Valvular heart diseases involve abnormalities of the heart valves that can cause blood to flow backwards (regurgitation) or become narrowed (stenosis). The main types discussed are mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and aortic stenosis. Symptoms vary and can include murmurs, dyspnea, fatigue, and heart failure. Treatment involves medications, valve repair procedures like valvuloplasty, or valve replacement with artificial valves. Ongoing management focuses on monitoring for complications, preventing infectious endocarditis, and educating patients on lifestyle changes and self-care.
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Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart).
Aortic insufficiency (AI), also known as aortic regurgitation (AR), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction
Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart).
Aortic insufficiency (AI), also known as aortic regurgitation (AR), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. • Backward flow of blood through a heart
valve
REGURGITATION
• Narrowing or obstruction of a valve’s orifice
STENOSIS
• Stretching of an AV valve leaflet into the
atrium during systole
PROLAPSE
3.
4. A. Mitral Valve Prolapse
Cause: inherited connective tissue disorder causing
an enlargement of the mitral valve leaflet/s
usually asymptomatic
mitral click (extra heart sound)/murmur: often the
first & only sign of MVP
5.
6. B. Mitral Regurgitation
➢Causes: degenerative changes,
ischemia of the left ventricle,
rheumatic heart disease,
myxomatous changes, infective
endocarditis, collagen-vascular
diseases, cardiomyopathy, ischemic
heart disease
➢Left atrium eventually
hypertrophies and dilates, lungs
become congested
➢Systolic murmur (high-pitched,
blowing sound)
7.
8. C. Mitral Stenosis
Cause: rheumatic endocarditis
➢Also leads to left atrial hypertrophy,
pulmonary congestion and right ventricular
failure
➢Symptoms develop with 1/3 to ½
reduction of valve opening (1st: dyspnea
on exertion)
➢Poor ventricular filling ⇢ ⇩ CO
➢Low-pitched, rumbling diastolic murmur,
atrial dysrhythmias
9.
10. D. Aortic Regurgitation
➢Inflammatory lesions that deform the leaflets of the aortic valve;
infective or rheumatic endocarditis, congenital abnormalities,
aneurysm, blunt chest trauma, deterioration of an aortic valve
replacement
➢Leads to left ventricular failure
➢High-pitched, diastolic murmur at 3rd or 4th ICS at the left sternal
border
➢Widened pulse pressure
➢Water-hammer (Corrigan’s) pulse
11.
12. E. Aortic Stenosis
➢Causes: Degenerative
calcification, congenital leaflet
malformations, rheumatic
endocarditis
➢Asymptomatic
➢Leads to left ventricular failure
➢BP and pulse pressure may be
low
➢systolic crescendo-decrescendo
murmur over the aortic area, S4
heart sound; vibration felt over
base of heart
17. Same as with right or left ventricular
failure
Valve repair (valvuloplasty)
• Commissurotomy (for mitral stenosis)
• Annuloplasty – for regurgitation
• Chordoplasty – for stretched, torn, or
shortened chordae tendinae
Valve replacement
18.
19.
20.
21. Examples of commercially available
annuloplasty rings. From top: St. Judes Rigid
Saddle Shaped Ring, Edwards Geoform,
Edwards Physio, Edwards ETlogix, Edwards
Cosgrove.
25. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Teach pt about the diagnosis,
the progressive nature of the
d/o, and the treatment plan
Prophylactic antibiotic therapy
before undergoing invasive
procedures
Minimize risk for infectious
endocarditis:
• Good oral hygiene
• Routine dental care
• Avoid body piercing
• Don’t use toothpicks/sharp objects
into oral cavity
First-degree relatives may be
advised to have
echocardiograms
Mitral stenosis: anticoagulants
avoid strenuous activities,
competitive sports, and
isometric exercise
27. •monitor v/s, heart and lung sounds
•palpate peripheral pulses
•assess for s/s of heart failure, dysrhythmias, angina
•take weight daily, report gains of 2 lbs in a day or 5 lbs in 1
week
•valvuloplasty and replacement:
• assess for s/s of emboli
• same care for post-procedure cardiac catheterization or PTCA
• medications for BP regulation, dysrhythmias
28. patient teaching on diet, activity, medications,
and self-care
educate about long-term anticoagulant therapy –
warfarin or aspirin
doppler echocardiograms performed 3-4 wks
from discharge
