Pulmonary embolism
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This document discusses pulmonary embolism, which occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs, potentially causing life-threatening issues. Common sources of emboli are deep leg veins. Emboli travel through veins and arteries to the lungs where they can become trapped, most often in the lower portions of the lungs. This blockage increases blood pressure on the right side of the heart and decreases cardiac output, potentially leading to heart failure and low blood oxygen levels. Risk factors include recent surgery, leg injuries, birth control use, and cancer. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and blood tests. Treatment consists of blood thinners, clot-busting drugs, and removing clots surgically.
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Cardiogenic pe
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary veins due to cardiac dysfunction from various etiologies like mitral stenosis, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction. Patients typically present with sudden shortness of breath, anxiety, coughing up pink frothy sputum, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves blood tests, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and other exams. Treatment focuses on ventilatory support, reducing preload and afterload on the heart, and providing inotropic support. Prognosis varies greatly case by case.
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1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
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1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in blood flow and pressure that can result in edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, or shock.
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Hemodynamics disorders
1. The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock.
2. Edema results from fluid movement into tissues and can affect subcutaneous tissues, lungs, and brain. Congestion is the passive filling of tissues with blood due to impaired outflow.
3. Thrombosis is the formation of clots within vessels, which can then embolize and travel to other sites (embolism), potentially causing ischemic tissue damage or infarction if blood flow is not restored.
4. Shock represents a failure of circulation to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation.
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Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by excessive fluid in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. There are two main types: cardiogenic, caused by issues with the heart like weakened pumping from heart disease or damage, and non-cardiogenic, caused by things like drug use, smoke inhalation, or viral infections which damage the lungs. Complications can include swelling in the legs and abdomen. Treatment focuses on removing excess fluid with diuretics, relieving symptoms, and addressing the underlying cause.
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The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including hyperemia, congestion, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. Hyperemia is an increased blood volume in tissue from vasodilation. Congestion is increased blood volume from impaired venous return. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within vessels. An embolism occurs when a piece of thrombus or other material blocks a vessel. Infarction is tissue death from blocked arteries or veins.
Pericarditis
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Hyperaemia, congestion and haemorrhage
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2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
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Hemodynamics disorders
1. The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock.
2. Edema results from fluid movement into tissues and can affect subcutaneous tissues, lungs, and brain. Congestion is the passive filling of tissues with blood due to impaired outflow.
3. Thrombosis is the formation of clots within vessels, which can then embolize and travel to other sites (embolism), potentially causing ischemic tissue damage or infarction if blood flow is not restored.
4. Shock represents a failure of circulation to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation.
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by excessive fluid in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. There are two main types: cardiogenic, caused by issues with the heart like weakened pumping from heart disease or damage, and non-cardiogenic, caused by things like drug use, smoke inhalation, or viral infections which damage the lungs. Complications can include swelling in the legs and abdomen. Treatment focuses on removing excess fluid with diuretics, relieving symptoms, and addressing the underlying cause.
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The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including hyperemia, congestion, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. Hyperemia is an increased blood volume in tissue from vasodilation. Congestion is increased blood volume from impaired venous return. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within vessels. An embolism occurs when a piece of thrombus or other material blocks a vessel. Infarction is tissue death from blocked arteries or veins.
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Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lungs. It can be cardiogenic (caused by heart problems increasing blood pressure in the lungs) or non-cardiogenic. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and measuring wedge pressure. Treatment focuses on reducing preload on the heart, lowering afterload, and providing supportive care like oxygen. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause but most cardiogenic cases resolve within 3 days with medical management.
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1. Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner tissues of the heart, usually affecting the heart valves. It can be subacute or acute depending on the causative bacteria. Common causes include streptococci and staphylococci.
2. Risk factors include prosthetic heart valves, previous infective endocarditis, congenital heart disease, cardiac surgery or procedures on the heart, and intravenous drug use.
3. Treatment involves targeted antibiotic therapy for 4-6 weeks as well as prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk individuals before certain medical procedures to prevent infective endocarditis. Surgery may be needed for complications like heart failure, abscesses or an unstable prosthetic valve
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung. Blood clots most often start in the legs and travel up through the right side of the heart and into the lungs.
Examination of Cardiovascular system.pptx
This document provides an outline of how to examine the cardiovascular system. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and vessels. It describes taking a history regarding symptoms like chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea. The physical exam involves inspecting for signs of cyanosis or edema, palpating pulses and the apical beat, auscultating heart sounds and murmurs, and measuring blood pressure and jugular venous pressure. Detailed steps are provided for examining each component of the cardiovascular system.
Aortic valve disorders
This document discusses aortic valve disorders such as stenosis and regurgitation. It begins by reviewing the anatomy of the aortic valve and the cardiac cycle. Aortic stenosis is defined as a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle. Causes include bicuspid valves and age-related calcification. Pathogenesis involves hypertrophy of the left ventricle and reduced coronary blood flow. Symptoms are related to reduced cardiac output. Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve is incompetent and allows backflow during diastole. Causes may be congenital or from conditions like rheumatic heart disease. Chronic regurgitation can lead to left ventricular
8
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It covers topics like hyperemia, hemorrhages, thrombosis, and edema. Hyperemia can be arterial from vasodilation or venous from impaired outflow. Hemorrhages are blood loss classified by size and site. Thrombosis involves inappropriate clotting within vessels. Edema is fluid accumulation in tissues. Organ-specific effects of disorders are also described.
SHOCK_2.ppt
This document discusses different types of shock, including their causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines shock as a life-threatening condition where inadequate perfusion leads to tissue hypoxia and organ damage. The main types of shock covered are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic), and their compensatory mechanisms. Effective treatment depends on identifying the specific cause of shock in each case.
Congenital heart diseases
This document discusses congenital heart defects present at birth, classified as cyanotic or acyanotic. Acyanotic defects include left-to-right shunts which allow oxygenated blood to pass from the left side of the heart to the right side, and obstructive lesions which obstruct blood flow. Cyanotic defects allow deoxygenated blood to pass from the right side of the heart to the left, reducing oxygen in the blood. Common signs and symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and treatments for heart failure are also outlined.
VALVULAR-HEART-DISEASES-2023.pdf
Valvular heart diseases involve abnormalities of the heart valves that can cause blood to flow backwards (regurgitation) or become narrowed (stenosis). The main types discussed are mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and aortic stenosis. Symptoms vary and can include murmurs, dyspnea, fatigue, and heart failure. Treatment involves medications, valve repair procedures like valvuloplasty, or valve replacement with artificial valves. Ongoing management focuses on monitoring for complications, preventing infectious endocarditis, and educating patients on lifestyle changes and self-care.
HEART FAILURE-converted.ppt
pathophysiologic state
in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the
failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues
or
can do so only from an abnormally elevated diastolic volume
Aortic regurgitation
This document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of aortic regurgitation (AR). It notes that the main causes of AR include bicuspid aortic valve, infective endocarditis, Marfan syndrome and hypertension. In acute severe AR, the unprepared left ventricle can develop rapidly elevated pressures over 40 mmHg. Chronic AR is initially compensated by left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy, but eventually leads to deterioration of function if untreated. Physical exam may reveal a diastolic murmur and widened pulse pressure. Echocardiography can quantify the degree of regurgitation. Treatment involves controlling symptoms medically, with surgery to replace or repair the aortic
Pulmonaryedema 160624071007
Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs that causes shortness of breath. It occurs when fluid leaks into the tiny air sacs (alveoli) and spaces around the alveoli in the lungs. Pulmonary edema can be caused by issues with the heart like heart failure or heart attack that increase blood pressure in the lungs. Symptoms include cough, difficulty breathing, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, giving oxygen, diuretics to remove fluid, and in severe cases, use of a ventilator.
MED Cvs
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) refers to the height of blood in the jugular veins and provides information about right heart function. An elevated JVP indicates issues such as right heart failure, tricuspid valve problems, superior vena cava obstruction, or fluid overload. The JVP is assessed by looking for visibility, double waves, changes with inspiration, and hepatojugular reflux. Conditions that limit right ventricular filling can also raise JVP.
Hemodynamic disorders
A short intoductory lecture for medical students on general pathology (basic terminology on hemodynamic disorders)
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid accumulates in the lungs, impairing gas exchange and potentially causing respiratory failure. It can be cardiogenic, due to left ventricular failure reducing blood flow from the lungs, or non-cardiogenic, such as from injury to the lung tissue. Treatment focuses on improving respiration, treating the underlying cause, and preventing further lung damage, using supportive therapies like oxygen along with diuretics, morphine, nitrates, and positioning the patient upright.
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Cardiovascular cardiovascular cardiovascular cardiovascular
Cardiovascular cardiovascular cardiovascular cardiovascular
seminar presentation of Congestive heart failure file.pptx
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Eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is a multisystem disorder characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. When pre-eclampsia is complicated by seizures, it is called eclampsia. Eclampsia has several potential causes including anoxia, cerebral edema, and excessive excitatory neurotransmitters. It most commonly occurs between 36 weeks gestation to term and affects primigravidae women more often. Management of eclampsia includes resuscitation, controlling seizures with magnesium sulfate, controlling blood pressure, and delivery of the baby via induction or c-section if not already postpartum.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer, which begins in the urothelial cells that line the bladder. Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain during urination, and back pain. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to chemicals, and increasing age. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, cystoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the stage - early stage cancers can be removed with surgery and chemotherapy, while more advanced cancers require removal of the bladder and surrounding tissues.
Rheumatic fever
An 11-year-old male presents with fever, joint pain, swelling, shortness of breath, and fatigue over the past 4 days. Examination finds enlarged tonsils, tachycardia, a holosystolic murmur, and swollen tender joints. Tests show elevated inflammatory markers and streptococcal infection. Chest X-ray and echocardiogram indicate cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion, mitral regurgitation, and left ventricular hypertrophy, consistent with acute rheumatic fever and carditis. The patient requires treatment for the arthritis and carditis, as well as antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrence and further valve damage.
Intestinal ischemia
Mesenteric ischemia is a condition where narrowed or blocked arteries restrict blood flow to the small intestine. It can be acute, caused by a sudden blood clot cutting off flow, or chronic over time due to plaque buildup. Without treatment, chronic mesenteric ischemia can become acute or cause severe weight loss and malnutrition. Symptoms of acute mesenteric ischemia include severe abdominal pain, urgent bowel movements, fever and nausea, while chronic ischemia symptoms include abdominal pain after eating that lessens over 1-3 hours. Complications can include sepsis, irreversible bowel damage, and death if left untreated. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like CT scans, Doppler ultrasounds, and angiography to detect vessel blockages.
Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease is a progressive loss of kidney function over a period of months or years. Early stages may be asymptomatic but later stages can cause nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and other issues. Risk factors include diabetes, hypertension, family history, and autoimmune diseases. The kidneys help regulate blood pressure and filter waste; damage disrupts these functions and can lead to further complications. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms, slowing progression, and managing associated conditions through medication, diet, dialysis, and potentially transplant.
Hiv stigma
Stigma refers to a negative attitude toward a person or group, while discrimination is acting on those negative attitudes. HIV stigma and discrimination can take several forms, including refusing medical care to those with HIV, socially isolating them, or referring to them in derogatory terms. Stigma stems from misconceptions about how HIV is transmitted and negative associations with behaviors like homosexuality. It negatively impacts those with HIV through loss of income, family support, and hope. Ending HIV stigma requires openly discussing HIV without stigma, using respectful language, correcting myths, and spreading awareness.
Rheumathoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and systemic symptoms. It affects around 1-3% of the population, occurring more frequently in women between ages 30-50. RA causes periods of disease flares and remissions. The synovium becomes engorged with new blood vessels and inflammatory cells. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to disease development. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms of joint pain and stiffness as well as blood tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies. Treatment includes NSAIDs, corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further joint damage.
Ebm - PICOT
This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of glucosamine-chondroitin sulfate (GC), glucosamine-chondroitin sulfate-methylsulfonylmethane (GCM), and placebo for patients with knee osteoarthritis Kellgren-Lawrence grade I-II. A double-blind randomized controlled trial assigned 147 patients to the GC, GCM, or placebo groups. Patients took the assigned treatment once daily for 3 months. Pain, stiffness, and physical function were measured before treatment and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after using the VAS and WOMAC scales. The combination of GCM showed significant improvement in pain relief compared to GC or placebo for patients with grade I-II knee osteo
Gurian folk medicine
This document summarizes various folk medicine treatments that were used by the Gurian people in Georgia. It describes remedies for conditions like cheating in marriage, erectile dysfunction, baldness, epilepsy, asthma, diabetes, rashes, eczema, and protection against snakes. The treatments involve ingredients like swallow feces and blood, oak acorn oil, calf testicles and hoopoe meat, frog ashes or oil, tortoise blood, goose blood, green beans, vinegar, and green parsley leaves. The document is from 1993 and was written by a professor of history of medicine about traditional Gurian healing methods.
Breast metastase
Metastatic breast cancer occurs when cancer cells break away from the original tumor and spread to other parts of the body through the lymph nodes or bloodstream. The most common sites of metastasis from breast cancer are the bones, lungs, brain, and liver. A metastatic tumor is made up of breast cancer cells, not cells from the organ they spread to. For example, a bone metastasis would be made up of breast cancer cells, not bone cells. Breast cancer most often spreads from the lining of the milk ducts in the breast.
Berlin wall
The document summarizes the partitioning of Berlin following World War 2. Germany was divided into four occupied zones, including Berlin. Over time, the Soviets tried to drive out Western allies from Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift and later the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop East Germans from fleeing to the West. The wall divided the city until 1989 when reforms led East Germany to open its borders and the wall fell, reunifying Berlin.
Anorexia nervosa - patient case
The patient was struggling with an eating disorder and had lost their self-confidence. They kept trying to be skinny due to social pressures but it was negatively impacting their physical and mental health, causing issues like their period stopping, hair loss, and trouble concentrating. Eating disorders are often related to genetic and hormonal factors but can also stem from issues like low self-esteem, perfectionism, or wanting peer approval. Treatment focuses on psychotherapy, nutrition counseling, medications, and sometimes hospitalization for severe cases.
Medical student shadowing - lumbar disc herniation (L5S1)
The patient has been experiencing severe burning pain in their right lateral lumbar region for 5 months. Associated symptoms include pain and numbness radiating down the right leg. Physical examination and imaging showed an L5S1 disc protrusion compressing the right S1 nerve root, consistent with lumbar disc herniation. Treatment includes lidocaine injections, B vitamins, topical gels, and a pepper plaster with no relief of symptoms.
Patient History
The document summarizes a 63-year-old female patient's medical history, including her chief complaint of difficulty breathing and swollen legs. It details her medical background of med urethral stone disease and past surgery. Laboratory tests revealed issues with her kidney function and a urinary tract infection. Her diagnosis was acute kidney insufficiency, fluid overload, breathing issues, and a urinary stone disease. She was given various medical treatments and remained hospitalized.
Healthcare system of germany
The German healthcare system is a universal multi-payer system that provides coverage for all citizens and permanent residents. It is funded through statutory health insurance contributions that are paid by both employees and employers. Around 86% of the population is covered through the statutory health insurance system, while the remaining 11% have private health insurance. The system is based on principles of solidarity and subsidiarity. It provides coverage for a wide range of medical services and has consistently delivered a very high quality of care, though costs have increased and reforms have sought to control spending while maintaining standards.
Medical specialties - Pathology
Pathology is the study of disease and how it affects the human body. There are two main divisions of pathology: anatomical pathology, which involves examining organs and tissues, and clinical pathology, which involves examining body fluids. Pathologists determine diagnoses, support medical research, and determine causes of death. They work in hospitals, medical centers, and independent laboratories. Training to become a pathologist takes 12-14 years in the US and 12-13 years in the UK and involves obtaining a medical degree and completing a residency program. While the work is important, pathologists may receive less recognition than other specialties and salaries can be less than other medical specialties as well despite long training requirements.
Samoa - medical anthropology
Samoa is an island country in Oceania consisting of 9 volcanic islands. It has a population of around 198,263 people and a population density of 70 people per square kilometer. The population is mostly located on the islands of Upolu and Tutulia. Samoan society is organized around extended families, villages, and councils. The main religions are Christian denominations. Traditionally, Samoans enjoyed good health due to their environment, diet and isolation, but European arrival introduced diseases like leprosy, tuberculosis and elephantiasis. Healthcare has advanced from traditional healers to include hospitals, clinics, and medical practitioner training abroad.
Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt, ruling in the 1st century BC. She stabilized Egypt's economy, curbed corruption, and provided relief during a drought without any revolts. As a skilled diplomat, she allied with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony of Rome to maintain power. However, her alliance with Antony put her in conflict with Octavian, and their forces were defeated in battle. Believing Cleopatra had died, Antony committed suicide, and Cleopatra herself then took her own life rather than be captured by Octavian, bringing an end to the Ptolemaic dynasty and Egypt's independence.
Gustav klimt
This document provides information about a lecture on Gustav Klimt presented to medical students in Tbilisi, Georgia. It includes biographical details of Klimt's life and training in Vienna. It describes his style as a master of symbolism who rejected realism and used symbols to express individual spirit. Examples of Klimt's works discussed include the Beethoven Frieze, Portrait of Jozef Pembaur, panels for the University of Vienna, Hygieia, and Adele Bloch-Bauer I. Klimt is known for his lavish use of materials and gold in his golden period. The document provides links to further resources about Klimt and his life as an
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Pulmonary embolism
- 2. Blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries Blocking blood flow to the lungs, therefore can be life-threatening deep veins in the legs are common sources of emboli: external iliac v., femoral v. , popliteal v. Emboli travels up the IVC → RA → RV → pulmonary artery Artery gets narrower and emboli traps Due to gravity more embolism in the lower portion of the lung
- 4. ↑ pulmonary vascular pressure = backflow of blood = ↑ right ventricular pressure = R.H failure Affected L.H = ↓ C. output = sympathetic reflex = ↑ HR and vasoconstriction Pathophysiology Obstruction = Ventilation perfusion mismatch Inflammation = cytokines = bronchoconstriction = deep and frequent breathing = hypoxemia + respiratory alkalosis
- 5. • Wheezing • Syncope and delirium • Rapid or irregular heartbeat • Lightheadedness or dizziness • Excessive sweating • Fever • Leg pain or swelling, or both, usually in the calf caused by a deep vein thrombosis • Clammy or discolored skin (cyanosis)
- 6. • Orthopedic procedures (hip, knee replacement); • Abdominal/pelvic surgery; • Varicose veins; • No prophylaxis (anticoagulants after surgery); • Obesity; • Women >30 – using OCP • Smoking • Immunodeficiency; • Malignancy; • Thrombotic disorders;
- 7. X-rays – to exclude pneumonia or pneumothorax. enlarged pulmonary artery. Wedge-shaped opacity. ECG - tachycardia Computer tomography V/Q scan Pulmonary angiography D-meter in the blood
- 8. Treatment Medications: • Anticoagulants • Thrombolytics Surgical: • Clot removal • Vein filter
- 9. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs. In most cases, pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from deep veins in the legs or, rarely, from veins in other parts of the body (deep vein thrombosis). Because the clots block blood flow to the lungs, pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening.
- Shortness of breath. This symptom typically appears suddenly and always gets worse with exertion. Chest pain. You may feel like you're having a heart attack. The pain is often sharp and felt when you breathe in deeply, often stopping you from being able to take a deep breath. It can also be felt when you cough, bend or stoop. Cough. The cough may produce bloody or blood-streaked sputum.