Organic farming aims to avoid synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Crop rotation and organic amendments are important nematode management strategies in organic systems. Organic amendments like neem cake, castor cake, and farmyard manure can reduce plant-parasitic nematode populations through various mechanisms while stimulating beneficial nematodes. They also improve plant growth and tolerance to nematodes. Research shows that castor cake and neem cake significantly reduced plant-parasitic nematode numbers and increased pigeon pea plant growth compared to the control.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECT OF BOTANICALS IN PLANT DISEASE CONTROLSamar Biswas
Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. A product of species coevolution, these compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in our understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. We examine the reasons behind their limited use and the actual crop protection developments involving plant allelochemicals, namely formulations including bio pesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures, and improvement of plant resistance to pathogens through identification of genes coding for allelochemicals and stimulation of natural passive and active defenses of the plant. Commercial and regulatory aspects are discussed.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECT OF BOTANICALS IN PLANT DISEASE CONTROLSamar Biswas
Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. A product of species coevolution, these compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in our understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. We examine the reasons behind their limited use and the actual crop protection developments involving plant allelochemicals, namely formulations including bio pesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures, and improvement of plant resistance to pathogens through identification of genes coding for allelochemicals and stimulation of natural passive and active defenses of the plant. Commercial and regulatory aspects are discussed.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
This presentation is to understand the concepts of endophytes that reside within plants & to explore the applications of endophytes for the management of plant diseases.
Organic farming definition, methods of organic farming, advantages of organic farming, pest control techniques, necessity in Medicinal and aromatic plants,
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
nematode management in organic agriculture.pptx
1. Credit Seminar -I
PRESENTED BY
ZakirHussain
2021-ADJ-19
Ph.D. 1st Year, 2nd Sem
Department of Nematology, AAU., Jorhat-13
NEMATODE MANAGEMENT
APPROACHES IN ORGANIC FARMING
3. Organic farming
Farming system to grow crops avoiding or excluding
the synthetic fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides is
called organic farming.
4. History of Organic Farming
Organic farming is being practiced in India since
thousands of years. Agriculture was practiced using
organic techniques, where the fertilizers, pesticides,
etc., were obtained from plant and animal products
Post-independent India witnessed severe food crisis.
India depended on heavy imports of food-for-aid from
western countries
Green Revolution introduced in 1970’s changed the
situation from food importer to food exporter by 1990.
5. PRINCIPLES
OF
ORGANIC
FARMING
Organic farming should be build on relationships that ensure
farmers with regard to the common environment
Organic farming should be based on living systems and cycles, work
with them, emulate them and help to sustain them
Organic farming should be managed that in precautionary and with
responsible manner so as to protect the health and well-being of
current and future generations and the environment
Organic farming should sustain and enhance the health of soil,
plant, animal, human and planet s as one and individual
Anonymous, 2016
6. Modern chemical Farming
• Creates dead soil
• Acidic soil with few
microorganisms
• Lacking in microelements, trace
elements, poor vitality.
• Almost ‘0’ organic matter.
Organic Farming
• Creates living soil
• Full of life with microorganism,
fungi, worms and termites.
• Very rich in macro and micro
elements, trace elements and vital
energy
• Very rich in organic matter.
Anonymous, 2016
7. Pros
• Improvement in health levels
• Avoidance of soil pollution
• Protection of insects
• Less groundwater pollution
• Organic garbage can be composted and
reused
• Organic food may taste better
• Better nutrition values on average
• Saving money if you grow your own
organic plants
• No use of GMOs
• Better for our climate
• Better for the health of farmers
• More original form of farming
• Pollination may be easier
Cons
• Significant costs at the beginning
• May not be suitable for growing a
large scale
• Pest issues
• Products may be too expensive for
poor people
• Regulatory standards may be hard to
meet
• High certification costs
• Small farmers may go out of business
• Organic farming can be time–
consuming
• Organic farming needs plenty of
knowledge
• Unpleasant smell
• High variance in yield and quality
8. Percentage of Total Farmland Used for Organic Agriculture
Sources: Map prepared by the author using data obtained from Natural Earth,
1:110m Cultural Vectors 1:110m Physical Vectors version 4.1.0; and FiBL Statistics, Data on organic area in worldwide.
GLOBAL STATUS OF ORGANIC FARMING
Oceania 45%
North America 6%
South America
13%
Europe 25%
ASIA 8%
9.
10. Status of Organic farming in India:
•India ranks 1st : in terms of the number of organic farmers and 9th in
terms of area under organic farming.
•First fully organic state: Sikkim became the first State in the world to
become fully organic and other States including Tripura and
Uttarakhand have set similar targets.
•Advantage to India:
• North East India has traditionally been organic and the
consumption of chemicals is far less than the rest of the
country.
• Similarly the tribal and island territories are being nurtured to
continue their organic story.
• Opportunity in Covid crisis: This is an opportune moment to
be captured for a win-win situation for Indian farmers,
consumers and the environment, as the demand for healthy
and safe food is showing an upward trend and hence
11. Some best practices
1.The Green Caravan of Kohima: Created market linkages from all villages of
Nagaland to urban areas for vegetables, handicrafts and handlooms.
2.Manipur Organic Agency (MoMA): Mobilised all the 15 Farmer Producer
Companies (FPCs) of MOVCD to collect produce and transport to two organic
wholesale centers in Imphal for onward delivery to consumers.
12. Nematode Feeding Habits
Nematodes can be classified into different
feeding groups based on the structure of
their mouthparts.
(a)Bacterial feeder,
(b)Fungal feeder,
(c)Plant feeder,
(d)Predator
(e)Omnivore
Figure credit: Ed Zaborski, University of
Illinois.
16. Above ground symptoms
• Stunting:-
Reduced plant growth is seen in patches due to uneven distribution of nematodes.
Eg., Heterodera avenae in wheat
Globodera in potato
• Yellowing:-
Damage to the root system due to nematode feeding adversely affects the uptake and
translocation of nutrients upwards.
17. • Wilting:-
severe damage to the root
system cause wilting at day time.
eg., Meloidogyne spp.
Die back:-
Gradual shedding of foliage from tip to
downwards.
eg., Citrus nematode
Dead or Devitalised buds:-
Nematode affects the growing point
and kill the plant and resulting blind plant.
eg., Aphelenhoides fragariae on
strawberry.
Leaf spots:-
Foliar nematode like, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi enter
through stomatal opening of leaves and feed on
mesophyll tissues of plants and damage is appears as
brown spot on leaf surface.
18. Crinkling and curling of leaves:-
Nematodes feed on newly emerging leaves and tillers from the growing point,
results in crinkling, curling, twisting and distortion of leaves and stems .
eg., Anguina tritici in wheat
• Gall formation:-
Juvenile enter in the flower primordium
and develop in to gall.
eg., Anguina tritici cause seed galls.
Anguina balsamophila and
A. millefolii cause leaf galls.
• Necrosis and Discolouration:-
Nematode feeding may result in discoloration,
necrosis and rotting of specific parts.
eg., Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus
19. Below ground symptoms
Root galls:-
Characteristic root galls are
produced by root knot
nematode Meloidogyne spp,
Reduced root system:-
Nematode feed on root tip, kill the
root tip and stop elongation of root.
eg., Belonolaimus longicaudatus
Root lesions:-
Necrotic lesions are
produced by Lesion nematode
Pratylenchus spp,
Root rot
Caused by the nematode
Ditylenchus destructor
Excessive root branching:-
eg., M.hapla on peanut.
Swellings:-
Heterodera avenae on
wheat
20. What are the Nematode associated in
Organic Agriculture
21. Bacterivores Plant-parasitic Omnivores Fungivores Predatory
Rhabditis Pratylenchusa Dorylaimus Aphelenchoides Mononchus
Mesorhabditis Paratylenchus Eudorylaimus Aphelenchus
Rhabdolaimus Tylenchus Pungentus
Pelodera Filenchus Mesodorylaimusb
Placoderab Xiphinema Labronema
Cephalobus Longidorusc Aporcelaimellusb
Acrobeloides Helicotylenchus
Acrobeles Hoplolaimus
Wilsonemab Tylenchorhynchus
Monhystera Psilenchus
Panagrolaimus Trichodorus
Plectus Heterodera
Turbatrix
Alaimus
Diplogasteroides
Diplogaster
Table 1. List of nematode genera identified at the experimental site in
conventional and organic farming plots
Briar et al., 2007
22. Table 2. Grouping of plant parasitic nematode genera found on organic fields in Southern
Morocco (survey January 2019).
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Common Name Code
Nematoda
Secernentea Tylenchida
Heteroderidae Meloidogyne Root-knot nematode MEL
Hoplolaimidae Helicotylenchus Spiral nematode HEL
Pratylenchidae Pratylenchus Lesion nematode PRA
Tylenchidae Tylenchus Tylenchids TYL
Tylenchulidae Paratylenchus Pin nematode PAR
Dolichodoridae Tylenchorhynchus Stunt nematode TYLE
Hoplolaimidae Rotylenchulus Reniform nematode ROT
Criconematidae Criconemoides Ring nematode CRI
Anguinidae Ditylenchus Stem Nematode DIT
Enoplea Dorylaimida Longidoridae
Xiphinema Dagger nematode XIP
Longidorus Needle nematode LON
Trichodorus Stubby-root
nematode
TRI
23. Figure 1. Total frequencies of plant parasitic nematodes were obtained in all
organic farming systems surveyed. Letters represent homogeneous groups based
on the protected least significant difference test (LSD) for each variable at (P <
0.001).
Morocco
24. Figure 2. Root damage in samples collected from organic vegetable and medicinal crops in
Southern Morocco. (A) Percentages of root damages were recorded for each organic
cropping system. (B) Onion field with symptoms of stunting of growth and yellowing of
leaves caused by Pratylenchus spp. (1), damage (galls) caused by Meloidogyne javanica
(2), and M. incognita (3) on tomato roots (Solanum spp.)
25. NEMATODE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES IN ORGANIC FARMING
Domestic quarantine: Preventing the introduction and spread of
nematodes by the use of nematode free planting materials.
Management methods: Nonchemical, Cultural, and Physical
control methods, particularly Crop rotation and Soil cultivation.
Augmentation: Encouraging naturally occurring biological
control agents by understanding of cultivation methods and
appropriate use of soil amendments.
Enhancment of Biodiversity:
Maintaining or enhancing the biodiversity inherent in traditional
farming systems that use multiple cropping and multiple cultivars
to increase the available resistance or tolerance to nematodes.
(Suryawanshi et al., 2015)
26. Tools of Organic Farming for Management of Nematodes
Anonymous, 2016
ORGANIC
FARMING
Green
manuring
Crop
Rotation
Biological
management
Solarization
Biofertilizers
Manures
27. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Effect of
Crops on
Nematodes
30. • The primary reason for using soil amendments is to enhance nutrients
supplement, increase organic matter levels, and improve soil structure.
• Numerous amendments have bean assessed and recommended for the
management of plant parasitic nematodes.
• Organic amendments can be divided into two broad categories:
(a) Plant products- Neem cake, Castor cake, Mustard cake etc.,
(b) Organic manures- Farm yard manure, Poultry manure, Vermicompost
etc.,
Soil Amendments
33. Mechanism
Stimulation
of natural
enemies of
nematodes
Improved plant
growth and
tolerance to
nematodes
Tannins and
Phenolic
compounds
released from
some plant residue
may toxic to
nematodes
Release
Nematicidal
compounds
from
decomposing
organic matter
Organic acids
and ammonia
released from
organic matter
toxic to
nematodes
Organic fertilizers
34. Table 4.Effect of oilcake, composted manure, and urea on the population of soil nematodes
and on the growth of pigeon pea Cajanus cajan
Soil
amendments
Rate No. Of Nematodes Per 100g Soil Weight per plant
(g)
Height per plant
(cm)
Plant-
parasitic
Predatory Free-living Fresh
shoot
Dry
shoot
Initial
population
7754 44 312
Castor oilcake
(110 kg /ha)
1x 228 192 494 127.4 25.4 93.4
2x 188 268 579 182.3 34.1 99.2
3x 124 348 673 225.8 41.2 100.0
Neem oilcake
(110 kg /ha)
1x 771 124 411 142.1 28.4 98.8
2x 186 179 482 198.3 32.0 105.40
3x 120 271 570 240.4 42.80 111.20
Composted
manures
(110 kg /ha)
1x 305 119 868 112.4 2. 78.0
2x 392 152 962 142.30 28.40 89.40
3x 348 198 1092 193.10 21.20 81.0
Untreated
control
- 1292 55 352 71.20 15.0 53.20
LSD (@0.005) - 31.30 26.0 44.50 12.30 3.30 5.70
1x single strength, 2x double strength, 3x triple strength, Data are the mean of five replicates
Free-living (Rhabditis sp.), predatory (Mononchus quaticus Coetzee) or plant-parasitic nematodes (Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, Helicotylenchus
indicus Siddiqui, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira, Tylenchus filiformis Bastian) Akhatar and
36. Table 5.Comparative effects of different organic materials on the means of gall index and
Meloidogyne incognita reproduction on sweet potato.
Treatments Gall index J2 population in 200ml soil (*500)
I trail II trail I trail II trail
Poultry manure 10 t/ha 1.6 1.6 1.9 2
Poultry manure 20 t/ha 1 1.1 1.6 1.7
Goat manure 10 t/ha 1.9 1.9 2.6 3
Goat manure 20 t/ha 1.7 1.8 2.3 2.4
Cow manure 10 t/ha 2.3 2.6 3.3 3.3
Cow manure 20 t/ha 1.7 1.7 3 3.1
Horse m1anure 10 t/ha 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.6
Horse manure 20 t/ha 2 2.1 3.1 3.4
Organomineral fertilizer
2 t/ha
2.3 2.5 3.4 3.4
Organomineral fertilizer
4 t/ha
2.1 2.1 3 3.1
Unamended soil 4 4 13 13.4
Oluremi et al., 2015
∗0equalsnogall;1equals1–20%oftherootsystemgalled;2equals21–40%oftherootsystemgalled;3equals41–
60%oftherootsystemgalled;4equals61– 80%oftherootsystemgalled;and5equals81–100%oftherootsystemgalled.
∗∗Meansfollowedbythesameletterinthesamecolumnarenotsignificantly differentaccordingtoDuncan’sMultipleRangeTest(𝑃 <
0.05).Eachvalueisameanofsevenreplicates
37. Crop rotation
• Effectiveness of crop rotation
depends nematode species
present in the field,
host range and ability of
nematodes species to survive
in the field without any food
source
• Increase the diversity and stability of microorganisms present in
the rhizosphere
• Crop rotation will be effective only if rotated with crops
belonging to different families like Cucurbitaceae, Poaceae and
Brassicaceae, which are non-hosts to most of the nematodes
38. • Cotton with peanut M. arenaria
Maize with Soybean H. glycines
Strawberry with Corn M. incognita.
(Rodriguez-Kabana et al.,
1987)
Schmitt, (1991)
Chen et al., (2006)
39. Rotation
year
Galling index Yield (g/plant)
2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Corn 0.2 0.2 0.1 160 155 163
Rice 00 00 0 152 149 150
Bitter gourd 3.8 4 4 75 42 51
Taro 0.1 0 0 150 150 155
India sesbania 3.5 3.7 3.5 80 63 55
Fallow 00 00 0 146 146 148
Table 6.The galling index and fruit yield of strawberry after crop rotation and bare
fallowing treatments in the Meloidogyne incognita-infested field site.
Chen and Tsay, 2006)
Taiwan
40. Rotation Necrotic index Fruit yield(g/plant)
Year 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Corn 2.3 2.2 1.9 88 85 90
Rice 0 0 0 150 146 134
Bitter gourd 0.2 1.2 1.5 142 80 82
Taro 0.7 0.3 0.5 140 140 148
India sesbania 3.3 0.9 0.7 120 120 130
Fallow 0 0 0 125 125 129
Table 7. The necrosis index and fruit yields of strawberries after crop rotation and bare
fallowing treatments in the Pratylenchus coffeae-infested field site .
Chen and Tsay, 2006)
Taiwan
41. Cover crops
• Cover crops and green manure crops are grown between cash crop cycles
primarily to improve soil fertility and soil structure and prevent soil from
erosion.
• Various grassy and legumes as cover crops appear to suppress
nematodes in soil.
Cover crop/nematode combinations:
(1) Sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.)/Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne
incognita). (Wang et al. 2004).
(2) Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)/Meloidogyne incognita. (Queneherve
et al 1998)
(3) Sorghum or Sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense)/Meloidogyne
spp. (Mc Sorley et al. 1994).
(4) Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)/root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus
spp. (Belair et al. 2005).
43. • Some of the green manure cover crops have also been identified
for their antagonistic or allelopathic effects on PPNs.
• Ex: Root exudates of marigold (Tagetes spp.) possess
nematicidal properties and helped in the suppression of several
genera of PPN’s.
• selection of a cover crop depends on the economics and its
adaptability to a specific region .
• The best choice of crop that is poor host or non-host for the
PPNs.
• Care should be taken in selecting a cover crop in organic farming,
as a crop resistant to one species of nematode may be a good host
for other type of nematodes
44. Cover crops M.
arenaria
race 1
M.
javanica
M.
Incognita
race 3
M.
Incognita
race 1
Sesame - _ ? +
Jointvetch + + - +
Velvetbean ? ? + +
Sorghum + + + +
Cowpea N N + +
Horsebean + _ - N
Hairy indigo ? N N N
Castor + + + +
Patridge pea + + + N
Showy
crotolaria
+ + + N
Table 8. Response of some cover crops to Florida populations of Meloidogyne spp.
Gill and McSorley, (2011)
a Response may vary with cultivars of crops. b Dash (-) = nematode reproduction
likely/crop not effective. (+) = unclear; low levels of nematodes reproduction possible,
N = not tested.
46. Soil Solarization
• Use of heat to decrease not only
nematodes but also other harmful
organisms and weed seeds.
• Covering of soil with clear transparent
plastic.
• Trapped light facilitates heating of the
soil to temperature detrimental to most
living organisms.
• Beneficial- Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and
are able to survive the high temperature
generated by solarization
• Soil solarization is effective, when the
ocillating warm and cool tempetarure
not exceed 14hrs (Wang K.H 2008)
47. Table 9. Effect of soil solarisation repeated for two or three consecutive years on the
infestation of Meloidogyne javanica in tomato and melon crops
Solarisation
treatments
Infested plants Root gall index
Tomato Melon Tomato Melon
August 1999-June 1999
Nonsolarized 100.00 a 100.00 a 5.0 a 5.0 a
Solarized in 1998
and 1999
0.00 b 14.30 b 0.0 b 0.7 b
August 2000-July 2001
Nonsolarized 100.00 a 100.00 a 5.0 a 5.0 a
Solarized in 1998
and 1999
3.3 b 54.40 b 0.3 b 2.3 b
Solarized in 1998,
1999 and 2000
0.00 b 21.40 c 0.0 b 0.7 c
Mean followed by different letters in the same column within each crop cycle are statistically different at P@0.05 (Student
T test in 1999-2000, Fishers LSD Test in 2000-2001)
Candido et al., 2008
49. Figure 4. A, General view of nematode plots on King Island, west from the top of the
levee. Note drainage ditcties. B, East end of nematode plots on King Island, showing
supply pipe, ge receiving box spillway illume, and plots nos. I and 2.
50. Four months' submergence of soil containing the nematode Heterodera
marioni killed the larvae, but the eggs remained viable. Flooding for 6 months gave
approximately the same results as for 4 months. Nematodes appeared in soil flooded
for a year, although apparently in greatly reduced numbers. After soil had been
submerged for 22 months no nematodes were found when plants were grown in it.
Therefore, it may be concluded that about 4 months of submergence kills Heterodera
marioni larvae, but the eggs are not killed until sometime between the end of the
twelfth month and midway of the twenty-third month; hence, to rid nematode-
infested soil by continuous flooding would entail the loss of 2 year’s crops
53. Plant extract Nematode srecies Crop Reference
Tagetus erecta M. incognita Tomao Sankari meena et al., 2010
Melia
azedarach
M. incognita sunflower Mokrini et al., 2010
Calotropis
procera
M.incognita Tomato Tiyagi et al., 2009
Brassica
campestris
M. javanica Potato, Tomato Oduor-owino et al., 1993
Azadiractha
indica
M. incognita Tomato Singh et al., 2001
Datura
stramonium
M.javanica Pegion pea Parihag et al.,2012
Table 10. Some plants whose extracts or essential oils are used as nematicides, which
are considered as first generation pesticides
56. Biocontrol agents Pest Author
Trichoderma spp. Meloidogyne incognita Bhagawati and
Choudhury, 2018
Tyelnchulus
semipenetrans
Bhagawati et al., 2021
Bacillus spp. M. incognita Basumartry et al., 2022
Pasuteria penetrans M. incognita Bina Gogoi et al., 2018
Glomus fasiculatum M. incognita Bornali et al., 2019
Trichoderma spp. M. incognita Borah et al., 2009
Entomopathogenic
nematodes
Insect pests (termites) Devi et al., 2018
Trichoderma
harzianum
M. incognita Kurulkar et al., 2019
Table 12. Various biocontrol agents tested against pest
58. Across the globe there is increasing concerns regarding food safety and
environmental protection, hence there is demand for organically grown food.
The success of the organic farm lies in the disease management, that depends
on the exclusive agronomic practices and natural pesticides to manage plant
parasitic nematodes which is really a challenging aspect to the organic growers
as feasible control methods are not available till todays date.
Hence, the research aspects should more focused on the developing resistant
or tolerant cultivars, which should at the suit the local conditions and satisfy the
economic issues of the growers.
Research and surveys should focused on the occurrence of parasitic
nematodes in organic farms and the reactions of the nematodes on cultural
practices, which will serve as valuable information in the science of
nematology.
