This article discusses governance and public administration in the age of globalization. It argues that politics and administration are intertwined, contrary to early theories that separated them. Globalization has increased the influence of international organizations on domestic governance in developing countries. While domestic policy traditionally considered organizational and national policies, it now must also consider international policies formulated by regional and global organizations. These organizations influence domestic governance through various means like workshops and publications, even if domestic policy does not directly engage with international affairs. The process of globalization has accelerated due to factors like increased economic interdependence and growth of international organizations, making governance a global issue rather than limited to individual nation states.
Ideals and practice in the study of Philippine Public Administration and Gove...Andrew Siguan
The document discusses the state of Philippine public administration and governance. It summarizes that the Philippines has a weak nation and "soft state" dominated by powerful interests. While the 1986 EDSA revolution promised democracy, it primarily restored the previous oligarchic system and corrupted politics. As a result, the Philippines has characteristics of a failing state such as lack of control over territory and monopoly on force. The document proposes ideas for nation-building through moral recovery programs to foster patriotism, common good, and accountability.
This document discusses public personnel administration. It begins by introducing the concept and distinguishing the meaning and nature of public personnel administration. It then discusses the increasing tasks of government that have led to expanded administration and demands on personnel. It defines public personnel administration as concerned with managing a public organization's workforce. The key functions are identified as planning, acquisition, development, and sanction. Challenges facing public personnel administration are also outlined, including competitiveness, resource limitations, technology, and violence in the workplace.
This document defines and discusses public administration. It begins by defining public administration as the implementation of government policy and the academic study of such implementation. It then discusses the nature, fields, components, and institutions of public administration. The fields covered include local governance, fiscal administration, policy analysis, organization management, and emerging fields like public enterprise management. It also discusses the relation of public administration to other disciplines like economics, criminology, and engineering. Finally, it provides overviews of key Philippine government institutions in public administration like the Commission on Audit, Civil Service Commission, and Commission on Elections.
The document defines and describes different types of employment statuses in the Philippine civil service, including:
1) Permanent, temporary, substitute, and co-terminous appointments for civil servants.
2) Regular permanent and provisional appointments for teachers.
3) Types of appointments such as original, promotion, transfer, and renewal.
4) Personnel movements including reassignment, secondment, and job rotation.
5) Contracts of service for individuals and institutions.
Fundamental Issues on Inter-Governmental RelationsIAGorgph
This document discusses fundamental issues regarding intergovernmental relations between the national government, autonomous regions, and local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines. It presents a working autonomy framework with the president having general supervision over autonomous regions and regional governors having general supervision over provincial governors. The autonomous region is meant to consolidate powers and resources, while LGUs are meant to be basic service providers to communities. Several issues are then raised regarding balancing autonomy, identity, relations, inclusiveness, delineation of powers, and establishing coordination mechanisms between the three levels of government.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
The document summarizes several traditional and new subfields of public administration. The traditional subfields discussed are political theory, international relations, comparative politics, organization and management, public personnel administration, public fiscal administration, and local government administration. Newer subfields that have emerged include policy analysis and program administration, public enterprise management, voluntary sector management, and spatial information management. Each subfield is briefly described in terms of its key areas of focus and topics studied.
New Public Management emerged in response to criticisms of traditional public administration. It advocates for private sector styles of management in government, including greater emphasis on results and accountability. Key aspects of NPM include decentralization, increased competition, private sector participation in service delivery, and adoption of corporate practices like strategic planning. NPM aims to improve efficiency and reduce costs in public services.
Ideals and practice in the study of Philippine Public Administration and Gove...Andrew Siguan
The document discusses the state of Philippine public administration and governance. It summarizes that the Philippines has a weak nation and "soft state" dominated by powerful interests. While the 1986 EDSA revolution promised democracy, it primarily restored the previous oligarchic system and corrupted politics. As a result, the Philippines has characteristics of a failing state such as lack of control over territory and monopoly on force. The document proposes ideas for nation-building through moral recovery programs to foster patriotism, common good, and accountability.
This document discusses public personnel administration. It begins by introducing the concept and distinguishing the meaning and nature of public personnel administration. It then discusses the increasing tasks of government that have led to expanded administration and demands on personnel. It defines public personnel administration as concerned with managing a public organization's workforce. The key functions are identified as planning, acquisition, development, and sanction. Challenges facing public personnel administration are also outlined, including competitiveness, resource limitations, technology, and violence in the workplace.
This document defines and discusses public administration. It begins by defining public administration as the implementation of government policy and the academic study of such implementation. It then discusses the nature, fields, components, and institutions of public administration. The fields covered include local governance, fiscal administration, policy analysis, organization management, and emerging fields like public enterprise management. It also discusses the relation of public administration to other disciplines like economics, criminology, and engineering. Finally, it provides overviews of key Philippine government institutions in public administration like the Commission on Audit, Civil Service Commission, and Commission on Elections.
The document defines and describes different types of employment statuses in the Philippine civil service, including:
1) Permanent, temporary, substitute, and co-terminous appointments for civil servants.
2) Regular permanent and provisional appointments for teachers.
3) Types of appointments such as original, promotion, transfer, and renewal.
4) Personnel movements including reassignment, secondment, and job rotation.
5) Contracts of service for individuals and institutions.
Fundamental Issues on Inter-Governmental RelationsIAGorgph
This document discusses fundamental issues regarding intergovernmental relations between the national government, autonomous regions, and local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines. It presents a working autonomy framework with the president having general supervision over autonomous regions and regional governors having general supervision over provincial governors. The autonomous region is meant to consolidate powers and resources, while LGUs are meant to be basic service providers to communities. Several issues are then raised regarding balancing autonomy, identity, relations, inclusiveness, delineation of powers, and establishing coordination mechanisms between the three levels of government.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
The document summarizes several traditional and new subfields of public administration. The traditional subfields discussed are political theory, international relations, comparative politics, organization and management, public personnel administration, public fiscal administration, and local government administration. Newer subfields that have emerged include policy analysis and program administration, public enterprise management, voluntary sector management, and spatial information management. Each subfield is briefly described in terms of its key areas of focus and topics studied.
New Public Management emerged in response to criticisms of traditional public administration. It advocates for private sector styles of management in government, including greater emphasis on results and accountability. Key aspects of NPM include decentralization, increased competition, private sector participation in service delivery, and adoption of corporate practices like strategic planning. NPM aims to improve efficiency and reduce costs in public services.
The Philippine civil service system has evolved over time from its origins under Spanish and American colonial rule to the current system managed by the Civil Service Commission. Key events include the establishment of merit-based hiring and promotions under the American regime in 1900, continued reforms in the early 20th century, and major reorganizations under Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino to reduce corruption and politicization. The civil service aims to recruit and retain a professional public workforce based on merit rather than patronage, though challenges to this ideal remain.
This document provides information about a public administration course taught by Prof. Ginandjar Kartasasmita at the Graduate School of Asia and Pacific Studies at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan. The course covers key concepts and intellectual frameworks in public administration, with a focus on the relationships between governance, administration, and development. It will include lectures, class discussions, assignments, and a final paper. The grade is based 30% on class participation, 30% on assignments, and 40% on the final paper. Required readings are listed and materials can be accessed on the professor's website.
The Commission on Audit is composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners who are natural-born Filipino citizens at least 35 years old with experience as CPAs or lawyers. They are appointed by the President for 7 years without reappointment.
The Commission has the power to examine, audit, and settle accounts of government revenues/expenditures. It keeps the general accounts of the government and defines the scope of its audits. It promulgates accounting and auditing rules and regulations and submits an annual financial report to the President and Congress.
The document provides information about the Civil Service System of South Korea. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Ministry of Personnel Management oversees South Korea's civil service system and aims to create a more transparent, fair and competent civil service. The system classifies civil servants into grades and uses open competitions, career competitions, and a senior civil service system to recruit and promote civil servants. The performance management system evaluates civil servants to determine their salaries, promotions, and professional development opportunities.
This document summarizes a paper on the development of public administration as an academic discipline in the Philippines over the past 40 years. It identifies 4 phases: Beginnings from 1952-1956 which saw the establishment of the discipline; Foundations and Growth from 1957-1972 as Filipino scholars took over; Transition Years from 1973-1981 as development administration emerged; and the Activist Public Administration period from 1982 to present. While the field has grown, the author argues it still lacks a coherent administrative theory and must further develop its intellectual foundations.
Scope and Colonial Influences of Public Administrationjonasguevarra08
Presented to the students of Master of Public Administration at Bataan Peninsula State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Theory and Practice in Public Administration.
Dynamism of Philippine Administrative System and its Role to National Develop...Mhd Faheem Aliuden
The administrative system of the Republic of the Philippines is comprised of a central government and its territorial and political subdivisions, which enjoy local autonomy: the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays (smallest administrative unit) and the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
The Philippine Administrative System (PAS) refers to the network of government organizations that implement public policies and provide public services. It includes executive departments, constitutional bodies, local government units, and state-owned corporations. The PAS aims to empower citizens by institutionalizing access to services, decentralizing operations, and making procedures simple. It operates within a socio-political and economic environment. The PAS structure is headed by the President and includes over 20 executive departments and over 40,000 local government units across the country. Key processes include budgeting, personnel management, and periodic reorganizations to improve government efficiency and effectiveness.
The document discusses civil servants in the Philippines government. It defines a civil servant as a person employed in a government department or agency. It provides examples of government branches that employ civil servants, such as the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. The document outlines six goals of the Philippine civil service including developing competent civil servants, ensuring integrity and excellence in public service, and building partnerships. It concludes with a brief history of the Philippine civil service system dating back to 1900 and key laws and reforms that have shaped it.
limitations and prohibitions on appointment of government employeesCherry Belle Milagrosa
1) Elective officials are not eligible for appointment to any public office during their tenure, except as specifically authorized by law.
2) Candidates who lose elections cannot be appointed to government offices or government-controlled corporations within one year, except for barangay elections.
3) Appointive officials cannot hold multiple positions in government unless allowed by law or the functions of their position, to prevent double compensation.
The document discusses the history and evolution of local government in the Philippines. It traces the roots of local government back to the Spanish colonial period and discusses the long tradition of centralized rule, from Spanish/American colonization up until the Marcos dictatorship in 1972. Key events that decentralized power included the 1991 Local Government Code passed under the Aquino administration, devolving services and increasing financial resources to LGUs. The Code aimed to promote local autonomy and address issues like poverty, inequality, and security through community participation and empowering LGUs to provide for basic needs and local development. Examples are given of notable achievements and initiatives that have resulted from the decentralization process.
Government Reform: Lesson’s from Korean ExperienceDadang Solihin
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Jin Park of the KDI School of Public Policy and Management on government reform in South Korea. The presentation covered four key topics: 1) the role of government in South Korea's early economic development, 2) government reform efforts after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, 3) how to reform the government, and 4) lessons learned from South Korea's experience with government reform.
New Public Management and Reinventing Government emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as responses to economic problems and a desire for more efficient and cost-effective government. Key aspects included being more customer-oriented, decentralizing authority, and applying private sector business models to government. The new public management movement advocated for competition, quantifying performance, and giving managers more autonomy. Reinventing Government proposed operating governments like businesses to improve outcomes. Reengineering sought radical improvements to processes through exploiting technology. These reforms aimed to improve productivity and services while reducing costs.
Philippine Constitution - Article X - Local GovernmentJohn Paul Espino
Article 10 - X - Local Government of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
The document discusses key concepts related to decentralization and local governance in the Philippines based on the 1987 Constitution and the Local Government Code. It defines key terms like "just share", decentralization, local autonomy, and the relationship between national and local governments. It outlines the four types of decentralization - political, administrative, fiscal, and policy decentralization. It also discusses the operative principles of decentralization and the concept of municipal corporations.
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
Local autonomy, decentralization and related conceptsDada Ilagan
This document discusses local autonomy and local government structures in the Philippines. It defines local autonomy as self-governance under one's own laws. The Local Government Code of 1991 significantly decentralized governance by devolving powers to local government units (LGUs). The LGUs are comprised of provinces, municipalities, cities, and barangays. Provinces have the largest jurisdiction and municipalities and cities provide services at the community level. Barangays are the smallest local units.
The document discusses the role of local governments in the Philippines according to the Local Government Code. It outlines that the code aims to devolve responsibilities to local governments to empower them and make them effective partners in national development. It also describes the structure of local governments from provinces down to barangays and their powers and functions based on the code. Key aspects covered are services devolved to local governments, revenue sharing, and the executive and legislative branches of each local government unit.
Modern public administration has gone through several phases since the 1950s: (1) development administration from the 1950s-1960s which focused on helping developing countries rebuild after WWII, (2) new public administration in the 1970s which addressed the "identity crisis" facing the field, (3) new public management in the 1980s-1990s which emphasized market-based reforms, and (4) governance which views public administration more broadly. Development administration aimed to help countries undergoing social and economic transformation through innovation management and the administration of development projects with Western aid. The Philippines also drew on development administration principles but faced its own "identity crisis" in defining an approach rooted to its own aspirations.
Public Fiscal Management (Economic planning and fiscal management in the Phil...Jeff Gadong
The Philippines has traditionally had a private enterprise economy with limited government intervention. While some state-owned enterprises expanded under Marcos, the Aquino government pursued privatization. Economic planning focused on growth targets and project implementation. Responsibility for planning fell to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEADA). The NEADA produced several 5-year plans under Marcos and Aquino focusing on poverty alleviation, employment, and equitable growth. However, goals were not always achieved due to conflicts and indecisiveness. The government also focused on maintaining relations with international creditors, limiting development spending.
Wilson outlines the emergence and objectives of the study of administration. The study aims to understand what government can properly do and how it can do things efficiently. Wilson states three objectives: to review the history of the study, ascertain its subject matter, and determine the best methods. Historically, administration emerged after 2200 years of political science. It involves executing public law. Wilson argues the study should use comparative analysis and learn from other countries' experiences to develop the best administrative methods. The goal is to rescue executive methods and separate politics from administration while acknowledging their connection.
This document discusses the evolution of the field of public administration from its roots in ancient civilizations to the modern era. It addresses the question of whether there is a Philippine public administration. While scholars in 1986 asserted that one exists due to the presence of administrative structures and processes operating within the unique Philippine context, the question is revisited here. The document outlines the major phases in the evolution of public administration as a discipline from the traditional/classical phase to the modern phase and various sub-phases. It examines influential early theorists and developments that shaped the field.
The Philippine civil service system has evolved over time from its origins under Spanish and American colonial rule to the current system managed by the Civil Service Commission. Key events include the establishment of merit-based hiring and promotions under the American regime in 1900, continued reforms in the early 20th century, and major reorganizations under Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino to reduce corruption and politicization. The civil service aims to recruit and retain a professional public workforce based on merit rather than patronage, though challenges to this ideal remain.
This document provides information about a public administration course taught by Prof. Ginandjar Kartasasmita at the Graduate School of Asia and Pacific Studies at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan. The course covers key concepts and intellectual frameworks in public administration, with a focus on the relationships between governance, administration, and development. It will include lectures, class discussions, assignments, and a final paper. The grade is based 30% on class participation, 30% on assignments, and 40% on the final paper. Required readings are listed and materials can be accessed on the professor's website.
The Commission on Audit is composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners who are natural-born Filipino citizens at least 35 years old with experience as CPAs or lawyers. They are appointed by the President for 7 years without reappointment.
The Commission has the power to examine, audit, and settle accounts of government revenues/expenditures. It keeps the general accounts of the government and defines the scope of its audits. It promulgates accounting and auditing rules and regulations and submits an annual financial report to the President and Congress.
The document provides information about the Civil Service System of South Korea. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Ministry of Personnel Management oversees South Korea's civil service system and aims to create a more transparent, fair and competent civil service. The system classifies civil servants into grades and uses open competitions, career competitions, and a senior civil service system to recruit and promote civil servants. The performance management system evaluates civil servants to determine their salaries, promotions, and professional development opportunities.
This document summarizes a paper on the development of public administration as an academic discipline in the Philippines over the past 40 years. It identifies 4 phases: Beginnings from 1952-1956 which saw the establishment of the discipline; Foundations and Growth from 1957-1972 as Filipino scholars took over; Transition Years from 1973-1981 as development administration emerged; and the Activist Public Administration period from 1982 to present. While the field has grown, the author argues it still lacks a coherent administrative theory and must further develop its intellectual foundations.
Scope and Colonial Influences of Public Administrationjonasguevarra08
Presented to the students of Master of Public Administration at Bataan Peninsula State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Theory and Practice in Public Administration.
Dynamism of Philippine Administrative System and its Role to National Develop...Mhd Faheem Aliuden
The administrative system of the Republic of the Philippines is comprised of a central government and its territorial and political subdivisions, which enjoy local autonomy: the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays (smallest administrative unit) and the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
The Philippine Administrative System (PAS) refers to the network of government organizations that implement public policies and provide public services. It includes executive departments, constitutional bodies, local government units, and state-owned corporations. The PAS aims to empower citizens by institutionalizing access to services, decentralizing operations, and making procedures simple. It operates within a socio-political and economic environment. The PAS structure is headed by the President and includes over 20 executive departments and over 40,000 local government units across the country. Key processes include budgeting, personnel management, and periodic reorganizations to improve government efficiency and effectiveness.
The document discusses civil servants in the Philippines government. It defines a civil servant as a person employed in a government department or agency. It provides examples of government branches that employ civil servants, such as the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. The document outlines six goals of the Philippine civil service including developing competent civil servants, ensuring integrity and excellence in public service, and building partnerships. It concludes with a brief history of the Philippine civil service system dating back to 1900 and key laws and reforms that have shaped it.
limitations and prohibitions on appointment of government employeesCherry Belle Milagrosa
1) Elective officials are not eligible for appointment to any public office during their tenure, except as specifically authorized by law.
2) Candidates who lose elections cannot be appointed to government offices or government-controlled corporations within one year, except for barangay elections.
3) Appointive officials cannot hold multiple positions in government unless allowed by law or the functions of their position, to prevent double compensation.
The document discusses the history and evolution of local government in the Philippines. It traces the roots of local government back to the Spanish colonial period and discusses the long tradition of centralized rule, from Spanish/American colonization up until the Marcos dictatorship in 1972. Key events that decentralized power included the 1991 Local Government Code passed under the Aquino administration, devolving services and increasing financial resources to LGUs. The Code aimed to promote local autonomy and address issues like poverty, inequality, and security through community participation and empowering LGUs to provide for basic needs and local development. Examples are given of notable achievements and initiatives that have resulted from the decentralization process.
Government Reform: Lesson’s from Korean ExperienceDadang Solihin
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Jin Park of the KDI School of Public Policy and Management on government reform in South Korea. The presentation covered four key topics: 1) the role of government in South Korea's early economic development, 2) government reform efforts after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, 3) how to reform the government, and 4) lessons learned from South Korea's experience with government reform.
New Public Management and Reinventing Government emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as responses to economic problems and a desire for more efficient and cost-effective government. Key aspects included being more customer-oriented, decentralizing authority, and applying private sector business models to government. The new public management movement advocated for competition, quantifying performance, and giving managers more autonomy. Reinventing Government proposed operating governments like businesses to improve outcomes. Reengineering sought radical improvements to processes through exploiting technology. These reforms aimed to improve productivity and services while reducing costs.
Philippine Constitution - Article X - Local GovernmentJohn Paul Espino
Article 10 - X - Local Government of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
The document discusses key concepts related to decentralization and local governance in the Philippines based on the 1987 Constitution and the Local Government Code. It defines key terms like "just share", decentralization, local autonomy, and the relationship between national and local governments. It outlines the four types of decentralization - political, administrative, fiscal, and policy decentralization. It also discusses the operative principles of decentralization and the concept of municipal corporations.
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
Local autonomy, decentralization and related conceptsDada Ilagan
This document discusses local autonomy and local government structures in the Philippines. It defines local autonomy as self-governance under one's own laws. The Local Government Code of 1991 significantly decentralized governance by devolving powers to local government units (LGUs). The LGUs are comprised of provinces, municipalities, cities, and barangays. Provinces have the largest jurisdiction and municipalities and cities provide services at the community level. Barangays are the smallest local units.
The document discusses the role of local governments in the Philippines according to the Local Government Code. It outlines that the code aims to devolve responsibilities to local governments to empower them and make them effective partners in national development. It also describes the structure of local governments from provinces down to barangays and their powers and functions based on the code. Key aspects covered are services devolved to local governments, revenue sharing, and the executive and legislative branches of each local government unit.
Modern public administration has gone through several phases since the 1950s: (1) development administration from the 1950s-1960s which focused on helping developing countries rebuild after WWII, (2) new public administration in the 1970s which addressed the "identity crisis" facing the field, (3) new public management in the 1980s-1990s which emphasized market-based reforms, and (4) governance which views public administration more broadly. Development administration aimed to help countries undergoing social and economic transformation through innovation management and the administration of development projects with Western aid. The Philippines also drew on development administration principles but faced its own "identity crisis" in defining an approach rooted to its own aspirations.
Public Fiscal Management (Economic planning and fiscal management in the Phil...Jeff Gadong
The Philippines has traditionally had a private enterprise economy with limited government intervention. While some state-owned enterprises expanded under Marcos, the Aquino government pursued privatization. Economic planning focused on growth targets and project implementation. Responsibility for planning fell to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEADA). The NEADA produced several 5-year plans under Marcos and Aquino focusing on poverty alleviation, employment, and equitable growth. However, goals were not always achieved due to conflicts and indecisiveness. The government also focused on maintaining relations with international creditors, limiting development spending.
Wilson outlines the emergence and objectives of the study of administration. The study aims to understand what government can properly do and how it can do things efficiently. Wilson states three objectives: to review the history of the study, ascertain its subject matter, and determine the best methods. Historically, administration emerged after 2200 years of political science. It involves executing public law. Wilson argues the study should use comparative analysis and learn from other countries' experiences to develop the best administrative methods. The goal is to rescue executive methods and separate politics from administration while acknowledging their connection.
This document discusses the evolution of the field of public administration from its roots in ancient civilizations to the modern era. It addresses the question of whether there is a Philippine public administration. While scholars in 1986 asserted that one exists due to the presence of administrative structures and processes operating within the unique Philippine context, the question is revisited here. The document outlines the major phases in the evolution of public administration as a discipline from the traditional/classical phase to the modern phase and various sub-phases. It examines influential early theorists and developments that shaped the field.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as an agent of change.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as a change agent.
Confucius
With no CLERGY or GODS - Confucianism is not a religion in the TRADITIONAL senseETHICAL system provides direction for personal behaviorPracticed mostly in CHINA – about 6.3 million followersBased on the teachings of Chinese scholar CONFUCIUSConfucius (551–479 BC)- teacher, editor, politician, and philosopherBorn at a time of CRISIS and VIOLENCE in ChinaHoped his beliefs and teachings would restore order to society
CONFUCIANISM
Philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality - correctness of social relationships -justice and sincerityConfucius's principles - based on common Chinese tradition and beliefBelieved in: strong family loyalty - ancestor worship -respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives His principle "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself", an early version of the Golden Rule
CONFUCIUS
Confucius believed order, harmony, good government could be restored if society were organized around the:
FIVE KEY RELATIONSHIPS1. RULER - SUBJECT2. FATHER - SON3. HUSBAND - WIFE4. OLDER BROTHER – YOUNGER BROTHER5. FRIEND - FRIEND
FIVE KEY RELATIONSHIPS
Except for FRIENDSHIPS – none of the relationships were EQUALOLDER superior to YOUNGERMEN superior to WOMEN
{Were not supposed to take
advantage of position but serve as a
guide or role model}
FIVE KEY RELATIONSHIPS
FILIAL PIETY is respect for one's parents and ancestors:
*to be good and take care of parents
*show love, respect, courtesy and support
*display sorrow for their sickness and death Filial Piety emphasized in Confucianism because devotion to one's parents was associated with one's devotion to the state; it also meant honoring their parents’ memories after death
FILIAL PIETY
ANALECTS: the collection of writings, sayings and ideas of Confucius
ANALECTS
*
China before ConfuciusThe “Yellow Emperor”Xia and Shang Dynasties2070 B.C. - 1046 B.C.Zhou Dynasty1046 B.C. - 256 B.C.“Spring and Autumn” period770 B.C. - 476 B.C.
ConfuciusBorn in 551 B.C.died in 479 B.C.
ConfucianismConcerned primarily with restoring social stability and orderWhat is the basis of a stable, unified, and enduring social order?a system of social and ethical philosophy“only when character is cultivated are our families regulated; only when families are regulated are states well governed.”
Confucianismlirituals, norms, institutions, or moresthe outer, conforming aspect of Confucianismrenhumaneness, love, kindness, benevolence, or virtuethe inner, reforming aspect of Confucianism
LiRites, ceremonies, proper behavior, and good mannerperformed in good faith, with everyone keeping to his or her proper roleuniversal harmonyno need for physical sanctions, laws, or punishment
RenRelationship between "two persons”extension of filial piety to all human beingseach role in the hierarchy of social relations had clearly defined dutiesreciprocity or mutual responsibility
Five relat ...
This document discusses the meaning and scope of public administration and how it has evolved over time. It begins by noting there is no consensus on a definition and different writers have defined it in different ways, either broadly to include policymaking or narrowly as just the executive branch. It discusses how early thinkers like Woodrow Wilson viewed public administration and principles that were established. Over time, factors like industrialization, technology development, and scientific management movement influenced the growth of public administration as an academic discipline in the late 19th/early 20th century. The core components of administration are also outlined.
Classical public administration focused on running government like a business with clear hierarchies and standard operating procedures. New public management emerged later treating citizens as customers and importing private sector management techniques. Postmodern public administration rejects the idea of one universal approach and instead emphasizes relativity, inclusion, and addressing social inequities.
This document provides an overview of public administration as a field of study. It defines public administration as the implementation and management of government policies and affairs. It discusses the integral and managerial views of public administration. It also outlines the traditional and modern scopes of public administration. Finally, it examines the six paradigms of public administration that have emerged over time, including the politics-administration dichotomy, principles of administration, public administration as political science, public administration as management, public administration itself, and the emergence of governance.
Emerging trends in public administrationSuzana Vaidya
The document discusses emerging trends in public administration that reflect challenges and harness opportunities. It identifies new trends like new governance, leadership styles, generational change, strategic planning, e-government, and service delivery. A key trend is new leadership styles like transformational leadership which can help address fiscal crises through improved sustainability. Transformational leadership motivates followers through individual consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence. This style aligns with building shared visions and team learning to create commitment and exemplary leadership through modeling, challenges, and inspiration. Benchmarking shows transformational leadership relates to learning organizations and impacts employee creativity and nonprofit accountability.
The document discusses several key concepts and theories in public administration, including:
- Bureaucracy theory, which analyzes public administration by distinguishing between political and administrative acts.
- Traditional management theory, which was initially informed by scientific management theory and focuses on directing ongoing organizational activities.
- Control of bureaucracy theory, which examines issues of compliance and responsiveness in public administration.
- Theories of client responsiveness, which assume public agencies are established to serve clients and that bureaucrats prioritize responding to client needs over political directives.
- Agency theory, which posits a dynamic interaction between political principals and bureaucratic agents, with agencies having informational and expertise advantages.
Liberalism's core political values of individualism, individual freedoms, and primacy of individual rights emerged in response to religious conflicts in Europe. However, these values are based on the flawed premise of individualism, which views humans as isolated from their social contexts. This has led to increasing social problems in liberal societies as evidenced by research. Liberal values do not promote social cohesion and have been linked to rising rates of issues like crime and family breakdown. An alternative is needed that recognizes the social nature of humans and aims to foster strong, well-functioning communities.
The New Public Administration emerged in the 1960s as a response to the traditional, managerial approach of public administration. It focused on making public administration more responsive to social issues and promoting values like social equity, fairness, and participation. The Minnowbrook Conference of 1968 was influential in developing the principles of the New Public Administration, emphasizing public administration's role in facilitating social change and an active citizenry. The New Public Administration rejected the value-neutral stance and hierarchical structure of traditional public administration, instead prioritizing flexibility, relevance to contemporary problems, and a client-oriented approach.
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Essay on evolution of Public Administration as a discipline.pdfuplevelway
The Evolution of Public Administration as a Discipline:
Public Administration as a discipline has a rich history that reflects the changing dynamics of governance, societal needs, and the role of the state. The evolution of Public Administration can be traced through different phases, each characterized by distinct paradigms, theories, and approaches.
Early Foundations:
The roots of Public Administration can be found in ancient civilizations, where administrative practices were essential for the functioning of empires and city-states. Notable contributions can be seen in Chinese, Indian, Greek, and Roman administrative systems. Ancient Chinese philosophers, such as Confucius, discussed principles of good governance and ethics, while ancient Greece and Rome emphasized the importance of efficient administration for the well-being of the state.
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Human Relations Movement:
The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a shift with the Human Relations Movement, which challenged the mechanistic views of bureaucracy. Scholars like Elton Mayo emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior and motivation in the workplace. This movement highlighted the significance of social factors in organizational effectiveness, steering Public Administration towards a more people-centric approach.
A Review Of The Study Of Administration By Woodrow WilsonLuz Martinez
Wilson published an 1887 essay on public administration as a science. He discusses the history of studying administration as distinct from politics, with administration being as old as government. Second, he defines the subject matter of public administration as the execution of public law through administration. Finally, he argues that developing public administration as a science requires technical education for officials and comparing administrative systems to determine best practices for democratic governments.
The document discusses the evolution of paradigms and models in public administration from its early development to present. It traces the progression from the politics-administration dichotomy model to more modern concepts like New Public Management, Reinventing Government, and governance. Key models discussed include scientific management, systems theory, and the policy issue model, each building upon previous approaches and introducing new lenses for analyzing public administration.
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Public administration : Review of some critical papers
1. --
“A scholar guide to
public administration”
Attempt to make an insight
Course Code
PA-511
Date of Submission
5/30 2015
Name Roll Contribution
1. Nusrat Jahan Nipu 11 Paradigms of governance & administration
2. Mohammad Azizul Hoque 109 Governance in the age of globalization
3. Aysa Akter- 12 Confucius & moral basis of bureaucracy
4. Md. Masum 41 Classic of Public Administration
5. Md. Wasim Uddin 45 Caliph Ali’s letter to Malik Ashtar
6. Md. Muhibbur Rahman 30 Changing nature of PA
7. Abid Hasan Badol 27 The study of administration
2. 2
Table of Contents
Three Paradigms of Governance and Public Administration: ...........4
Governance in the age of globalization............................................6
Confucius and the Moral Basis of Bureaucracy ................................9
Classic of public administration........................................................9
Caliph Ali’s Letter to Malik Ashtar ..................................................15
The Changing Nature of Public Administration: ............................18
The study of administration ...........................................................20
3. 3
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
As a professional field public administration is not new one. Its trace can be found
from primitive age to medieval age. Different kings and ruler used to apply their own
style of administration to run their state. Woodrow Wilson & Co were first to think
this as a field of study or academic discipline. The classic age of public administration
witnessed a series of theories and path breaking model to conceive public
administration. It ranges from Wilsons’ study of public administration, Weber’s ideal
type bureaucracy to Taylor’s principle of scientific management. This intellectual
journey didn’t end up with not only the then ideas but faced lots of challenges with
the advent of modernity & globalization. That is why Ali Farazmand made an attempt
to conceive this discipline from global perspective. Even this discipline has already a
series of paradigm-shift. So this paradigm-shift has certainly affected the nature of
government that is pointed out by Guy Peters in his article of ‘changing nature of
public administration’. Beside the ascendency and dominance of Western thought on
this discipline there are some scholars who conceive it from comparative lens. They
come up with a comparative study to understand the feasibility of the western model
of administration in a different social setting. That is the way Western model faced a
huge challenge to claim for having ‘a suit fit for all’. East Asian miracle ironically
demonstrated the success of Confucian style of administration. Even the Islamic
philosophy to run the administration as narrated in the letter of Caliph Ali seems to
think beyond all modern techniques of administration. How come someone explain
the philosophy of common man (protector of justice) so long time back? So,
comparative study of public administration helped to conceive this discipline from a
more comprehensive perspective.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This review paper is all from secondary sources. Seven key articles on the theoretical
basis of public administration have been taken as resources to pursue the research.
Besides some textbooks, journals and web resources pertaining to the discipline
helped this paper to come true.
4. 4
Three Paradigms of Governance and Public
Administration: Chinese, Western & Islamic
------Prof. Dr. H.C. Wolfgang Drechsler
Preview:
In this article Dr. Wolfgang discussed the different paradigms of public administration
and governance, which encompasses different fields of social sciences such as
political science and economics. He explained that there is no perfect model and
global best(practice of) Public Administration. This is in contrast to the general
assumption that the western or Anglo- American model of Public Administration
(PA) is the ideal, modern, democratic model of governance.
Dr. Drechsler attempted to show that in different contexts ,there are also solutions to
common problems that are different from global-western PA but not the worse, very
likely at least some of them even better and there are adequate ,good, indeed excellent
solutions that completely depend on contexts.
Three ways of looking PA
Dr. Drechsler has proposed three possible models of trajectories to good public
Administration: Western, Multi-cultural, Contextual.
Western: He described it as the global western mainstream: Global=Western=good
(=modern).According to this idea, the good PA is universal that by and at large this is
western PA and that will remain so for foreseeable times to come.
Multicultural: We may call multi-cultural PA would hold that there is no such thing
like ideal PA as such, that good PA depends entirely on culture and context, never
mind on which level.
Contextual: Third model, contextual says that there is something like good PA and
although it may be an amorphous entity and a moving target ,some solutions are
similar at all or most time.
Chinese and Islamic PA as alternative to Western PA
This essay argues that there are (at least) three paradigms of governance and
especially public administration: Chinese, Western, and Islamic – paradigms
understood here as potentiality and theory rather than reality and practice as observed
today. It then discusses classical Chinese, i.e. Confucian, and Islamic, specifically
Ottoman, public administration, as the alternatives of western PA.
5. 5
Chinese Public Administration
The Chinese public administration is influenced by the teachings of Confucius. Some
of the main characteristics of this model include an examination system for the civil
servants, centralized bureaucracy, ethics and accountability and results-orientation.
The author said that the Confucian system is easily acceptable to the West because of
its success and immense contribution towards the field of public administration and
governance. Countries practicing the Chinese model of public administration include
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Singapore which are the most successful
countries of the world. For PA specifically, it is once again worth pointing out the
features whereby China was leading the west. We can assume that even the modern
state started itself started in China and not in the west. In addition, the re-emergence
of China as a dominating world power has reaffirmed the influence and contribution
of the Chinese model of public administration and governance.
Islamic Public Administration
In contrast, the Islamic model which was the foundation of successful governments
such as the Ottoman Empire for 600 years has seen a decline over the years. Like the
Chinese counterpart, Ottoman PA was constantly under reform, too-perennially
modernizing at least since the 18th
century like refocus on the sultan’s role as Caliph,
the dexterous use of media and communication technology, the emphasis of persona
loyalty and the purposeful creation of the ideology of Ottomanism by Sultan Abdul
Hamid. Today, Turkey remains a progressive Muslim nation that practices Islamic
public administration. This model places more emphasis on economic and political
performance compared to the Confucian system. One of the key features of this model
is decentralization of bureaucracy which enables each entity within a government to
have their own system of governance. The author concluded the article by
emphasizing the importance and influence of the Islamic and Chinese PA. Both are
alternatives to the western model and characteristics from both are still relevant to the
system of governance in many countries around the world. The guiding question is
whether we arrive more easily at good public administration if we realize that there
are different contexts and thus, potentially at least, different ways thither, as well as
legitimately different goals.
6. 6
Governance in the age of globalization
----Ali Farazmand
Public administration is a journey where change is inevitable and inseparable. Most
prominently among the national and international change agents, the international
financial and regional organizations are playing the most overriding role in the
domestic governance of the developing countries. Politics administration dichotomy
was the first Goodnow- Wilsonian discourse that gives a hand its new academic
journey. But at the end of the twenty century many scholars demanded that the
“Politics-administration conjugality” because the administration cannot run by
gainsaying the influenced of the national politics and certainly the international
politics that is termed as globalization. It seems to be Turn back and due to increased
complexity of the public affairs. Among the paradigms of public administrations, the
new borne Governance considered as the supplementary of Public administration in
the 21 century. Conventionally It is closedly observed that Public Administration is
dealing with two types of policy such as organizational policy and the national policy
and often skipping the international-global policy that is absent in almost all previous
administrative paradigms. Public administration that is the confiscated only within the
inter-organizational policy, formulated by organizational personnel’s, and the national
level policy, formulate by the legislature, but very surprisingly we often skipping the
international policy and global political affairs that is formulated by regional and the
international organizations. Thought we do not care about the international affairs in
the domestic policy process but paradoxically we are using and Appling the ideas and
theories that developed by the World bank, IMF, WTO, UNDP and some others
consultancy firms through their various proclamation, workshop, publications,
seminar, symposium and conferences. That mean ultimately we cannot avoid the
affairs of international political and financial actors from our domestic governance.
The process of globalization is accelerated by a number of contributing factors or
forces like technological innovations; declining domestic economies of powerful
industrialized countries of the North; the military and political pressures as well as
wars of the latter nations on the third world countries of the South; the fall of the
former Soviet Union as an alternative world system power; the role of western
ideological propaganda; the role of the United Nations’ agencies such as IMF, the
World Bank, and WTO; international donors, including the USAID; the rising citizen
expectations, including labor demands for sharing power in management and
organizational democracy; and availability of new cheap labor force across gender
and racial groups worldwide. To coping with the age of globalization we need for
capacity building, enhancement, and innovation in policy and management. This
paper is divided into three parts such as (1) key concepts of governance with a
multitude of diverse notions of the term; (2) “sound governance” with major
dimensions, key issues, and characteristics; (3) and challenges and opportunities, with
implications for South and Southeast Asia; Weather it is good governance or sound
governance, the entrepreneurial governance or the competitive governance or the
7. 7
mission driven governance or the meta governance or the social-political governance,
the common characteristics in all the form of governance is rejecting the traditional
form of governance of authority, bureaucratic nature, rigid hierarchy, the centralized
decision making and implementations and suggest the flexibility of rues, giving more
emphasis on the outputs and the impacts for of the project for the service takers, the
broader citizen engagement and the active participation in the decision making and
unionization among the state actors, social and non-state actors including some
international actors. Among them the Good governance was first developed by the
World Bank and UNDP which became the most pressing requirements on third world
countries in Asia, Africa, pressures of donor institutions of the North demanded
developing countries policy reforms in their governments and society as a condition
for international aid. Ultimately the poor country stays in poor. So in this perspective
we can adopt the sound governance. Sound Governance has some characteristic
demands like First; it is more comprehensive and incorporates the important global or
international force of governance. Second, it includes the normative as well as
technical and rational features of good governance. Third, it requires soundness
technically, professionally, organizationally, managerially, politically, democratically,
and economically. Forth: it Accord the constitutional values. Sixth, the concept sound
governance has an ancient origin in the First World-State Achievement with a highly
efficient and effective administrative system And therefore inclusive and promotes
participation and interaction in an increasingly complex, diverse, and dynamic
national and international environment. Besides he talked about ten Dimensions of
Sound Governance. First is the Process that involves a process of governing with the
interaction of all elements or stakeholders involved; second is the Structure that
indicates the constitutive elements, actors, rules, regulations, procedures, decision-
making frameworks, and authoritative sources that sanctions or legitimates the
governance process. Third is the Cognition and Values of governance. it breeds
Normative values of fairness, equity, integrity, representation, responsiveness,
responsibility, tolerance, and equality before law for all citizens regardless of color,
race, ethnicity, gender, and age. In fourth dimension he said Constitution is the
fundamental guiding document that serves as a blueprint for governance that should
not ignored and bypassed most of time we do. In Fifth dimensions he talked about the
Organization and Institution that is depended on each others. for example institutions
without sound organization are fragile and doomed to failure, as they cannot perform
and do what they have been created to do. Sixth is the Management and Performance.
Mere performance is not sufficient; it must produce desired and intended outcomes,
outcomes that translate into institutional and system legitimacy. Seventh is the Policy.
The goal achievement Two types of policy are in order in sound governance: one is
external to individual organizations of governance and The second type of policy is
internal to the individual organizations and institutions of governance; both demand
popular participation in policy making and management, citizens. Eighth is the
International or Globalization Forces: the international and global organizations in
this functional category are the United Nations, and its various agencies and
organizations scattered worldwide. Their objectives and activities serve a wide range
8. 8
of purposes such as environment, poverty, migration, health and hunger, and human
rights. The Ninth is the dimension of Ethics, Accountability, and Transparency and
Tenth is the Participation and Citizen Engagement in throughout the process. Social
capital is urgent for economic development. At the end of the papers Ali Farazmand
talked about the some Challenges and Opportunities for South and Southeast Asia. It
is true that the challenges of the twenty first century is facing by almost all the nation
state but it is very true for the developing country like the south and south Asian
countries. Due to the geographical location and the socio-cultural diversity the
problems is quite difference from the western and European countries. For example
the flood control, population density, urban-rural divide, urban governance and
administration, public management , regional and sub-regional terrorism, regional
misunderstanding, boarder security, human trafficking and so on and colonial legacy
and so on. Besides many nation in this regions challenges are existing in this regions
including the internal drug smuggling, rising citizen expectations, massive migration
crises, ethnic and regional conflicts or wars, and doing impossible things with little or
no resources. Besides the influences from the international donor agency and the
international regulatory and financial institutions is prevailing if you want to live in
the globe. So To face those challenges specifically two strategies can be undertaken.
First: sticking to the local issues, thinking locally while being globally minded, but
engaging people and citizens directly, the most important asset of the state, in
communities, locally and nationally. Second is engaging national and regional issues
of governance challenges at regional and global levels. Third is building capacity and
skills in all areas of governance, public policy, and administration. Asian countries
can meet the challenges of globalization by resorting to collective cooperative action
like making supportive agency, issue based organization, coalition and joint venture
in the industrial development to meet the economic need and to face the global
challenges. In this rival situation some countries like china, Iran, China, Japan, India,
Malaysia, Indonesia have massive resource capacities, while a little on the west, Iran
can play a major role in helping alleviate many challenges and problems faced by
countries Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and smaller ones like Sri Lanka and
Vietnam by offering them many of her capacity building experiences as well as
resources. So finally to face the challenges of international hegemony, the three
strategies can be taken place. First: One is resistance strategy, which is difficult but
possible and can be accomplished; second is the adaptive strategy that requires a
careful crafting of policy and administrative mechanisms by national leadership to
adapt to positive changes while avoiding the harmful effects; and third is a
combination of adaptive-resistance strategies. Cultural cultivation and enhancing the
proficiency as well as the reduction of corruption should get pivotal priority.
Receiving those globalization challenges and converting it into opportunities through
building capacity and coalition in national and international level is one of the most
striking strategies in the twenty first century.
9. 9
Confucius and the Moral Basis of Bureaucracy
Writer-H.George Frederickson
Confucius was a great Chinese Philosopher. His contribution for bureaucracy and
democratic self-government system are recognized in this present contemporary
world though he gave the idea about 2000 years ago. His prime ideology was focus on
moral and ethical standards for proper functioning of bureaucracy and to ensure
betterment for all people where those who are rulers and rules must perform some
duty and role and he descried itas a culture of reciprocity. He argued that culture of
reciprocity make government and bureaucracy well- functioning.
Main contribution of this article: This article focus on the distinct between
Confucianism Western model of bureaucracy such as Webern bureaucratic model.
Western model focus on constitutional, economic, political, professional foundation
of bureaucracy but Confucius model of bureaucracy focus on moral basis of
bureaucracy. The moral basis of bureaucracy found in East Asia not western
countries. Confucius focus on ethics of bureaucracy but Weber focus on structure and
behavior of bureaucracy. Writer divided the whole article into different sub sections
under three main sections.
Section One: Are there Bureaucratic Cultures?
This section basically focus on that before the emergence of modernization in early
1990s the concept of common culture was weak and degree of cultural constraint and
fragmentation existed all group of human societies. Modernization theory focus on
coherent cultural pattern for social, economic and technological development but such
types of secular cultural system found in China more than 2000 years ago which was
the mental thought of Confucius.
Section Two: To What Extent Confucius Culture uniquely Bureaucratic And
Values constitute A Moral Justification Of Bureaucracy?
This section basically focus on moral justification of rulers to ensure peace, prosperity
and justice so that people can lead a happy life. The idea of Reciprocity is central of
Confucianism which resemblances the idea of social contract theory of Locke,
Rousseau and Kant .Some central features of Confucianism for moral justification of
bureaucracy are given below which are found in East Asian countries such as China,
Singapore and Korea.
Central Features of Confucianism: Central features of Confucianism are-
1)The rule of law versus rule of man: There are explicit distinction between
Confucian and western thinking regarding law. In western countries it is said that
Public administration is the law in action but Confucius focus on man in action while
10. 10
ethics, norms and value are the prime indicators to guide the behavior of ruler.
Confucius argue that law make people cunning, law foster amorality as well as foster
ruthlessness
2) The characteristics of good officials: Confucius developed a new concept of ruler
and rule and maintained characteristics of ruler to ensure welfare for citizen. He said
that ruler must be determined by virtue, culture, talent ,competence and merit which
helped china from rule by social elite to rule by a moral elite. The concept of
gentleman was developed by Confucius who will be educated, culturally refined and
an absolutely a moral public official as well as good officials.
3) The nature of moral convention and their importance in governing:This
indicates what standards should guide behavior and provide social cohesion for rule
of man. Bureaucratic moral conventions should include the proper forms of
supervision of others. To be a good official all officials must learn and practice the
moral conventions of governance. According to Confucius all bureaucratic relations
are to be guided by moral conventions rather than public administration being the law
in action. Public administration is morality in action.
4)The importance of education and merit:Confucius focus on formal as well as
moral education at a large scale. Confucius believed that both governmental and
family investments in education will reap cultural, social and specially economic
benefit. In case of bureaucratic form of East Asia the first priority was proper
educational qualification. Today’s Chinese celebrate Confucius birth day as
“Teachers’ Day”. Though Confucius emphasized in education but his true vocation
was politics. Confucius built an enduring link between education and political power.
For proper recruitment of bureaucrat he also emphasized on proper examination
based recruitment system.
5)How to serve those in power: There was one of the primary problems faced by the
good officials How to serve those in power if they are evil or corrupt. Confucius good
officials must emphasis on morality the issue which is a key feature of education and
moral conventions. He also said thatThereis one of the primary problem faced by the
good officials How to serve those in power if they are evil or corrupt. He also
believed that moral self-cultivation and an understanding of a commitment would
enable a good official to perform his duties and functions neutrally. . He also focus
on courage which is essential for moral attribute for the good officials. In western
countries the effects of specialization, division of labor and compartmentalization of
work undermine andspoil the courage of good officials.
6) The nature of order in society: In every society nature of social order is
important. Concepts of social order, harmony and balance are central to
Confucianism. In this case the best known statementis that” let the lord be a lord, the
11. 11
subject to a subject, the father a father and the son a son”. According to Confucius the
sociopolitical order depends on appropriate definition of each person’s identity.
7) Definition of virtue & morality: It indicates what traits of character make one a
good person. As well as Western and Confucian philosophy there is a congruence on
the subject of individual virtue and morality. At first Confucius focus on intelligence
that means an understanding of awareness of right or wrong, learned through
education and experience. Second is righteousness which is doing right rather than
wrong.
Section Three: The implication of Confucian bureaucratic morality
Confucius focus on most complete and robust moral justification of bureaucracy. It is
found not in western countries but in East Asian countries. There is a distinct
Confucian based bureaucratic culture found today in China, Japan and Korea. From
1965 to 1984, 5of the 10 fastest growing nations in the world were countries shaped
by the Confucian and Buddhist traditions and those countries are Singapore, Taiwan,
hongkong, south korea and japan.
Table: Comparison between bureaucratic morality in western & Confucian
thought
Subject Western thought Confucian or East Asian
thought
Instrument of
governance
Constitutional laws,
regulations.
Man, judgment
Power From authority and position From morality and position
Purpose Efficiency, effectiveness and
equity
Understanding to do good
Rules and roles Ambiguous Clear
Values Neutrality and policy
advocacy
Virtue
Education Knowledge and skills Understanding, virtue
Aspirations To serve, to lead To do good
Example Western countries China, japan and korea
China, japan and Korea as Confucian states with bureaucratic culture is entirely
appropriate. Though at this present time the ideology of Confucius is somehow
eroded but those countries bureaucracy are still well functioning compare to other
countries of the world. The moral basis for government never lost force even while
the state losing ground to human weakness, corruption and immorality. Because
morality and value judgment give state proper direction to choose right path to ensure
betterment for people. . Both traditional western philosophy and Confucian thought
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predate theory and practice of democratic self-government. In East Asia today , the
big issues are democratic self-government, economic development and elimination of
corruption. Both countries have strong professional bureaucratic built on Confucian
tradition. In the west the moral arguments of the Confucianism can complement a
bureaucratic morality primarily tried to constitution and laws. So morality and values
are utmost necessary for proper functioning of bureaucracy.
At last it is said by Confucius if people are afraid of the rulers and administrators the
bureaucracy won’t be well functioning and rulers would not be inclined to serve
citizens properly. Rather the proper collaboration and understanding help people to
get their better service.
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Classic of public administration
Jay M. Shafritz & Albert C. Hyde
In the very beginning of the paper the authors made an attempt to give an insight of
public administration so far as orthodoxy stage of the discipline is concerned. It is
started with identifying the trace of public administration in Egyptian and Babylonian
administration, Alexander Great’s use of staff. All these were impetus of management
techniques and somewhat analogues to 20th
century public administration. It imbued
with dominance of scientific management that considers personnel as just extension
of machine. In past, those empires saw victory and maintained an ascendency of
monarchy they have better administrative capacity than their competitors.
The civil service reform & meritocracy in government
The authors demonstrated the trajectory of public administration in U.S. The reform
in American public administration was started with the introduction of merit based
recruitment followed by a series of incidences which include removing officials for
solely political reasons in Jefferson administration, assassination of President Garfield
by job-seeker, Eaton’s contribution towards Pendleton Act of 1883. Civil service
commission was formed and competitive examination became ethos for recruitment in
civil service. In the primary years merit preference was mainly in entry level at
federal administration. Still higher level employees can be appointed- via lateral entry
or own choosing. The weakness of Pendleton Act to enforce federal agency to classify
the positions of state/local government administrators under civil service resulted in
reaffirming ‘relative autonomy’ that most cities enjoyed. In recent time 28 states out
of 50 and some local governments moved away from civil service that guarantees a
secured job for employees because it leads to inertia among employees. So they
adopted ‘at will employees’ who are not given protection under civil service
guideline.
Politics administration dichotomy & premise of scientific
management
When previous American presidents find it too hard to adjust with default
complexities for running administration Woodrow Wilson was first to think public
administration as a conscious and professional field. Wilson’s essay “the study of
public administration” paved the way of it as an academic discipline. Wilson urges for
politics administration dichotomy because of ever increasing complexities in running
government. Then Goodnow steered the wheel claiming that politics and
administration should be distinguished. As multi disciplinary functions leaved public
administration at debacle it had to establish its own identity by incorporating
progressive reform. This reform movement was a reaction to Social Darwinism which
suggests for rejection of government intervention in social development. So the
progressive movements seeks that it is government who should involve in human
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development. That is why democratic participation, application of science and special
knowledge became necessary elements in administration. Adams was credited for his
contribution in political and social reform, addressing vision of self governance.
Taylor’s scientific management came up with development of time & motion studies
for attaining ‘one best of way’ of accomplishing a given task. Replacing rule of
thumb, scientific selection, division of work all were some attempts to ensuring
efficiency considering personnel as just extension of machine. F. Willoughby,
Another proponent of classic public administration, wrote for budgetary reform. He
argued budget would establish co operation between legislative and executive and
how would ensure management efficiency. With the change in global perspective the
role of government changed it U.S. Aftermath of world war- I leaved U.S. to
transform from an agrarian society to an urban industrial nation. it required
considerable response from public administration ranging from creating highways,
maintaining traffic management system, establishing public parks and public health.
This 1920s perspective of administration was followed by Great Depression in 1930s.
Government’s response to recover from this economic malady made public
administration more pervasive part of American life.
Proponents of classical public administration (Ideal type
bureaucracy to behaviorism)
Max Weber contributed public administration with ‘ideal type of bureaucracy’ which
prefers neutral and impersonal bureaucracy. More importantly, Weber’s model
doesn’t necessarily mean that whenever an organization is missing a single feature of
bureaucracy it will be nonbureaucratic rather less bureaucratic. L. D. White was first
to clearly articulate the objective of public administration and credited to write the
first text book in this field. He argued for politics administration dichotomy saying
that the basis of it is management not law. Besides he presented three unique ideas to
study public administration.
Administration is a unitary process
It is still an art but transformation to science is plausible
Administration will be heart of problem of modern government
When all primary proponents of classic of public administration emphasized on
efficiency and White discussed about macro of public administration (overall
government system and their parts). Follet & Elton Mayo were two of the first to
focus micro level of personnel (theory of individual within organization). While
scientific management thought for having correlation between work environments and
productivity Hawthrone experiments found correlation between peer pressure and
productivity than to management controls.
15. 15
Caliph Ali’s Letter to Malik Ashtar
Hazrat Ali (Ra.) was the fourth caliph of Islam. He was well known for his great
contribution to spiritual thought. He contributed in the field of philosophy, religion,
law and politics. Among his great contributions, the some of the masterpieces are
taught in the Muslim colleges and Universities. Here I present the essence of Imam
Ali’s famous letter of advice to the Governor of Egypt, Malik Ashtar, which was
transformed by RasheedTurabi.
The Richest Treasure (Good Administrator):
At the beginning of the letter, Imam Ali gave some advice that is worth to a ruler. Here he
defined as an administrator what to do and not to do. He advised to control the
temptation, to abstain from prohibited activities, to love people, to behave well, to forgive
people if the commit mistake and to prioritize people above all. He prohibited to behave
like dictator that makes the ruler corrupt. He suggested to protect the rights of God, rights
of man and to motivate people to do so.
The Common Man (Ombudsmen, different parliamentary committees):
Here he defined the relationship between Government and the mass people. Imam Ali
advised his administrator to maintain justice in administration, to seek the consent of the
people. He advised not to prioritize the few(nepotism) above masses that may cause
disorder in the state. Mass people is the strength of the state. They fight against enemy.
He suggested to live in close contact with people and to protect their rights.
The Counselors (Advisor):
Imam Ali outlined some essential qualifications for a good advisor. These include as an
advisor not to be a miser who can null and void the good initiative of the government and
frighten of poverty, not to be a coward and a greedy as the advisor of the state
department. An advisors must be truthful, kind, intelligent, foresighted but unpolluted by
seen, and will be those who fear God and never aid the tyrant and criminal. He also
referred to take learnings from the experience of wise, and learned so that the peace and
order, prosperity and goodwill can be maintained.
The Different Classes of People (Espirit de corps):
People are composed of different classes. The progress of one is dependents on the
progress on every other. A state is composed of Army formed of the soldiers, civil
officers and their establishments, judiciary, customs officers and public relation officers.
The general public also consists of Muslims and other subjects and among them of
merchants and the tradesmen, craftsman, the unemployed and poor. All of they have
equal rights, duties and obligations. If all of they complete their duties and responsibilities
and cooperate each other, the state can run well.
16. 16
The Army (Military force):
Here Imam Ali defined the quality of the Army and relationship between Government
and Army. For being a soldier of an Army, one must be faithful to their God and the
prophet and loyal to their chief and they have to control their passion and temper. The
leader has to care their soldiers like his children and he has to attend every little of their
wants. Imam Ali also suggested to look aftertheir families when they are absent from
their homes.
Chief Justice and subordinate judiciary (The Judiciary):
Imam Ali here outlined the act of chief justice and the subordinate judiciary that is today
known as one of three essential organs of the Government. The qualification for being a
chief justice, according to Imam Ali, would be best among the people, not to be possessed
with domestic worries, cannot be intimidated, not err too often, not turn back from right
way to wrong way, consider the consent of the two parties, examine with patience every
disclosure of fact and must be impartial in his decision. There would be a subordinate
judiciary. Imam Ali advised his Governor to pay the higher salaries to give them a
contended life. He also recommended to establish surveillance over their activities so that
they improve their true honesty and true concern for the public welfare. In time of their
dishonesty, taking the case of occurrence as serious is essential.
Revenue administration (Customs and excise):
Without revenue collection, a state cannot run properly. Here he emphasized on the
cultivation of land properly and productively rather than collecting revenue forcefully.
The prosperity of the state depends on the care of the revenue collection. In time of
natural disaster like drought, excessive rainfall, soil infertility, floods epidemics or the
cause of crop damage, the rate of tax must be reduced or exempted.
Trade and Industry (Industrial policy):
Here the Caliph Ali (Ra) directed to his Governor to facilitate the trade and industry. The
people who are involved in business are generally peace loving and contribute to a lot for
the development of the state. But he reminded about businessmen to his Governor that
they cannot engage in creating syndicate that can cause disorder in the market. He also
directed to punish the guilty who is involve in creating syndicate and black marketing.
The Poor (Poverty alleviation):
In this extract, Imam Ali emphasized on poverty alleviation and redistribution of state
resources. He directed his Governor to protect the rights equally whatever they are far
from him or nearer to him.They(poor)have right to live, right to eat, right to speak though
they are in trouble, victim of vicissitudes of time. He also recommended to recruit high
officials such men who will be sincere about the rights of the poor.
Open Conference (People’s participation):
17. 17
Here Imam Ali mentioned to communicate between mass people and Government that is
today well known as people’s participation. He guided his Governor to meet the people
who are oppressed and needy (stakeholders) to converse closely removing the armed
guard or civil officers or members of the police or the intelligence department from his
side so that they can feel free to share their needs and demands and their miseries.
Aloofness is not desirable (embedded autonomy):
Here he advised his administrator not to be aloof from people that may keep oneself
ignorant of their ruler. It may cause harmful to the Governor. Here the Caliph made the
demarcation between just and unjust, between rights and wrong. For being a just ruler,
one must be kept oneself close ties with people, willing to hear them and meeting their
needs and requirements.
Peace and Treaties (Foreign Policy, Bi-lateral and multi-lateral relations and
relationship with international organization):
Here Imam Ali recommended to his Governor to take the opportunity of treaty and
proposal of peace that is today maintained through foreign policy and through different
international organization. He referred peace as the source of comfort for the army and it
reduces the worries of the leader and it promotes the order of the state. In times of signing
the treaties, he suggested to his Governor to be with his armed forces so that the enemy
cannot attack to compel him receiving the forced terms and condition. After signing the
treaties, as Imam Ali directed to his Governor, one must discharge the peace treaties
faithfully. It is a trust that must be created to him. He directed to the Governor to keep
the promise that has been given to anyone. He also reminded to keep the divine promise.
18. 18
The Changing Nature of Public Administration:
From Easy Answers to Hard Questions
B. Guy Peters
Over the past several decades public administration has experienced a great pressure
for change. These changes were resulted in the emergence of New Public
Management (NPM). Along with traditional public administration and NPM, here a
third concept is developed called “governance”. Much of these changes have been
practical and political. The blending of the practical and scientific is a distinctive
feature of public administration.
The Old Time Religion of Public Administration (Traditional Public Administration):
The traditional public administration which was based on classical models focused on
the career, neutrally competent civil servant working within a structure of hierarchical
authority; emphasized on rule based management rather than market based. Five
assumptions suggested by Walsh and Stewart (1992) highlighted the traditional
model. First, self-sufficiency, i.e. government need to be organized and equipped in
order to make and implement programs. Second, direct control, i.e. mangers at the top
echelon was capable of controlling their own organizations. Third, upward
accountability, i.e. government accountability was flowed from officials to political
masters. Fourth, uniformity, i.e. government was supposed to treat all citizens equally
in providing service. Fifth, civil service system, featured by standardized
establishment procedures. In addition to these five assumptions, another three
assumptions were further listed. First, legal and procedural performance, i.e.
performance was to be judged on legal and accounting grounds. Second, constrained
democracy, i.e. public involvement in decision making was not considered necessary
or appropriate. Third, limited policy role of administration, i.e. bureaucrats were
supposed to provide information and advice to politicians in making policy without
having influence.
The New Public Management:
The emergence of NPM was the result of rising demand to reform the traditional
model of public administration. It encourages following and involving with private
sector management to provide better citizen service delivery. Here also developed five
assumptions that reflect the function of NPM. First, organizational autonomy and self-
sufficiency, indicates “steering not rowing” i.e. government will play enabling role in
providing services through contracting with private sector organization or sponsor
them and should be highly autonomous from their political sponsor. Second,
controlling public employees, same as like traditional model, only difference here in
19. 19
the source of control. In traditional model, the control was based on law and rules
while in the NPM contrsol is exercised through financial incentives. Third,
accountability of public organizations, accountability will more internalize and
professional rather than the product of political controls exerted from external
institutions. Fourth, uniformity of public services, NPM opposes this concept and
drive toward differentiation and difference. Fifth, policy and administration, it tends
to institutionalize the dichotomy between policy and administration.
Governance and Public Administration:
In addition toward using the ideas of the NPM, a crucial shift in thinking about the
role of public administration in government has been moving away from a
concentration on government per se and toward more concern with governance.
Governance is fundamentally about steering the economy and society, a central
instrument for goal setting and for accountability. The shift toward governance means
that government has become more of an enabling state than it is a hierarchical,
commanding state. Six assumptions highlight the functions of governance. First, self-
sufficiency, public administration is autonomous from society and government
utilizes organizations in the private sector as part of the service delivery strategy for
public programs. Second, control of government employees, this assumption
emphasize on empowering the lower echelons of the public sector in making their
own decisions. Third, accountability regimes, accountability tends to become defined
more in terms of the average performance of an organization rather than in terms of
potentially isolated and exceptional. Fourth, uniformity of public services, public
services is valued less than in the traditional model. Normatively, the differences that
may emerge are generally regarded positively. Fifth, governance and the civil service,
the personnel systems of government will require increased flexibility, and greater
openness to a range of career and management arrangements, than has been true of
traditional formalized personnel systems. Sixth, limited policy role of bureaucracy,
here bureaucracy plays a mediocre role in making policy. It manages its relationships
with the civil society, so that the management of networks becomes a crucial means
of shaping policy. An expanded conception of democracy is that governance is
premised upon steering society and that steering can be at a distance. It involves
private sector organizations and actors as crucial elements of service delivery. Now
emerging question is that if we want to reform we must be certain about the question
of reform from what, as well as that of reform towards what. If the assumption about
the nature of the pre-existing public sector is incorrect then the prescriptions for
reform are also likely to be incorrect. The capacity to implement the governance style
of reforming public administration will depend very heavily upon the existence of
strong organizations within civil society.
20. 20
The study of administration
---- Woodrow Wilson
The eminently practical science of administration is finding its way into college
courses in this country. Civil service reform is granted among us improvement f
personnel and methods of government offices are granted. The objective of
administrative study is; what government can properly and successfully do, how
government do these proper things with outmost possible efficiency at the least
possible cost either of money or of energy. In this case a light is important what can
provide only a careful study. Here three aspects are needful
1. Some accounts of what other done in the same line
2. What’s its subject matter?
3. The best method by which to develop administration and most clarifying
political concepts.
No one wrote systematically of administration as a branch of the science of
government until the present century (1887) had passed. Political writers whom we
now read had thought , argued, dogmatized only about the constitution of the
government , nature of the state, the essence and seat of sovereignty, about the
greatest meanings lying at the heart of government. The question was always arise
how shall law should be administered with enlightened, with equity, with speed and
without friction. In early times, trouble was almost about altogether about the
constitution of the government. There was no trouble about administration. The
function of government was simple as life was itself simple. There was no complex
system of public revenues, there were plenty of farms but no stocks and bonds but it
was substantially true also of comparatively late times. If difficulties in government
action are to be seen gathering in other countries they are to be seen culminating in
our own. This is the reason why now we are having “Science of administration”
Why science of administration:
a. To straighten the paths of government
b. To make it’s business less unbusiness like
c. To strengthen and purify it’s organizations
d. To crown it’s duties with dutifulness.
Differences between old and new administration by Mr. Bagehot’s way: A despot
wishes to govern a distant province, he sends down a eatrap on a grand horse, and
other pople on little horses; and very little is heard of the satrap again unless he send
back some of the little people to tell what he has been doing. No great labor of
superintendence is possible. Common rumor and casual report are sources of
intelligence. In civilized countries the process is different. You erect a bureau in the
province you want to govern you make iit write letters and copy letters. It is not of our
21. 21
making, it a foreign science. It has been developed by French and German professors
and it is consequently in all parts adopted to the needs of a compact state. Government
has received in Europe first where government has long been a monopoloy, rather
than in England or the united states where government has been common franchise.
Why in Europe, two reasons i.e. just government was independent of popular assent,
there was more to be govern and the monopolists became interested in discovering
the least imitating means of governing. Prussia where administration has been studies
and most nearly perfected in . Frederic the great was sincerely professed to egard
himself as only the chief servant of the state , to consider his grate office a public
trust. It was he who , building upon the foundations laid by his father. Frederic
William three under the inspiration of stein again in his turn, advanced the work still
further, planning many of the broader structural features which give firmness and
form to Prussian administration to day. The field of administration is a field of
business. It is a part of political life only as the methods of counting –house are a part
of the life of society. The objective of administrative society is to rescue executive
methods from the confusion and costliness of empirical experiment and set them upon
foundations laid deep in stable principle. Administration lies outside the proper sphere
of politics, administrative questions are not political questions although politics sets
the tasks for administration. It should not be suffered to manipulate it’s offices.
German eminent write Bluntschil bids us separate administration alike from politics
and from law. He says politics is the state activity” in things great and universal” on
the other hand administration is “ the activity of the state in individual and small
things”. But administration is not therefore politics. A great deal of administration
goes about incognito to most of the world , being confounded now with political
“management” and again with constitutional politics. Confusion may be explained
with the Niebuh’s liberty . he says” liberty depends comparatively more upon
administration than upon constitution”. The broad plans of governmental actions are
not administrative; the detailed execution of such plans is administrative.
Constitutions , therefore , properly concern themselves only with those
instrumentalities of government which are to control general law. The study of
administration is closely connected with the study of the proper distribution of
constitutional authority. To be efficient it must discover the simplest arrangements by
which responsibility can be unmistakably fixed upon officials. To discover the best
principle for the distribution of authority is of greater importance, that can be under
democratic system. Where officials serve many masters. All sovereigns are suspicious
of their servants. This suspicion can be allayed by knowledge as trust is strength.
The proper relations between public opinion and administration
To whom of official trustworthiness to be disclosed and by whom it is to be
rewarded? The right answers to be, that public opinion shall play the part of
authoritative critic. Woodrow Wilson emphasized on the openness of bureaucratic
activities and criticism of the general people about that. A German professor of
political science said emphasizing on the opinion” please try to have opinion about
22. 22
national affairs” to improve public opinion which is the motive power of government.
In this case better officials as apparatus of government are much significant. For
getting better officials it is necessary to organize democracy by sending up to the
competitive examinations for the civil service men definitely prepared for standing
liberal tests as to technical knowledge. Corps of civil servants prepared by schooling
and drilled.Without comparative studies in government we can not rid of ourselves of
the misconceptions that administrations stands on an essentially different basis in a
democratic state from that on which it stands in a non- democratic state.We borrowed
our whole political language from England but we leave the words “king” and “lord”.
We can borrow the science of administration with safety and profit if we only read all
fundamental differences of conditions into it’s essential tenets. In this respect we can
never learn either our own weakness or our own virtues by comparing ourselves with
ourselves. Even the English system is too much like ou own. It is best on the whole to
get entirely away from our own atmosphere and to be most careful in examining such
system as those of France and Germany. We thus devise an adjusting weight for our
comparative method of study. We can thus scrutinize the anatomy of foreign
government without fear of getting any of their diseases into our vains.
Reference
Ali Farazmand, Governance in the age of globalization: challenges & opportunities
for south and southeast asia
Writer-H.George Frederickson, Confucius and the Moral Basis of Bureaucracy
Paul S Armstrong, Caliph Ali’s Letter To Malik AshtarIntroduction
Jay M. Shafritz & Albert C. Hyde Classic of public administration
Woodrow Wilson, The study of administration (Political science quarterly)
B. Guy Peters, The Changing Nature of Public Administration: From Easy Answers
to Hard Questions
Prof. Dr. H.C. Wolfgang Drechsler, Three Paradigms of Governance and Public
Administration: Chinese , Western & Islamic