The document discusses solar power generation, distribution, and storage from small-scale solar power systems. It describes how solar power works by converting sunlight to electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power systems. The document outlines the components of a solar power generation system and discusses photovoltaic effect. It also addresses performance factors, applications, advantages and disadvantages of solar power.

1. Seminar
on
A Small Scale
Solar Power Generation,
Distribution, Storage.

2. Solar Energy:
The Ultimate Renewable
Resource
Submitted by:-- DEEPESH KUMAR GARG

3. What is Solar Power?
o Solar power is the conversion of sunlight
into electricity, either directly
using photovoltaic (PV) or indirectly
using concentrated solar power(CSP)
o Concentrated solar power systems
use lenses or mirrors and tracking
systems to focus a large area of sunlight into
a small beam.

4. How much solar energy?
The surface receives about 47% of the total solar
energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is
usable.

5. Solar Power Generation System

6. cont…Solar Plant

7. How To Manufacture?
 Solar panel comprises solar cells.
 Solar Cell:
Solar cells produce direct current electricity
from sun light.
Solar cells are based upon
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT.

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
 The photovoltaic effect is the creation of a
voltage (or a corresponding electric current) in a
material upon exposure to light.
 The photovoltaic effect is that the generated
electrons are transferred between different
bands (i.e., from the valence to conduction
bands) within the material, resulting in the
buildup of a voltage between two electrodes.

9. Direct Conversion into Electricity
 A simple wafer of silicon
with wires attached to the
layers. Current is produced
based on types of silicon
(n- and p-types) used for
the layers. Each cell=0.5
volts.
 Battery needed as storage
 They are exposed to the
weather, their lifespan is
about 20 years.

10. PHOTOVOLTAIC
APPLICATION…
 Power stations
Many solar photovoltaic power stations have
been built, mainly in Europe. As of December
2010, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
in the world is the Sarnia Photovoltaic Power
Plant(Canada, 97 MW)

11.  In buildings
Photovoltaic arrays are often associated with
buildings: either integrated into them, mounted
on them.
In 2010, more than four-fifths of the 9,000
MW of solar PV operating in Germany was
installed on rooftops.

12.  Standalone devices
1. Water pumps
2. Parking meters
3. Emergency telephones
4 Temporary traffic signs,
Parking Meter

13. PERFORMANCE OF PV
 Temperature
Generally, temperatures above room
temperature reduce the performance of
photovoltaic.
 Optimum Orientation of Solar Panels
For best performance, terrestrial PV systems
aim to maximize the time they face the sun.

14. Solar Electricity:
Parabolic Dishes
 Focus a large area of sunlight on a smaller receiver
for each device to generate electricity.
 Efficiency of this system was 25%.
 The more recent facilities converted a remarkable
22% of sunlight into electricity.

15. Parabolic Dishes and Troughs
Collectors in southern CA.
Because they work best under direct sunlight, parabolic
dishes and troughs must be steered throughout the day
in the direction of the sun.

16. STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION
 Solar energy is not available at night, making
energy storage an important issue in order to
provide the continuous availability of energy
 Solar energy can be stored at high
temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an
effective storage medium because they are
low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity
and can deliver heat at temperatures
compatible with conventional power systems.

17.  Off-grid PV systems have traditionally
used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity.
With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to
the transmission grid.

18. ADVANTAGES
 Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production
end-wastes and emissions are manageable using existing
pollution controls.
 PV installations can operate for many years with little
maintenance or intervention after their initial set-up.
 Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus
reducing transmission/distribution losses.

19. DISADVANTAGES
 Photovoltaic cells are costly to install.
 Solar electricity is not produced at night and is much
reduced in cloudy conditions. Therefore, a storage or
complementary power system is required.
 Solar cells produce DC which must be converted
to AC (using a grid tie inverter).
 Sun does not shine consistently

20. EFFICIENCY
 Overall, the efficiency is about 10-14%.
 Efficiency is far lass than the 77% of solar
spectrum with usable wavelengths.
 43% of photon energy is used to warm the crystal.
 Efficiency drops as temperature increases (from
24% at 0°C to 14% at 100°C.)
 Light is reflected off the front face and internal
electrical resistance are other factors.

21. Thank You.