceeded standards in some areas likely due to agricultural runoff.
III. In conclusion, while most water quality in Kelantan is clean, some parameters like turbidity and nitrates exceeded limits set by national standards, possibly due to upstream activities like sand mining and logging.
Klingbeil, R., 2011. Water, Scarcity, Climate Change in the Middle East - Some Considerations. Presentation at the BMZ-GIZ-Conference Water and Climate Change in the MENA-Region: Adaptation, Mitigation, and Best Practices. 28-29 April 2011, Berlin, Germany.
Klingbeil, R., 2011. Water, Scarcity, Climate Change in the Middle East: Challenges to Water Management. Presentation at the International Workshop on Hydrology: Nature & Engineering and the World Water Day celebration. 20-22 March 2011, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Muscat, Oman.
THE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN AND AROUND AMUBULIAR WATERSHED OF PUDUKKOTTAI...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the water quality in and around the Ambuliyar watershed in Pudukkottai district, southern Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from 17 wells during the pre-monsoon period in 2022 and tested for various physical and chemical parameters. The results were mapped using GIS software and categorized based on standards from the WHO, BIS, and ISI. Most samples fell within acceptable limits for pH, HCO3-, SO42- and Cl- according to drinking and irrigation standards. However, many samples exceeded limits for K- and F- concentrations. The document discusses the findings for various water quality parameters like electrical conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids, calcium and magnesium
The document discusses water quality issues in India. It states that over 60,000 Indian children under five die from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation annually. Water quality is affected by sewage, agricultural and urban runoff, and industrial discharge. Common contaminants include fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates from various sources. Monitoring of water quality is done across India through networks measuring various biological, physical, chemical and aesthetic parameters. However, many areas still face poor water quality posing health risks like cancer and fluorosis. Ensuring access to safe drinking water remains a key challenge.
Mineralization of purified drinking waterIRJET Journal
This document discusses the mineralization of purified drinking water. It notes that while water purification removes contaminants, it also removes important minerals like calcium and magnesium. This leads to "demineralized" water that does not provide the body with necessary nutrients. The document proposes adding mineral-rich resin beds to water purifiers to restore lost minerals like calcium and magnesium before the water is consumed. Laboratory tests show that purified water is acidic and lacks minerals, while water run through calcium and magnesium membranes has a healthier pH and contains important minerals. The addition of mineral membranes produces mineralized water that hydrates the body and provides mineral supplements.
This document presents a study on the physico-chemical quality of drinking water sources for the Muni community in Arua district, Uganda. The study aims to assess parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium and chloride levels and compare them to WHO standards. Water samples will be collected from boreholes, shallow wells and springs for analysis. Determining the quality of drinking water is important for public health as contaminated water can cause diseases. The results of the study will help authorities monitor water sources in the community.
Klingbeil, R., et al., 2021. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the UN Environment World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA), 2nd Annual Global Meeting, 27-28 Jan 2021.
Villholth, K., Klingbeil, R., Ruz Vargas, C., et al., 2020. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the SADC 3rd Groundwater Conference, 24-26 Nov 2020.
More Related Content
Similar to R. Klingbeil, 2011: Boron Concentrations in Desalinated Water: A Real Threat? Review of Health Issues, Technical Aspects and International Guidelines
This document summarizes a case study on the impact of human activities on the water quality of Gurgaon Canal in Mewat, Haryana. Samples were collected from two locations and analyzed for physiochemical parameters. Results showed elevated levels of BOD, COD, turbidity, and total dissolved solids, indicating organic pollution from sewage and agricultural runoff. This pollution is affecting the surrounding ecosystem and groundwater. Recommendations include improving watershed management, regular monitoring, treatment of effluents, and enforcing laws to regulate waste disposal into the canal.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of the existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at a dairy industry in Gulbarga, India. Samples were collected from 7 points in the WWTP and analyzed for various parameters. The COD removal efficiency of the WWTP was found to be 49.89% and the BOD5 removal efficiency was 74.07%. While the COD efficiency is high, the treated effluent COD level still exceeds regulatory limits. Therefore, it is recommended to redesign the WWTP to achieve better performance and compliance with discharge standards.
A Study on the TDS Level of Drinking Mineral Water in BangladeshShafkat Shamim Rahman
This study analyzed the total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness levels in eight popular brands of bottled drinking water in Bangladesh. TDS measures all dissolved minerals in water, including beneficial minerals like calcium and magnesium. The study found very low levels of these minerals in several brands, with one brand containing a TDS of only 9.44 mg/L. Such low mineral levels provide no health benefits and could increase risks of kidney, bone, and cardiovascular problems, especially for malnourished people. The World Health Organization recommends TDS levels between 100-500 mg/L and total hardness between 100-500 mg/L for health. Many Bangladeshi bottled waters fail to meet these standards due to over-
Defluoridation of Ground Water Using Corn Cobs Powdertheijes
Most of the adsorbent used for removal of fluoride from drinking water is activated carbons. It is an expensive material, and so the use of alternative, which is a cheaper adsorbent, is required. Hence in the present work, an attempt has been made to remove the fluoride in drinking water using corn cobs powder as a natural adsorbent using a fabricated filter. The Bureau of Indian Standard has recommended the limit of fluoride content of 1mg/l (BIS: 10500-2012). The water samples were collected in different places namely Uppinahally, Doddagatta and Yadapura in Arsikere taluk of Hassan district. The defluoridation is done with corn cobs powder and then the results were compared. Filtration with corn cobs powder reduces the fluoride content for the samples from Uppinahally, Doddagatta and Yadapura with initial fluoride content 2.5mg/l, 1.2mg/l, and 1.4mg/l respectively to 1.01mg/l, 0.9mg/l and 0.8mg/l respectively
This document discusses various topics related to drinking water quality including:
1. Definitions of key terms like quality, potable water, and contaminated water.
2. Global water quantities and scarcity issues facing many regions of the world.
3. Water resources and consumption patterns in Pakistan, highlighting declining per capita availability and future shortages.
4. Common impurities found in drinking water and associated health impacts like bacteria, salts, heavy metals, and radiation.
5. Important water quality parameters including physical, chemical, biological, and radiological measures used to evaluate water safety.
Preliminary study on potable water solutions for the rural poorAbhishek Aggarwal
This study considers the drinking water problems that are common in the hilly regions in north Thane district (now Palghar), and explores possible treatment methods and existing enterprise solutions that may be applied there.
It also provides a picture of the conditions/way of living of the rural villagers in Mumbai, India - Health, Education, Water, Connectivity, Awareness, Sanitation conditions. Also, the participation of the NGOs.
Safe drinking water is a basic human necessity. Poor rural communities across the world struggle to meet this basic requirement either due to a lack of access to water or due to poor water quality of existing water sources. This study is a preliminary study which focuses on the latter problem - the challenges surrounding water quality. Drinking water quality is an immensely vast field, and challenges vary greatly by geography and local conditions. This study considers the drinking water problems that are common in the hilly regions in north Thane district (now Palghar), and explores possible treatment methods and existing enterprise solutions that may be applied there.
Drinking water quality is an immensely vast field, and challenges vary greatly by geography and local conditions. This is a preliminary study which focuses on the poor Drinking water quality of existing water sources - the challenges faced by the poor rural communities.
Groundwater Quality And Human Health: Sunderrajan Krishnan, CAREWATERIndia Water Portal
Groundwater quality has a significant impact on human health in India. Several contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates are causing widespread health problems. While technologies exist to remove many contaminants, challenges remain in implementing solutions at scale and addressing the root causes of contamination. A holistic approach is needed that considers the roles of various stakeholders like health agencies and emphasizes generating awareness about the links between water quality and community well-being.
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
Characterization of Leachate and its Impact on the Groundwater Quality at Shi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Water is essential for living and is used for drinking, irrigation and other purposes. Groundwater, in general terms, is defined as water that is present beneath the underlying rocks in the earth’s surface. When an unwanted contaminant changes the physical, biological and chemical properties of water, it is known as water pollution. A Landfill is the most common waste disposal practices used in many parts of the world. It is the cheapest of all waste management practices. The aim of this project is to characterize the landfill leachate and assess the groundwater quality in the vicinity of landfill to find out the impact of landfill leachate on groundwater. The samples were taken for both groundwater and the leachate to evaluate physico-chemical properties along with heavy metal assessment. The samples for leachate were collected from the outlet near the landfill site while the groundwater samples were collected from the handpump near the landfill site. It was observed that the mean value of TDS, EC, CL, Total Alkalinity, Mg, Na and Mn are found exceeding the permissible limits of BIS and WHO standards.
This document summarizes a research project assessing groundwater quality in Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 10 major boreholes serving the local community and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, cations, anions, metals, chloride, nitrate, and total hardness. The results found that pH and total dissolved solids ranged from 5.3-7.2 and 24-208 mg/L, respectively. When compared to WHO and Nigerian drinking water standards, the water quality parameters indicate the water is not suitable for drinking without treatment but can be used for domestic and industrial purposes.
pollution and environmental chemistry in keWan Syafawani
I. The document discusses various water quality parameters that can be used to measure water pollution, including dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, fecal coliform, nitrates, phosphates, total dissolved solids, and turbidity.
II. It then provides more details on some of these parameters based on studies conducted in Kelantan, Malaysia, finding that nitrate levels exceeded standards in some areas likely due to agricultural runoff.
III. In conclusion, while most water quality in Kelantan is clean, some parameters like turbidity and nitrates exceeded limits set by national standards, possibly due to upstream activities like sand mining and logging.
Klingbeil, R., 2011. Water, Scarcity, Climate Change in the Middle East - Some Considerations. Presentation at the BMZ-GIZ-Conference Water and Climate Change in the MENA-Region: Adaptation, Mitigation, and Best Practices. 28-29 April 2011, Berlin, Germany.
Klingbeil, R., 2011. Water, Scarcity, Climate Change in the Middle East: Challenges to Water Management. Presentation at the International Workshop on Hydrology: Nature & Engineering and the World Water Day celebration. 20-22 March 2011, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Muscat, Oman.
THE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN AND AROUND AMUBULIAR WATERSHED OF PUDUKKOTTAI...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the water quality in and around the Ambuliyar watershed in Pudukkottai district, southern Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from 17 wells during the pre-monsoon period in 2022 and tested for various physical and chemical parameters. The results were mapped using GIS software and categorized based on standards from the WHO, BIS, and ISI. Most samples fell within acceptable limits for pH, HCO3-, SO42- and Cl- according to drinking and irrigation standards. However, many samples exceeded limits for K- and F- concentrations. The document discusses the findings for various water quality parameters like electrical conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids, calcium and magnesium
The document discusses water quality issues in India. It states that over 60,000 Indian children under five die from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation annually. Water quality is affected by sewage, agricultural and urban runoff, and industrial discharge. Common contaminants include fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates from various sources. Monitoring of water quality is done across India through networks measuring various biological, physical, chemical and aesthetic parameters. However, many areas still face poor water quality posing health risks like cancer and fluorosis. Ensuring access to safe drinking water remains a key challenge.
Mineralization of purified drinking waterIRJET Journal
This document discusses the mineralization of purified drinking water. It notes that while water purification removes contaminants, it also removes important minerals like calcium and magnesium. This leads to "demineralized" water that does not provide the body with necessary nutrients. The document proposes adding mineral-rich resin beds to water purifiers to restore lost minerals like calcium and magnesium before the water is consumed. Laboratory tests show that purified water is acidic and lacks minerals, while water run through calcium and magnesium membranes has a healthier pH and contains important minerals. The addition of mineral membranes produces mineralized water that hydrates the body and provides mineral supplements.
This document presents a study on the physico-chemical quality of drinking water sources for the Muni community in Arua district, Uganda. The study aims to assess parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium and chloride levels and compare them to WHO standards. Water samples will be collected from boreholes, shallow wells and springs for analysis. Determining the quality of drinking water is important for public health as contaminated water can cause diseases. The results of the study will help authorities monitor water sources in the community.
Similar to R. Klingbeil, 2011: Boron Concentrations in Desalinated Water: A Real Threat? Review of Health Issues, Technical Aspects and International Guidelines (20)
Klingbeil, R., et al., 2021. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the UN Environment World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA), 2nd Annual Global Meeting, 27-28 Jan 2021.
Villholth, K., Klingbeil, R., Ruz Vargas, C., et al., 2020. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the SADC 3rd Groundwater Conference, 24-26 Nov 2020.
Klingbeil, R. & Buss, S., 2002. Groundwater Protection in the Time of Foot and Mouth Disease. Hydrogeological Risk Assessment at Proposed “Burn and Bury” Sites. Presentation and Abstract, Biannual Meeting of the Fachsektion Hydrogeologie der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft (FH-DGG) [Section Hydrogeology of the German Geological Society], 09-11 May 2002, Greifswald, Germany. In: Schafmeister, M.-T. & Meyer, T. [Editors], Grundwasserressourcen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Erschließung und Naturschutz [Groundwater Resources in the Stress Field Between Exploration and Nature Conservation], Abstracts, Publication of the German Geological Society, 19, p. 44.
The document discusses managed aquifer recharge (MAR) techniques for coastal aquifers containing brackish and saline groundwater. It notes that over-exploitation and upconing effects have reduced the efficiency of conventional aquifer storage and recovery systems. The document explores different MAR approaches for various coastal settings and aquifer types. It also summarizes recent research on optimizing well design and operation for MAR in brackish aquifers. Finally, the document proposes areas for potential cooperation between European and GCC countries on MAR pilot projects, research, and improving regulations.
Klingbeil, R., Gröschke, M., 2019. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Coastal Aquifers, in Brackish and Saline Groundwater. Presentation at the WSTA 13th Gulf Water Conference, Kuwait, 12-14 Mar 2019.
This document discusses potential cooperation between the EU and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries - Oman, Bahrain, and the UAE - on subsurface water storage (SWS) technologies. All three countries face increasing salinization of coastal aquifers from seawater intrusion. Excess desalinated water and treated wastewater could be injected underground via aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) to increase water storage capacity and mitigate salinization. The countries expressed interest in SWS pilot projects, applied research, and capacity development assistance from the EU regarding regulatory standards and approval procedures. Joint research, capacity building activities, and funding options could enable cooperation on SWS applications to address coastal aquifer management challenges
Klingbeil., R., 2017. Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa – Challenges and Way Forward. Presentation in the Seminar "International Water Issues", Master Program Hydro Science & Engineering, TU Dresden, 18 Apr 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2017. Groundwater Management in the MENA Region: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future. Presentation at the WSTA 12th Gulf Water Conference, Bahrain, 28-30 Mar 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Wasser im Nahen und Mittleren Osten: Verfügbarkeit, Nutzungen, Herausforderungen unter Bezugnahme auf das UN ESCWA BGR Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia [Water in the Near and Middle East: Availability, Uses, Challenges with Reference to the UN ESCWA BGR Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia]. Presentation at Fachgespräch "Wasseressourcen im Nahen Osten" [Expert Discussion "Water Resources in the Middle East"], Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Bonn, Germany, 08 Dec. 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Dialogue between Science and Policy: Water in the MENA Region. Presentation at Colloquium of the UFZ IP Water Scarcity, Leipzig, Germany, 20 May 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Wasser für die MENA Region - Bedeutung von Zusammenarbeit und Netzwerken [Water for the MENA Region - Importance of Cooperation and Networking]. Presentation at Seminar "Preparedness - Prepare Companies for Future Change", VDMA discussion group "Corporate Foresight", Frankfurt, Germany, 12 May 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. No Sustainable Development Without Water: Challenges and Ways Forward for Water Management in the Region. Presentation at International Water Conference 2016 "Water Resource in Arid areas: The Way Forward", Sultan-Qaboos-University, Muscat, Oman, 13-16 March 2016.
This document summarizes a seminar on water challenges in the Arab region held in Lebanon. It discusses the region's water scarcity issues such as low renewable water availability per capita compared to global averages, high population growth rates straining limited resources, and reliance on non-renewable groundwater for agriculture. Specific challenges facing Lebanon are also examined, including drought years in 2003-2004, 2007-2008, and 2013-2014 that impacted groundwater and springs. The seminar outlines strategies like improved efficiency, reuse of treated wastewater, and managed aquifer recharge to address the region's water security dilemmas.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. Water, Water Scarcity and Sustainable Development. Presentation at UNESCO-RFH Conference “Coping with Water Scarcity”, Beirut, Lebanon, 14-16 Dec 2015.
AWARENET is a regional network hosted by UN ESCWA that aims to improve integrated water resources management in Arab countries. It has over 400 members from 90 institutions across 21 Arab nations. AWARENET provides training courses, studies, and working groups on topics like water governance, water footprint assessment, and climate change adaptation. Its goals are to enhance water and sanitation services, protect water resources and the environment, and promote sustainable water use.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. Governance of Groundwater: Linking Global Processes and Regional Needs. Presentation at IUCN-ROWA Regional Conference “Water and Nature Knowledge Sharing Forum”, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, 12-14 May 2015.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. AWARENET, the Arab Integrated Water Resources Management Network. Presentation at the regional Training Course on Water Footprint Assessments, Manama, Bahrain, 20-22 Apr 2015.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. Water for Sustainable Development - Water for the Future We Want. Presentation at the SQU-MRMWR-Workshop on Water & Sustainable Development, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, 18 Mar 2015.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. State of Water, Resources and Use, Trust Building and Dialogues as Basis for Enhancing Cooperation. Presentation at the LAS, AWC, CEDARE, UN ESCWA Workshop “Advancing Hydro-Diplomacy Skills for Shared Water Resources Negotiations”, 3rd Arab Water Forum, Cairo, Egypt, 12 Dec 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. Water Within Currently Proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Presentation at the Water Science and Technology (WSTA), 11th Gulf Water Conference (GWC), Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014.
More from BGR - Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany (20)
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
R. Klingbeil, 2011: Boron Concentrations in Desalinated Water: A Real Threat? Review of Health Issues, Technical Aspects and International Guidelines
1. Boron Concentrations in Desalinated Water -
A Real Threat?
Review of Health Issues, Technical Aspects
and International Guidelines
Muscat, Oman
10-12 October 2011
Ralf Klingbeil
Regional Advisor Environment & Water
2. Outline
• ESCWA and Regional Advisor services
• PAEW request and ToR
• Status quo: Boron in drinking water in Oman
• Health, toxicology: plants and humans
• Boron functions in plants and humans
• Removal by reverse osmosis desalination
• Drinking water guidelines: global and regional
• Conclusions & recommendations
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 2
3. 1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 3
UN ESCWA
• 14 Member Countries
• Bahrain
• Egypt
• Iraq
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon
• Qatar
• Oman
• Palestine
• Saudi Arabia
• Sudan
• Syrian Arab Republic
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen
5. Sustainable Development and Productivity
Division and RA Environment & Water
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 5
WaterEnergy
Productive
Sectors
§ Energy efficiency
§ Access to modern
energy services
§ Renewable
energies
§ Advanced/cleaner
fossil fuels
§ Rural electrification
§ Sustainable energy
use in transport
§ Integrated water
resource
management
(IWRM)
§ Management of
shared water
resources
§ Improved water
supply and
sanitation
§ Competitiveness
and productivity of
SMEs
§ Environmentally
sound technologies
§ Sustainable
agriculture and
rural development
§ Trade and
environment
Cross-cutting issues:
§ Climate change adaptation and mitigation
§ Sustainable consumption and production
§ Green economy
6. RA Environment & Water 2009-10
• Modalities
– Policy Advice, Technical
Support and Advocacy
– Training & Capacity
Building
Workshops, Study Tours,
Fellowships
– Regional Knowledge
Networking
Partnerships w Centers of
Excellence
– Field Projects
Pilot projects with seed money
• Total requests 2009-2010:
– Environment: 38
– Water: 60
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 6
Status:
End of 2010
7. RA / TC Example Projects
• Ministry of Economy and Planning (MoEP), Saudi Arabia
– Contribution to “Assessment and Strategic Management of the
Water Sector”, Jul 2009 – Jan 2010
• Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Urban Planning
(MMAUP), Bahrain
– Contribution to national approach to “Managed Aquifer Recharge
and Reuse of Treated Sewage Effluent”, since Sep 2010
• Public Authority of Electricity and Water (PAEW), Oman
– Various contributions to “Drinking Water Quality Aspects in
Oman”, since May 2009
• Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), Jordan
– Assistance in “Groundwater Monitoring of Disi Transboundary
Aquifer”, in cooperation with BGR, Germany, since Apr 2009
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 7
8. • Assistance in Reviewing
Appropriate Guideline
Values for Boron in
Drinking Water for the
Sultanate of Oman
– Desk Study:
Nov-Dec 2011
– Meeting at PAEW:
22 Dec 2010
– Report presentation:
19 Mar 2011
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 8
9. PAEW Request and ToR
1. Study the impact of boron on consumer health,
2. Review permissible concentrations of boron in
drinking water at the global level and in the
ESCWA region, and
3. Review and discuss appropriate guideline
values for boron in drinking water for Oman.
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 9
10. Boron in Drinking Water
Guideline values:
• Earlier global and current Omani guideline value,
WHO (2008) & MoCI (2006):
– 0.5 mg/l
• New global guideline value,
WHO (2011):
– 2,4 mg/l
• Single stage SWRO membranes can reduce boron
only to about 0.9-1.8 mg/l
• Even two stage RO process often insufficient to
achieve 0.5 mg/l guideline
• Expensive to remove boron to achieve strict
guideline values
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 10
11. Boron in Drinking Water in Oman:
Desalination Product Water
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 11
12. 1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 12
Boron in Drinking Water in Oman:
Desalination Product and Feed Water
Region Wilayat Plant
Boron concentration (mg/l)
2007 2008 2009 2010
Product Feed
Al Wusta
Mahout
Hij 1.049 1.632 0.920 1.380
Mahout 1.125 0.973 0.870 0.930
Khaloof 1.754 1.754 1.430
Al Sail Al
Ramla
1.529 1.037 1.170 1.020
Al Nagda 0.330
Al Jazer
Eshairija 0.48 0.601 0.601 1.42
Al Lakbi 1.805 1.957 1.420 1.82 7.25
Kahal 0.187 0.299 0.150 0.65 3.63
Al Daqum
Al Sadanat 0.552 0.758 0.610 1.22 5.43
Ras Al
Madrkah
2.73 1.280 2.09 7.22
Dhahar 0.74 0.843 0.730 0.89 3.54
Hitam 0.42 0.72 0.680 1.21 5.09
Haima Haima 0.600 1.67 6.03
Al Sharqia
Sur
Sur 1.154 1.18 0.420
Tiwi 1.820 1.820
Ras Al Had 1.04 1.032 1.27 1.960
Jalan bani
bu Ali
Asselah 1.12
Ruwais 0.53
Khuwaima 1.275 1.188 1.02 1.28
Al Dakhila Adam
Al zahya 0.725 1.116 1.116 1.300
Adam 0.555 0.704 0.570 0.670
Qarn Al
Alam
1.006 1.342 1.220 1.840
13. 1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 13
Boron in Drinking Water in Oman:
Desalination Product and Feed Water
Region Wilayat Plant
Boron concentration (mg/l)
2007 2008 2009 2010
Product Feed
Muscat
Muscat
Al Ghubrah 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.100
Sifah 1.237 1.306 1.070 1.57 5.02
Khairan 0.273 0.521 0.440 0.62 3.91
Quriyat
Fins 1.169 1.145 0.940 1.19 4.42
Bamah 1.64 0.845 0.720 1.34 5.24
Daghmar 1.550 1.26 4.88
South
Batinah
Barkah
Barkah 1 0.0 0.0 - 0.060
Barkah 2 0.0 0.0 0.770 0.50
Musandam
Khasab
Sheesa 1.228 2.220 2.43
Lima RO
Plant
0.803 0.760 1.02
Lima ED
Plant
0.700 1.05
Daba Diba 0.679 1.550 2.07
Al Dhahirah Ibri
Hamra Al
drua
0.880 0.890
North
Batinah
Sohar Sohar 0.011 0.019 - 0.03
14. Boron in Drinking Water in Oman
Status in Oman, as of March 2011:
• Desalination product water 2007-2010:
– Only 16% comply with strict 0.5 mg/l guidance
– 84 % are above 0.5 mg/l guideline
– Only 1.8% are above the 2.4 mg/l level
• Product water from RO desalination plants
without any further 2nd pass are often not in
compliance with today’s standards
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 14
15. Natural Occurrence: Boron in Water
• Boron concentration in seawater: 4.5 - 7 mg/l:
– un-dissociated boric acid B(OH)3, pH < 9.2
– ionized borate B(OH)4
-, pH > 9.2
• Found naturally in groundwater
– primarily leaching from rocks and soils
containing borate and borosilicate
• Released through
– weathering processes and
– anthropogenic discharges such as sewage outfalls
• Adsorption-desorption reactions only significant
mechanism influencing boron in water
• Extent of boron adsorption depends on
– pH of water and
– concentration of boron in solution
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 15
16. Health, Toxicology: Plants
• Symptoms: “burned edges” on older leaves,
yellowing of leaf tips, accelerated decay
• Relative tolerance of agricultural crops to boron
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 16
17. Health, Toxicology: Humans
• Symptoms: respiratory irritation, incl.
nosebleeds, eye and nasal irritation, sore
throats, cough, shortness of breath, dermatitis
• Absorption rate of 83-94%, nearly completely
through inhalation and dermal contact
• Lethal doses boric acid:
– oral exposure: 640 mg/kg body weight
– dermal exposure: 8600 mg/kg body weight
– intravenous injection: 29 mg/kg body weight
– 5-20 g for adults
– < 5 g for infants
• No data on carcinogenicity
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 17
18. Health, Toxicology: Humans
Accidental intake and poisoning
• Symptoms: gastrointestinal tract disturbances,
vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea,
lethargy, rash, headache, light-headedness,
fever, irritability and muscle cramps
• Intakes in the range of
– 30.4 – 94.7 mg B/kg body weight / day, infants
– twice 45 g intake in 12h interval
• Lethal doses presumably:
– 15-20 g for adults
– 5-6 g for children
– 2-3 g for infants
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 18
19. Health, Toxicology: Humans
Boron in drinking water and diets
• Positive correlation betwen boron in drinking
water and blood:
– < 2.5 mg/l boron in drinking water < 0,1 µg/g blood
– 15.2 mg/l boron in drinking water 0,7 µg/g blood
• No conclusive evidence for impact on fertility or
other reproductive outcomes
• High boron diet (3 mg/day) enhances some
parameters in relation to oestrogen therapy in
post-menopausal women
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 19
20. Boron Functions in Plants and Humans
Plants:
• Essential micronutrient affecting plant growth and development
• In irrigation water / soils important for crop yields and quality of
produce
• Deficiency may exhibit a wide range of symptoms: necrosis,
abnormalities related to the breakdown of internal tissues
Humans:
• Biochemical function of boron remains undefined
• Potential nutritional importance as dynamic trace element affecting
metabolism or utilization of numerous substances in life processes
• Deprivation results in changed biological functions that are
detrimental
• Supplementation may improve osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
• May reduce risk of inflammatory disease by down-regulating
enzymes of inflammatory response
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 20
21. Boron Removal Processes
Basically three technologies:
• Boron-specific ion exchange resin,
• Strong base anion-exchange resin, and
• Reverse Osmosis (RO):
– Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)
• semi-permeable membrane
• most of the dissolved species are rejected
• water permeates it
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 21
22. Boron Removal Processes:
Different RO Processes
• Boron removal process for seawater
desalination, feed conc. 4-5 mg/l, 18-26 °C
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 22
23. Boron Removal Processes:
Chemistry in Seawater
• Concentration in seawater: 4.8 – 7 mg/l
• Two forms of boron:
– boric acid B(OH)3
– borate B(OH)4
-
• Dissociation constant pKa (boric acid / borate):
f (temperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength)
•
• Removal of non-ionized boric acid by Reverse
Osmosis (RO) is low due to its smaller size and
lack of electric charge
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 23
24. Boron Removal Processes:
Effect of Different Parameters
Parameter Boron rejection
pH increases Increases
Feed pressure increases Increases
Feed temperature increases Decreases
Feed salinity (ionic strength)
increases
Decreases
Recovery ratio increases Decreases
Mannitol or Fe increases Increases
Feed flow rate increases No effect
Initial boron concentration
increases
No effect
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 24
26. Boron Removal Processes:
Effect of Temperature Change
• Increased temperature results in an reduction in
boron removal
– Total flux through RO membranes incl. salt flux
increases at higher temperature
– Reduction to 70% at 25 °C / 72% at 35 °C
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 26
27. Boron Drinking Water Standards:
Global & Regional
• How to develop a guideline value for boron?
– NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effects Level:
The adverse effect judged to be most appropriate is the
reproductive toxicity based on Heindel et al., 1992 and
Price et al., 1994.
– Uncertainty Factor:
Based on interspecies and intraspecies factors
– TDI = Tolerable Daily Intake:
Estimate of the intake of a substance that can occur over a
lifetime without appreciable health risks
– Allocation to water:
Percentage of TDI allocated to water intake
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 27
28. Boron Drinking Water Standards:
Global & Regional
WHO EU AUS CAN USA
Year 2008 2011 1998 Future
2004
2008 2009
AROI
NOAEL (mg/kg/d) 9.6 10.3 - 10.3 9.6 - - 10.3
Uncertainty factor 60 60 - 60 60 - - 66
TDI (mg/kg) 0.16 0.17 - 0.17 0.16 - - 0.2
Allocation to water
(%)
10 40 - 40 10 - - 80
Body weight (kg) 60 60 - 60 70 - - 70
Water
consumption (l/d)
2 2 - 2 2 - - 2
GUIDELINE (mg/l) 0.5 2.4 1 2.4 0.6 4 5 6
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 28
29. Boron Drinking Water Standards:
Global & Regional
BAH EGY IRQ JOR KUW LEB OMN
Year 1999 2007 2001 2005 1999 1996 2006
Guideline (mg/l) -- 0.5 1.0 2.0 0.5 -- 0.5
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 29
oPt SAU SUD SYR UAE YEM
Year 1997 2000 2002 1994 -- --
Guideline (mg/l) -- 0.5 0.2 0.3 -- --
• Global and regional standards vary from 0.2 to 6 mg/l
• Global guidelines derived from formula
• 4 of 13 countries in the region follow 2008 WHO guideline
• No information available on derivation of regional guidelines
nor about their compliance monitoring
30. Conclusions & Recommendations 1/2
• Oman may wish to review present drinking water
standards with respect to the element of boron
• Change of drinking water guidelines for boron
justifiable
– from 0.5 mg/l to proposed new guidance 2.4 mg/l
• Precautions to be taken for boron > 0.5 mg/l for
plant irrigation
– cost effectiveness of additional boron removal for
local irrigation vs. resettlement of irrigated plantation
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 30
31. Conclusions & Recommendations 2/2
• Major source of boron is seawater (4.5 - 7 mg/l):
– un-dissociated boric acid B(OH)3, pH < 9.2
– ionized borate B(OH)4
-, pH > 9.2
– Small and uncharged boric acid minerals can diffuse through the
RO membrane
– Increasing pH, feed pressure or complexation reactions increase
boron removal rates,
– Increasing temperatures in feed water reduce boron removal
rates
• Current global and regional standards for boron in
drinking water vary from 0.2 mg/l to 6 mg/l
• Insufficient information to prove harmful effects on
human beings
• Expensive boron removal to achieve strict 0.5 mg/l
guideline value
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 31
32. Further Suggestions
• Options for “mobile 2nd pass RO membranes”?
– Feasibility of developing or using mobile / container-
based 2nd pass membranes for boron > 2.4 mg/l
• Accompanying research?
– An increase in guideline values for boron in Oman
could be accompanied with research related to
environmental health with communities largely
depending on boron > 0.5 mg/l
– Joint regional or bilateral research cooperation with
Saudi Arabia, GCC and/or ESCWA countries:
• GCC countries depend largely on desalination for drinking
water
• Boron challenges are largely restricted to RO desalination
mainly used in Oman and Saudi Arabia
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 32
33. Latest Status:
New 2011 WHO Guidance
• WHO, July 2011.
Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed.
– Boron
Guideline value 2.4 mg/l (2400 μg/l)
– http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/20
11/dwq_guidelines/en/#
• WHO, March 2011.
Safe drinking-water from desalination
– Boron and borate
(…)
– http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/20
11/desalination_guidance/en/index.html
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 33
34. Most Relevant References
• Al-Busaidi, A. (2004). Desalination in Oman and the fundamentals of reverse osmosis design.
Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water.
• Hilal, N., Kim, G.J., Somerfield, C. (2010). Boron removal from saline water: A comprehensive
review. Desalination, 223, pp. 10-23.
• Kabay, N., Guler, E., Bryjak, M. (2010). Boron in seawater and methods for its separation - A
review. Desalination, 261, pp. 212-217.
• Ministry of Commerce and Industry (2006). Omani Standards for unbottled drinking water.
Directorate for Specifications and Measurement (OS 8/2006), p. 6.
http://www.pdo.co.om/hseforcontractors/blocks/documentation/docs/laws/Omani%20St%20Eng-full.pdf
• UK Expert group on vitamins and minerals (2002). Revised review of boron.
http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/boron.pdf
• U.S. EPA (2004). Toxicological review of boron and compounds (CAS 7440-42-8). U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA 635/04/052.
http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0410tr.pdf
• WHO (2008). Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd Ed., World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf
• WHO (2009). Boron in drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines
for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2009/WHO_HSE_WSH_09.01_2_eng.pdf
• WHO (2011). Safe drinking-water from desalination. World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/desalination_guidance/en/index.html
• WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 4th Ed. World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/dwq_guidelines/en/#
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 34
35. Boron Concentrations in Desalinated Water -
A Real Threat?
Review of Health Issues, Technical Aspects
and International Guidelines
Muscat, Oman
10-12 October 2011
Ralf Klingbeil
Regional Advisor Environment & Water