What is Quality?, Quality in different areas, Why Quality?, Quality Costs Categories of Quality Costs Quality Control And its approaches.

1.  Presented By:
 Arvind Sahu.
 Symbiosis college pune.

3. Think about a product you bought.
How can you define its “quality”?

6.  The American Heritage Dictionary defines
quality as
“a characteristic or attribute of something.”
 IEEE Definition of Quality
The degree to which a system, component,
or process meets customer or user needs or
expectations.
◦ Quality in testing means testing the
application thoroughly and find all the bugs
and get them fixed. Early the bug is found,
better will be the quality of testing.

7. Reasons for why we need Quality:
 Competition :
Today’s market demand high quality products at low
cost.
 Having `high quality’ reputation is not enough!
 Internal cost of maintaining the reputation should be
less.
 Changing customer :
The new customer is not only commanding priority
based on volume but is more demanding about the
“quality system.”

8.  Product complexity :
As systems have become more complex, the
reliability requirements for suppliers of
components have become more stringent.
 Higher levels of customer satisfaction :
 Customers expectations are getting spawned by
increasing competition.

9.  Quality costs are those that would have been
incurred if the product were built or the service
performed exactly right the first time.

10. Cost of quality = Cost of conformance +
Cost of non-
conformance
Conformance Non-Conformance
AppraisalPrevention External failureInternal failure
Quality costs

11.  Cost of conformance is the cost of providing products or
services as per the required standards. This can be termed
as good amount spent.

12.  Prevention costs include those activities which remove and prevent
defects from occurring in the production process.
 Prevention activities lead to reduction of appraisal costs and both
type of failures ( internal and external ).The motto is “Prevention
rather than appraisal”
 Included are such activities as quality planning, production reviews,
training, and engineering analysis, which are incurred to ensure
that poor quality is not produced.

13.  Appraisal costs are spent to detect defects to assure
conformance to quality standards. Appraisal cost
activities sums up to the “cost of checking if things are
correct”.
 The appraisal costs are focused on the discovery of
defects rather than prevention of defects.

14.  Cost of non-conformance is the failure cost
associated with a process not being operated to
the requirements. This can be termed as
unnecessary amount spent.

15.  These are the costs incurred when product or service
fail to meet quality requirements prior to the transfer of
ownership to the customer.
 Internal failure costs occurs when results of work fail to
reach designated quality standards , and are detected
before transfer to the customer takes place.

16.  External failure costs occur when the product or service
from a process fails to reach designated quality
standards , and is not detected until after transfer to
the customer.
 These are the costs incurred by a business due to
failure of product or service at the customer end. These
costs results into warranty claims and loss of
reputation.

17.  Testing is often confused with the processes of quality control.
 Quality control is defined as the processes and methods used
to monitor work and observe whether requirements are met. It
focuses on reviews and removal of defects before shipment of
products.
 Quality control is a refinement of testing, involving the formal
and systematic use of testing and a precise definition of what
quality means for the purposes of the test.
 Quality control is used for testing a product or output of a
process, ability to meet a certain benchmark.
◦ Quality control ensures that procedures and standards are
followed by the software development team.

18.  The QC system is designed to:
Provide routine and consistent checks to ensure
data integrity, correctness, and completeness;
Identify and address errors and omissions;
 Document and archive inventory material and
record all QC activities
 Two approaches to quality control:
(Manual) Quality reviews – main approach
(Automated) Quality measurement

19.  Quality review is the principal method of validating the
quality of a process or of a product.
 A group of people carefully examine part or all of a
software system and its associated documentation.
 Code, designs, specifications, test plans, standards, etc.
can all be reviewed.
 There are different types of review with different objectives
Inspections for defect removal (product)
Reviews for progress assessment(product and process)
Quality reviews (product and standards)

20.  A software measurement process may be part of
a quality control process.
 Data collected during this process should be
maintained as an organisational resource.
 Once a measurement database has been
established, comparisons across projects
become possible.

21.  What is Quality?
 Quality in different areas.
 Why Quality?
 Quality Costs
 Categories of Quality Costs
 Quality Control And its approaches.