An overview of quantum computing, with its features, capabilities and types of problems it can solve. Also covers some current and future implementations of quantum computing, and a view of the patent landscape.
Quantum computing is the computing which uses the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands for "Quantum Bits".
With quantum computers, factoring of prime numbers are possible.
Quantum Computers new Generation of Computers part 7 by prof lili saghafi Qua...Professor Lili Saghafi
Quantum algorithm
algorithm for factoring, the general number field sieve
Optimization algorithm
deterministic quantum algorithm Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm
Entanglement
Enigma
Quantum Teleportation
An overview of quantum computing, with its features, capabilities and types of problems it can solve. Also covers some current and future implementations of quantum computing, and a view of the patent landscape.
Quantum computing is the computing which uses the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands for "Quantum Bits".
With quantum computers, factoring of prime numbers are possible.
Quantum Computers new Generation of Computers part 7 by prof lili saghafi Qua...Professor Lili Saghafi
Quantum algorithm
algorithm for factoring, the general number field sieve
Optimization algorithm
deterministic quantum algorithm Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm
Entanglement
Enigma
Quantum Teleportation
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
Quantum computing is a fascinating concept in the science and technology industry. There’s a huge scope to use quantum computing in daily business processes in the future.
Read on to understand quantum computing concepts and see how it’s implemented using Python.
Quantum computers are designed to perform tasks much more accurately and efficiently than conventional computers, providing developers with a new tool for specific applications.
It is clear in the short-term that quantum computers will not replace their traditional counterparts; instead, they will require classical computers to support their specialized abilities, such as systems optimization.
Quantum computation uses the quantistic physics principles to store and to process information on computational devices.
Presentation for a workshop during the event "SUPER, Salone delle Startup e Imprese Innovative"
A file on Quantum Computing for people with least knowledge about physics, electronics, computers and programming. Perfect for people with management backgrounds. Covers understandable details about the topic.
Quantum Computers are the future and this manual explains the topic in the best possible way.
Just like a classical internet a quantum internet consists of computers attached to an internet. In the case of a quantum internet these are naturally quantum computers.
On a quantum internet we don’t send classical bits, 0’s and 1’s, but we will transmit qubits.What makes a quantum internet, or what makes the transmission of qubits so much more powerful than what we have today? Qubits have very special features
They cannot be copied, making them ideal for security applications.
Two qubits can also be in a very special state: namely an entangled state.
An entangled state between two qubits is the essence of the power of a quantum internet.
Quantum Computers New Generation of Computers PART1 by Prof Lili SaghafiProfessor Lili Saghafi
This lecture is intended to introduce the concepts and terminology used in Quantum Computing, to provide an overview of what a Quantum Computer is, and why you would want to program one.
The material here is using very high level concepts and is designed to be accessible to both technical and non-technical audiences.
Some background in physics, mathematics and programming is useful to help understand the concepts presented.
Exploits Quantum Mechanical effects
Built around “Qubits” rather than “bits”
Operates in an extreme environment
Enables quantum algorithms to solve very hard problems
Quantum Computing: Welcome to the FutureVernBrownell
Vern Brownell, CEO at D-Wave Systems, shares his thoughts on Quantum Computing in this presentation, which he delivered at Compute Midwest in November 2014. He addresses big questions that include: What is a quantum computer? How do you build one? Why does it matter? What does the future hold for quantum computing?
Quantum computing is a rapidly developing field of computer science that explores the application of quantum mechanics to information processing. It promises to revolutionize the way we solve complex problems that are currently beyond the capabilities of classical computers.
This PowerPoint presentation provides an introduction to the basics of quantum computing, including the principles of quantum mechanics, the properties of quantum bits or qubits, quantum entanglement, quantum superposition, and types of quantum computing .
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
Quantum computing is a fascinating concept in the science and technology industry. There’s a huge scope to use quantum computing in daily business processes in the future.
Read on to understand quantum computing concepts and see how it’s implemented using Python.
Quantum computers are designed to perform tasks much more accurately and efficiently than conventional computers, providing developers with a new tool for specific applications.
It is clear in the short-term that quantum computers will not replace their traditional counterparts; instead, they will require classical computers to support their specialized abilities, such as systems optimization.
Quantum computation uses the quantistic physics principles to store and to process information on computational devices.
Presentation for a workshop during the event "SUPER, Salone delle Startup e Imprese Innovative"
A file on Quantum Computing for people with least knowledge about physics, electronics, computers and programming. Perfect for people with management backgrounds. Covers understandable details about the topic.
Quantum Computers are the future and this manual explains the topic in the best possible way.
Just like a classical internet a quantum internet consists of computers attached to an internet. In the case of a quantum internet these are naturally quantum computers.
On a quantum internet we don’t send classical bits, 0’s and 1’s, but we will transmit qubits.What makes a quantum internet, or what makes the transmission of qubits so much more powerful than what we have today? Qubits have very special features
They cannot be copied, making them ideal for security applications.
Two qubits can also be in a very special state: namely an entangled state.
An entangled state between two qubits is the essence of the power of a quantum internet.
Quantum Computers New Generation of Computers PART1 by Prof Lili SaghafiProfessor Lili Saghafi
This lecture is intended to introduce the concepts and terminology used in Quantum Computing, to provide an overview of what a Quantum Computer is, and why you would want to program one.
The material here is using very high level concepts and is designed to be accessible to both technical and non-technical audiences.
Some background in physics, mathematics and programming is useful to help understand the concepts presented.
Exploits Quantum Mechanical effects
Built around “Qubits” rather than “bits”
Operates in an extreme environment
Enables quantum algorithms to solve very hard problems
Quantum Computing: Welcome to the FutureVernBrownell
Vern Brownell, CEO at D-Wave Systems, shares his thoughts on Quantum Computing in this presentation, which he delivered at Compute Midwest in November 2014. He addresses big questions that include: What is a quantum computer? How do you build one? Why does it matter? What does the future hold for quantum computing?
Quantum computing is a rapidly developing field of computer science that explores the application of quantum mechanics to information processing. It promises to revolutionize the way we solve complex problems that are currently beyond the capabilities of classical computers.
This PowerPoint presentation provides an introduction to the basics of quantum computing, including the principles of quantum mechanics, the properties of quantum bits or qubits, quantum entanglement, quantum superposition, and types of quantum computing .
Quantum Computing and Blockchain: Facts and Myths Ahmed Banafa
The biggest danger to Blockchain networks from quantum computing is its ability to break traditional encryption . Google sent shock waves around the internet when it was claimed, had built a quantum computer able to solve formerly impossible mathematical calculations–with some fearing crypto industry could be at risk . Google states that its experiment is the first experimental challenge against the extended Church-Turing thesis — also known as computability thesis — which claims that traditional computers can effectively carry out any “reasonable” model of computation
Strengths and limitations of quantum computingVinayak Sharma
Quantum computing as a research field has been around for about 30 years. It seems like a way to overcome the challenges that classical (boolean based) computers are facing due to “quantum tunneling” effect. Although, there are various theoretical and practical challenges that are needed to be dealt with if we want quantum computes to perform better that classical computers (i.e achieving “quantum supremacy”). This seminar will aim to shed light on basics of quantum computing and its strengths and weaknesses.
Video Links
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WLD_HnUvy0
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXzUmpk8ztU
Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away.
While teleportation is portrayed in science fiction as a means to transfer physical objects from one location to the next, quantum teleportation only transfers quantum information.
In this deck from the HPC User Forum in Tucson, Carl Williams from NIST presents: Quantum Computing at NIST. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was founded in 1901 and is now part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. NIST is one of the nation's oldest physical science laboratories. Congress established the agency to remove a major challenge to U.S. industrial competitiveness at the time—a second-rate measurement infrastructure that lagged behind the capabilities of the United Kingdom, Germany, and other economic rivals.
"Quantum information science research at NIST explores ways to employ phenomena exclusive to the quantum world to measure, encode and process information for useful purposes, from powerful data encryption to computers that could solve problems intractable with classical computers."
By its very nature, quantum science sets fundamental limits on precision measurements, so by necessity NIST is a leader in basic and applied research in quantum science. Some of the most fundamental quantum research in the world is carried out in partnerships between NIST and top universities, such as JILA(link is external), the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI)(link is external) and the Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science (QuICS)(link is external). Scientists in these institutes leverage the combined resources of the partners to advance research in the control of atoms and molecules and development of ultra-fast lasers capable of manipulating states of matter. The discoveries that have been made in these institutes continue to be applied at NIST to meeting new measurement challenges, such as the development of the world’s best atomic clocks and lasers."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-inC
Learn more: https://www.nist.gov/topics/quantum-information-science
and
http://hpcuserforum.com
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Call for Chapters- Edited Book: Real World Challenges in Quantum Electronics ...Christo Ananth
Most experts would consider this the biggest challenge. Quantum computers are extremely sensitive to noise and errors caused by interactions with their environment. This can cause errors to accumulate and degrade the quality of computation. Developing reliable error correction techniques is therefore essential for building practical quantum computers. While quantum computers have shown impressive performance for some tasks, they are still relatively small compared to classical computers. Scaling up quantum computers to hundreds or thousands of qubits while maintaining high levels of coherence and low error rates remains a major challenge. Developing high-quality quantum hardware, such as qubits and control electronics, is a major challenge. There are many different qubit technologies, each with its own strengths and weaknesses, and developing a scalable, fault-tolerant qubit technology is a major focus of research. Funding agencies, such as government agencies, are rising to the occasion to invest in tackling these quantum computing challenges. Researchers — almost daily — are making advances in the engineering and scientific challenges to create practical quantum computers
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
1. “If you think you understand quantum
mechanics, you don’t understand quantum
mechanics.”
~Richard Feynman
2. Today’s transistor based technology is reaching it’s physical
limits due to the laws of mother nature. The next sensible
step is find a way to harness the properties of quantum
mechanics to keep up with humanity’s increasing demand
for data and communications. Quantum computing and
communications is currently being developed in R&D labs
all over the world and the next generation of ‘disruptive
technology’ is already in use or projected to be
commercially available by 2021, and can be implemented
through existing fiber-optic lines and satellite laser
communication terminals… Or possibly something new.
3. • The Truth Table
• Quantum Computing Basics
• Quantum ‘Arms Race’
• Quantum Key Distribution
• Quantum Network
Communication
4. • The quantum technology revolution’s near-future impact
Q A
Will it create new industries? YES
Will make other industries obsolete? YES
Will it allow me to talk to a 35,000yr old Neanderthal named ‘Ramtha’? NO
Will it allow for deep-space imaging without spacial related time-delays? MAYBE
Will it help me to heal disease with the power of by mind? NO
Will it help develop more effective diagnostics and treatments for diseases? YES
Will it make humans dumber? NO
Will it make humans smarter? MAYBE
Will teenagers find a way to use it to have sex? YES
6. • From Bits, to Qubits
• The quantum bit (qubit) is the fundamental unit of quantum computation.
• Unlike conventional binary bits, a qubit can enter a “superposition state”
• Only one classical bit can be extracted from one qubit corresponding to
the measurement result.
Image; "How to Compute with Schrödinger's Cat: An Introduction to Quantum Computing“, StanfordOnline, 2016
7. • Quantum circuit model
• Start with a known quantum state (input data)
• Apply a sequence of 1 or 2 qubit logic gates
• Measure to obtain final answer
• Adiabatic quantum computation
• Define a Hamiltonian [ Hf ] with a ground state that is the solution
to a computational problem
• Evolve system slowly along a path between [ H0 => Hf ]
• Measure to obtain the answer
• Measurement based computation
• Start with highly entangled state
• Make a series of single qubit measurements
• Interpret of measurements to obtain answer
8. • Ion traps
• Use optical or magnetic fields (or a combination of both) to trap
ions
• Optical traps
• Use light waves to trap and control particles
• Quantum dots
• Are made of semiconductor material and are used to contain and
manipulate electrons
• Semiconductor impurities
• Contain electrons by using "unwanted" atoms found in
semiconductor material
• Superconducting circuits
• Allow electrons to flow with almost no resistance at very low
temperatures
9. • Diamond with nitrogen vacancies
• Room-temperature quantum memory based on the spin of the nitrogen
nucleus intrinsic to each nitrogen–vacancy.
• Yttrium silicate doped with europium
• Strong magnetic field creates a "frozen core" in which all the spins of the
europium atom's electrons stay put to slow decoherence. Maximum time
for storing quantum information in the spin-state is appox. 6 hours.
• Europium atoms receive the state of a photon and then emit a new photon
that's sent further down the communication chain, limiting the loss of
photons that naturally occur over longer fiber-optic connections.
• Current suggestions include a sneakernet approach for transporting
quantum memory between localized networks.
10. Image; “Quantum imaging finally saves Schrödinger's cat“ Belfast, 11 September, 2014. Andor.com
• Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC) is a process in which a laser
beam incident on a nonlinear crystal leads to the emission of correlated photon pairs
called signal and idler.
• SPDC creates harmonic orders for coherent energy frequencies.
11. • Entangled qmode frequency comb processing uses an Optical Parametric Oscillator
(OPO) and involves weaving quantum optical frequency combs into continuous-
variable hypercubic cluster states.
• This particular approach is intriguing in that it’s using interference via ‘quantum-wire’
sequences for one-way computing.
Image from: “Time- and frequency-resolved quantum optics for large-scale quantum computing” 25 February 2016, spie.com
Image from: “weaving quantum optical frequency combs into continuous-variable hypercubic cluster states”24 Sept. 2014, Physical Review
12. • Simple circuits based around the light-splitter create the logic gates
• University of Bristol’s 2-Qubit chip
• Future chip designs are based on these circuits
Image; “Bristol University Offers Cloud Access To Quantum Chip“ 6 Sept., 2013. techweekeurope.co.uk
13. • Usable large-scale processors require Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, in
which more than two photons are entangled.
• Due to the nature of quantum mechanics, scientists must sometimes randomly guess
the best hardware configuration is to obtain this.
• Utilizing AI to do all the random guessing is a more efficient design approach.
Image; “Quantum mechanics is so weird that scientists need AI to design experiments“ 6 March, 2016. cnet.com
14. • There’s only one thing weirder than quantum mechanics, and better than AI at
assisting in the design of quantum computers. People from the internet.
• Some of the problems slowing down the design of reliable quantum technologies have
the potential of being solved by anyone. Even your cat.
Image; Somebody from the internet
15. • meQuanics game for quantum hardware design
• Quantum Moves game simulating photon teleportation
Images; mequanics.com.au &
scienceathome.org
17. • D-Wave only solves problems expressed in a linear equation
• Conventional 'universal' computers require many iterations to find the optimal set of
values for this optimization.
• D-Wave uses an application-specific quantum effect called tunneling to solve the
same problems in a single cycle.
• ‘Universal’ computers use a logic-gate based model for computation.
• D-Wave uses an adiabatic (occurring without loss or gain of heat) superconducting
model for annealing.
18. • Annealing for Optimization Problems:
• Certain problems are considered NP because the algorithms easily used by
transistor-based computers become increasingly inefficient at solving them as
the data set grows in size.
“Traveling Salesman Problem Visualization – Simulated Annealing”
19. • Applications include:
• Protein folding
• Image recognition
• AI music generation
• Data compression
• Faster unstructured searches
• Logistics for delivery routes, air traffic
control and interstellar flight trajectories
• Communications routing
• Code breaking
by Emerging Technology from the arXiv February 24, 2016
20. • IBM
• IBM’s chip with four qubits arranged in a square can detect both bit
and phase flip based errors.
• Rigetti
• Startup developing a fault-tolerant gate-based solid state quantum
processor.
Image; ”IBM demonstrates superconducting quantum computer“ 2015, kurzweilai.net
21. • Microsoft
• Funding research into using the majorana fermion, an exotic particle that behaves
simultaneously like matter and antimatter, but in a stable manner that interacts
weakly with it’s environment and makes it resistant to quantum decoherence.
• Released the LIQUi|〉 circuit simulator as part of their Station Q project for fermionic
topological qubit computations.
Image; Microsoft, 2016
22. • Alcatel-Lucent
• Bell Labs theoretical quantum information work is focused on algorithms,
topological quantum computation, and quantum error-correcting codes.
• Experimental research teams are designing and fabricating micro-ion-traps and
optical lattices for cold trapped atoms to be used in large-scale quantum
computing, and exploring multi-channel gigahertz-rate quantum cryptography.
Image; ” Circuit for topological qubit” 2016, Quanta Magazine
23. • Pseudo-Random Number Generation (PRNG) uses deterministic algorithms to
produce keys.
• A traditional computer performs calculations sequentially, making RSA-1024(and
2048) difficult to break without knowing the initialization vector and algorithm used, but
if these variables are known the key can be found due this determinism.
Image; Lutece Twins - BioShock Infinite
24. • A Quantum computer utilizing Shor’s factoring method can crack standard PK
encryption systems by performing all calculations simultaneously. Like the ones
used when trading keys for AES encoded communications.
• Things may get very ‘WikiLeaks’ once this is possible as many entities globally are
slurping up and saving encrypted data in anticipation of being able to read it sometime
in the next 10 years.
Image; Internet memes and Zero Wing
25. • The following encryption types still seem ‘safe’:
• Code Based
• Hash Based
• Lattice Based
• Multivariate Quadratic Equations
• One Time Pad
• Application of Grover’s algorithm will significantly reduce the time
required to brute-force a key.
• All known forms of encryption utilizing math-based key generation
will become significantly weaker.
26. Random Number Generation, How QKD works, Commercial QKD, Hacking QKD
Image; “Jolly Phi” from Quantum Hacking Group, NTNU Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunications
27. • Using photons and a semi-transparent
mirror, a random number sequence can be
generated because the photons will pass
through the mirror only 50% of the time.
• IDQuantique & MagiQ use QRNG’s as a
component for QKD systems. Quantum RNGs
are also employed by lotteries and other
industries that rely on truly random numbers.
• There’s a IDQ brand random number
generator online via University of Geneva
Image; Respective Companies
28. • Utilizing the One Time Pad encryption and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
quantum key distribution is provably secure.
• Unlike classical key distribution algorithms such as Diffie-Hellman key exchange, QKD
provides security through physical properties rather than the difficulty of a
mathematical problem.
• Eavesdropping will destroy the key because some of the quantum information will be
lost.
• When the error rate is below a certain threshold, (about 3%) the channel can be
considered secure.
Image; IDQ & unknown
29. • Alice finds random values for
key bits.
• Alice transmits each value,
encoded in a non-orthogonal
basis on a ‘single photon’.
• Bob randomly selects a basis
and measures each photon he
receives.
• Alice & Bob determine
matching bases, and discard
all other bits ( sifting ).
• Assuming no errors, Alice and
Bob now share matching keys.
Image; Unknown
32. • Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol with Decoy States
• SARG04 & T12
• More promising as a cost effective attenuated laser based MDI homodyne
encoding standards
• Enhanced security with longer range
2015 IDQ., All Rights Reserved
33. • T12 protocol
• This makes bit sifting much more efficient, nearly doubling performance under
many conditions.
• It allows key distribution over standard telecom fibre links exceeding 100 km in
length and bit rates sufficient to generate 1 Megabit per second of key material
over a distance of 50 km.
2015 Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., All Rights Reserved
34. • Cerberis QKD Server
• The Cerberis QKD server works in conjunction with Centauris encryptors for high-
speed encryption based on the proven Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
• Point-to-point wire-speed encryption with minimum latency and no packet
expansion is made possible by operating at the layer 2 of the OSI model.
Standard network protocols up to a bandwidth of 10Gbps are supported.
• These encryptors have received stringent security accreditation (Common Criteria
EAL4+ and FIPS 140-2).
2015 IDQ., All Rights Reserved
35. • Cerberis QKD Blade
• Building block for extended quantum backbones
• P-2-P data center interconnects
• Clavis2 QKD Platform For R&D
• Consists of two stations controlled by one or two external
computers. A comprehensive software suite implements
automated hardware operation and complete key
distillation. Two quantum cryptography protocols, BB84
and SARG04, are implemented.
2015 IDQ., All Rights Reserved
37. • MagiQ QPN™ Security Gateway
• Refreshes keys as often as 100 times per second by incorporating real-time,
continuous, symmetrical quantum key generation based on truly random numbers
39. • 1st generation QKD requires fibre optic cabling dedicated to the task (so called dark
fibre) that can exchange keys at 1Mb/s over 240km
• This is vulnerable to side-channel attacks via injection of additional light into the ‘key
line’
• Side-channel-free QKD encoded with decoy states ( like the T12 Protocol ) and sent
along existing fiber optic networks alongside regular traffic is a little more secure
• A QKD system using entangled photons would have a greater critical advantage: the
key comes into existence simultaneously at both sender and receiver nodes,
eliminating the possibility of interception
41. • Information can be processed and teleported with Continuous Variables and
transmitted on a quantum scale using squeezed coherent light.
• This isn’t the same as processing with single photons or photon pairs as qubits. CV
quantum processing relies on the fact that squeezing is intimately related to quantum
entanglement, and is useful for communications.
Image; octave spanning self referenced frequency comb from Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics
42. • As a photon travels through fibre optic cable it’s state slowly changes, limiting the
distance the quantum information can travel.
• Quantum information can be transmitted from one location to another, with the help
quantum entanglement between the sending and receiving location
• Controllable signals can be sent using quantum teleportation with two entangled
photons, the ‘signal’ and ‘idler’, plus an unentangled 3rd acting as a ‘control’ that
contains the information to be sent.
• Measuring the idler and control signal in relation to one another and then comparing
the data to the signal photon conveys information.
Image from: “Scientists Demonstrate Three-Way Quantum Communication: What's Faster Than The Speed Of Light?“, 2014. Int’l Science
Times
43. 1. Entangled pairs are sent from
a source to quantum memory.
2. One of the two is read and the
data mapped to a 3rd photon
entangled with a 4th photon.
This ‘destroys’ the data
integrity of photons 2 & 3, and
now the entangled state is
shared with photons 1 and 4.
3. Repeating this process can
transport entangled photons
across large distances.
Image; Unknown
44. • The crossbar method ( Control ) allows for a self-routing method to concentrate
quantum packets.
• Output quantum state contains at least one packet pattern in which no two packets
contend for the same output.
• One photon of an entangled pair is sent through one end of the loop, and through a
multiplexer, while a laser sends pulses of light into the spool.
• The photon is shifted in such a way that at the other end of the loop it separates out
along a separate path, while remaining entangled with its partner.
Image from: “Entanglement-Preserving Photonic Switching” IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 26, NO. 4, 2/15/14
45. • Satellite Laser Communication Terminals (LCT), and possibly
Energetic Particle Telescopes can be adapted for quantum based
communications.
• QKD over LCT would be secure, but there are limitations on quantum
communication over long distances via free space.
• Quantum channel attenuation
• Photon-state disruption and vulnerability to noise interference
• Laser-beam widening
• Constrained security-key generation rate.
Image; “The Race To Bring Quantum Teleportation To Your World”, 2012 Wired.com
47. • Distributed computing and storage is increasingly a standard practice
due to it’s stability.
• Quantum data compression and optimization could make systems
like CCN easier to implement in the short term, with the potential of
becoming a more widely used addressing scheme due to the nature
quantum information theory.
• Distributed software platforms will be highly compatible and
increasingly autonomous, stable, and efficient.
• This means:
• Less identity theft and fraud
• More useful innovation
• ???
• Profit!
49. • Videos
• Quantum Computing Day 1 –
GoogleTechTalks
• Quantum Computing Day 2 –
GoogleTechTalks
• How to Compute with Schrödinger's Cat –
Stanford Online
• Quantum Key Distribution and the Future
of Encryption – Black Hat
• Can We Speak... Privately? - Institute for
Quantum Computing
• Introduction to Quantum Information -
Institute for Quantum Computing
• What is Entanglement Anyway? –
scienceandnonduality
• How to Program a Quantum Computer
Links to references,
resources, and cat
memes
50. • Research Papers and Reports
• Quantum Hacking
• Researchers create quantum memory that’s
stable for six hours
• NIST Team Breaks Distance Record for Quantum
Teleportation
• How To Teleport Quantum Information
Infographic
• Gaps between industrial and academic solutions
to implementation loopholes in QKD: testing
random-detector-efficiency countermeasure in a
commercial system
• Best Kept Secrets – Scientific American
• Towards Frequency Combs
• MDI-QKD: Continuous- versus discrete-variables
at metropolitan distances
• Random Routing and Concentration in Quantum
Switching Networks
• A Quantum Communications Switch - MIT
Technology Review
• Quantum Communication; All you wanted to
know but were afraid to ask
Links to references,
resources, and cat
memes
51. • Resources
• Microsoft’s LiqUI|)
• QKD Simulator
• IDQ Random Number Generator
• University of Bristol’s 2-Qubit chip
• meQuanics Hardware Game [Prototype]
• Quantum Moves Game
Links to references,
resources, and cat
memes
52. • A Cat Meme
• As promised
Links to references,
resources, and cat
memes
Editor's Notes
How far down does the rabbit hole go? Here’s a hint; black holes. It’s a misleading way to describe this phenomena because it’s not actually a hole, it’s just an object with enough gravity* to cause anything detectable by our current technology to move in a direction and speed that makes it very difficult to accurately observe.
*(or seriousness, based on the contextual meaning of the word)
We all know about Moore’s law. Transistor’s have reached their size limit, and there’re just some solutions for problems that can’t be found on classical transistor-based computers.
What the truth table says.
Polarization can be represented as a 2-dimentional vector of unit length, and then an arbitrary polarization can be expressed as a superposition.
|v) is Dirac’s bra-ket notation for a vector.
Elenor Rieffel of NASA: “Saying what a quantum superposition means is ‘philosophically tricky, mathematically straightforward’.”
There are other methods underdevelopment, including qmodes.
All of these methods, give or take polynomial factor, are equivalent.
For brevity, this presentation will concentrate on superconducting and photonic based models. [HINT: They’re all sorta photonic]
Any combination of these architectures could work in combination with each other and quantum dots are already being adapted for use as a competitor to LCD screens.
Objects have their own eigenstate, a definite position and momentum. Computation using the eigenstates of photons is a sensible work-around caused by the physical limits of semiconducting transistors.
Entangling different types of atoms allows for the protection of memory qubits while other qubits undergo logic operations or are used as photonic interfaces to other processing units.
This is a diagram of an experiment utilizing a mach-zehnder interferometer, a device used in integrated circuits for fiber optic networks that can also function as a quantum ‘mirror’. By definition a quantum mirror (QM) is a combination of standard devices (e.g., usual lenses, usual mirrors, lasers, etc.) with a nonlinear crystal by which one involves the use of a variety of quantum phenomena to exactly transform not only the direction of propagation of a light beam but also their polarization characteristics. This not limited to either only two frequencies, or photon pairs.
Optical Photonic based quantum processing for one-way computing;
Quantum frequency combs can create multiphoton entanglement for large-scale processing with qmodes instead of qubits and even more importantly, full-color pictures of cats.
A Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state is a certain type of entangled quantum state which involves at least three subsystems (particles)
Hadamard matrix is a mathematical operator representing the beam splitter (mirror)
Doing the thing, only faster.
Yes, you too can have a hand in designing the computers of the future. And by playing video games… Yes it’s a thing. Yes this picture is a thing.
Quantum physics isn’t so weird after all.
The gamified simulators do not come with a soundtrack so I made a couple. Working with the “AI assisted” and gamification theme, the tracks HighGravity and WaveFunkish were composed using Punk-o-Matic v2 for the lead instrument and the accompaniment is AI generated using the ujam app.
Technically all computers utilize ‘quantum effects’, they just do it differently.
Due to the laws of quantum physics, once transistors are about 1nm or smaller electrons can leak through the oxide gate and can even 'skip' the channel completely, tunneling directly from the source into the drain and make the transistor behave like a resistor.
D-Wave Systems has produced a processor that works with this property instead of fighting it.
In a nutshell, the D-Wave is sort of like an ASIC that finds the minimum of a Hamiltonian via a superconducting annealing process that exploits the properties of quantum tunneling, and is very good at training NNs for pattern matching and logistics tasks.
It’s an efficient bridge between classical transistor based systems and real QCs, that may even develop the type of AI required to properly design true quantum processors.
Whether it’s a ‘quantum computer’ is almost more a philosophical debate than a scientific one. It’s like trying answer the question “Is a pocket calculator a computer? It only does one thing; math.”
As for why finding the minimum of an NP-Hard expression is so important, let’s say that in contrast to most traditional neural networks, Hamiltonian neural nets are nondissipative.
Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) is a pattern matching technique, common in machine learning applications.
Quantization of the Hamiltonian of a network serves as a means for work on quantum analogs of classical information processing.
NP and NP hard problems solved via annealing has many useful applications, including communication network routing protocols which can be viewed as similar to the ‘travelling salesman problem’.
Annealing for computation was derived from metallurgic annealing where the cooling of metal reorganizes and strengthens it’s structure.
This very useful in Q Routing for MANET systems where the distance between nodes variates continuously, and the route packets are sent along must be recalculated frequently for QoS.
Neural nets on traditional transistor-based computers are ‘slow’ learners and it takes time for them to derive meaning based connections between things like words and images. IBM’s Watson may be ‘smarter than a 5th grader’ due to memory and lookup speed, but exhibits the logical capacity of a 4yr old when posed problems that require creativity and meaning-based critical thinking skills.
The 1000 qubit D-Wave system purchased by Google is already changing that. The NN is dubbed PlaNet, and uses only 377 MB, which even fits into the memory of a smartphone.
Researchers think one of the best routes to making a practical quantum computer would involve creating grids of hundreds or thousands of qubits working together. The circuits of IBM’s chip are made from metals that become superconducting when cooled to extremely low temperatures. The chip operates at only a fraction of a degree above absolute zero. (notice a pattern?)
Using a square lattice, IBM is able to detect both types of quantum errors for the first time. The new quantum-bit circuit design allows for independent and simultaneous detection of X and Z errors on two-code qubits, shaded purple and labelled Q1 and Q3.
Microsoft has begun funding research into using the majorana fermion, an quasiparticle that behaves simultaneously like matter and antimatter, but in a stable manner that interacts weakly with it environment and makes it resistant to decoherence.
Like Microsoft Alcatel-Lucent is following the topological QC route.
Topological quantum computers employs 2D anyons or fermions (quasiparticle) to cross over each other to form braids in 3D spacetime to form logic gates.
So far there appears to be only a few quantum algorithims. Peter Shor’s (1994), Lov Grover’s (1996), Deutsch-Jozsa, and…
ElGamal, elliptic curve, and RSA encryption.
Factoring a 2058 bit number would take 10 years and require a server farm covering 1/4th of North America, would cost trillions, and consume enough terawatts of power to exhaust the world’s fossil fuel supply in the 1st day.
In 1994 Shor discovered a polynominal-time quantum algorithm for factoring and the discrete log problem that will crack PK encryption.
At least one source has claimed that it would currently require a server farm covering 1/4th the U.S. 10 years to factor RSA2048, and would consume all the fuel on earth in the first day.
10million physical (10K logical) qubits would take about 16 days to crack 2048 bit encryption.
First we can’t keep cats off our keyboards, next thing we know they’re all over the internet. And soon they’ll be breaking all the PK encryption. Thanks Schrödinger.
These algorithms are based on the fact that there is no known mathematical operation for quickly factoring very large numbers given today’s computer processing power.
The truth is all known forms of math-based encryption will become significantly weaker. This is due to Grover’s algorithm, which can exponentially reduce the time required to brute-force a key.
One time pad appears to be the only truly secure method for key generation, but only if the keys are truly random.
Quantum Key Distribution time! These are currently in use all over the planet for high security communications by the type of people who take 6 months to grant clearance to tourists.
IDQ’s Quantis is available for USB & PCI. You can try it for free at randomnumbers.info
This is based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle; whereas an observer can only measure one property (speed or position) at a time, causing information about the other to be lost. It also disturbs the state of the photon, enabling detection of eavesdropping.
There are several companies internationally who appear to have invested in QKD research at some point in the last 10 years. Startups like Optimax in Maryland evaporated from the public eye, others like QinetiQ turned their focus to Laser & RF Disruptive Technologies, Distributed Acoustic Sensors, and MELACOM radio receivers used by the NASA’s Mars Science Lab.
The three most high profile companies offering QKD systems currently in use are MagiQ Technologies, IDQ, and Toshiba.
Part of this is based on the ‘no-cloning’ theorem
A serious security loophole exists when Alice uses multi-photon states as quantum information carriers (Photon number splitting).
If the pulse contains more than one photon, then Eve can split off the extra photons and transmit the remaining single photon to Bob.
A fully measurement device independent ( MDI ) system appropriate for large-scale deployment requires room- temperature operations and a high resistance to noise and photon-loss.
Research has been focusing more on CV encoding in recent years.
SARG04 isn’t as efficient as BB84 for single-photon implementations.
T12 appears more promising as a cost effective attenuated laser based MDI homodyne encoding standard
Toshiba's QKD system uses the T12 protocol. This is a modification of the standard BB84 protocol with decoy states, in which the probability that bit values are encoded in each basis (X and Z) are different.
This makes bit sifting much more efficient, nearly doubling performance under many conditions.
it allows key distribution over standard telecom fibre links exceeding 100 km in length and bit rates sufficient to generate 1 Megabit per second of key material over a distance of 50 km — sufficiently long for metropolitan coverage.
ID Quantique’s system encodes data in the phase of the photon instead of its polarization state.
Uses SARG04 & BB84 encoding and sifting system
The Cerberis QKD server works in conjunction with Centauris encryptors for high-speed encryption based on the proven Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Point-to-point wire-speed encryption with minimum latency and no packet expansion is made possible by operating at the layer 2 of the OSI model. Standard network protocols up to a bandwidth of 10Gbps are supported. These encryptors have received stringent security accreditation (Common Criteria EAL4+ and FIPS 140-2) for critical infrastructure SF and SA.
Current implementation of QKD systems for various secure communications.
MagiQ’s OPN Security Gateway, which uses a secure fiber-optic link to transmit the changing key sequence up to 120 km as a stream of polarized photons.
The loophole is likely to be present in most QKD systems using avalanche photodiodes to detect single photons and is intrinsic to a whole class of single-photon detectors, regardless of their manufacturer and model.
While blinded, it cannot act as a quantum detector, but it still functions as a classical light detector, reading a "one" if an extra bright pulse of light hits it, quantum properties of the light notwithstanding. So as the interceptor receives the sender's signal, it pumps an extra bright pulse of light at the receivers' detector every time it reads a "one" in the original signal.
Yes, this involves increased decentralization and distributed computing. Deal with it.
Photonic based quantum processors can be powered by a cheap, energy efficient LED laser when paired with a spatial filter and kept ‘in tune’ with mirrors arranged to create a standing wave cavity resonator.
Coherent laser light is just pinhole-light produced by an infinite mirror-tunnel, with amplification. It’s monochromatic, like a pure audio tone.
Squeezed light is used for quantum information processing with Continuous Variables (CV). Continuous variable quantum optics uses squeezing of light as an essential resource to realize CV protocols for quantum communication, teleportation and one-way computing. This isn’t the same as quantum information processing with single photons or photon pairs as qubits. CV quantum processing relies heavily on the fact that squeezing is related to quantum entanglement.
“It’s like two people play dice and they always get the same result; it’s always random but they always get the same result,” said physicist Rupert Ursin of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna
A signal-idler pair (or biphoton) is a highly entangled system in variables such as energy, linear momentum, angular momentum and polarization
QuREP company is devving them.
“Quantum Repeaters are the analogue of classical optical amplifiers that permit the cascading of successive fibre optic communication links. Quantum Repeater technology is centered around quantum light-matter interactions at the quantum level in ensembles of rare earth ions frozen in a crystal that store quantum information by coherent control of the quantum degrees of freedom. A clear and well-defined architecture and protocol for a complete Quantum Repeater can be realized with entangled photon pair sources that couple the Quantum memories to fibre optic communication systems.”
Left schema exhibits quantum routing operation via an optical circuit with quantum CNOT gates, X gates, and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Similar to modern intregrated circuits used for fibre optic communications, only with error correction.
Right scheme demonstrates operation of a cross-bar, entanglement-preserving switch for use in quantum communications and networking. The switch is a low-loss (3 dB) device that can operate at high rates (>6.5 GHz), and retains the polarization-encoded quantum state of the input photons.
Eventually this could be replaced with fully-instantaneous subspace communications via entanglement, but theoretical conjecture is beyond the scope of this presentation.
For QKD-based long distance satellite network communications, a source of entangled photon pairs are used to grow a secret key between two parties once the photonic sets have reached their destination. In the long term this could lead to a new form of communications system.
It’s already heading that direction.
I’d like to believe that when SkyNet becomes self-aware it’s human interface agent will have a quirky personality and a love of cat memes because it’s ‘from the internet’