PTCA and CABG are two revascularization procedures used to treat coronary artery disease. PTCA involves using a balloon to open blocked arteries, while CABG uses grafts to bypass blocked arteries. PTCA has a higher risk of restenosis but is less invasive, while CABG has better long-term outcomes for multi-vessel disease but is more invasive. Factors like the number of blocked vessels, presence of diabetes, and left ventricular function help determine which procedure is most appropriate for a given patient. Guidelines provide direction on when PTCA or CABG is generally recommended based on a patient's specific condition.

1. PTCA vs. CABG
MERITS / DEMERITS / CHOICES
Dr. Rohan Gulabrao Sonawane
Resident (Internal Medicine)
Unit:
Dr. V. P. Sinha
MD, DM ( Cardiology)

2. • INTRODUCTION
• PATIENTS SELECTION FOR REVASCULARIZATION
•WHAT IS PTCA
-Procedure
- complication
-Merits
-Demerits
• WHAT IS CABG
- Procedure
- Complication
- Merits
- Demerits
• CHOICES BETWEEN CABG/PTCA
• GUIDELINES

3. Ischemic heart disease is most commonly caused by obstruction to coronary
artery by atherosclerosis. IHD manifested as stable angina, chronic stable angina which
is progress to unstable angina/NSTEMI/STEMI. Principle for guiding patients
management on addressing following goal-
1) Use of disease modifying therapies or approaches to prolong life and reduce
major cardiovascular events such as acute MI hospitalization for ACS or HF.
2) Optimization of patients health status quality of life and functional
capacity such as angina or ischemia do not adversely affect the daily activity.
Revascularization approaches are an integral component of an overall
management strategy to improve outcome and are used when needed in addition to
optimal medical therapy.
INTRODUCTION --

4. PATIENTS SELECTION FOR REVASCULARIZATION :
1) Severity and presence of symptoms :
Mechanical revascularization should be consider if ischemic
symptoms persist after optimization of medical therapy including strict risk
factor modification or if unacceptable side effect limit antianginal therapy.
2) Significance of coronary lesion:
- presence of 70% or greater stenosis of an epicardial coronary
artery is consider to be a significant and 50% or greater for left main
coronary artery stenosis.
- for intermediate stenosis (50-70%) Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) an
invasive physiological tool is used FFR < 0.80 (56%)is significant.

5. 3) Anatomic consideration
- Anatomical features:
- Vessel size
- Extend of calcification
- Tortuosity
- Relationship with side branches
These characteristic may interfere revascularization success.
4) Extend of ischemia and presence of LV dysfunction :
Major determinant of risk of CAD-
- Extend of ischemia
- LV dysfunction
- Electrical substrate
- No. of vessels diseased
5) Risk of procedure: Elderly, sever underlying disease like hypertension, Diabetes
mellitus, liver, lung or renal diseases.

6. PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty)
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a minimally invasive
procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate to the heart
muscle. It bypasses the culprit lesion but not the future culprit lesion.
Devices currently in use:
- The Cutting balloon
- Angioscore cathater
Patients selection for PTCA:
1. The angiographic characteristics of the lesion for successful catheter based
revascularization
2. The risk and potential consequences of acute failure of PTCA, which is depend
on the coronary artery anatomy (multivessel and/or diffuse disease), percentage of viable
myocardium at risk, presence of heart failure, and underlying LV function
3. The likelihood of restenosis, which has been associated with clinical (e.g.,
diabetes, prior restenosis) and angiographic factors (e.g., small vessel diameter, long lesion
length, total occlusion, saphenous vein graft disease)

7. 4. The need for complete revascularization based on the extent of CAD, volume of
myocardium, and severity of ischemia in the distribution of the artery(ies) amenable to
PTCA.
A successful balloon angioplasty is defined as the reduction of a minimum
stenosis diameter to <50% with a final TIMI flow grade 3 (visually assessed by angiography)
without side branch loss, flow-limiting dissection, or angiographic thrombus.

8. PTCA IN SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS:
1. Diabetes mellitus: patietns with DM has higher risk for complication
after PTCA due to altered biology of vessels. Restenosis is more frequent in DM
patients with IHD after PTCA.
2. LV dysfunction: LV dysfunction is associated with higher in hospital
and long term mortality after PTCA.
3. Previous CABG: patients who have had CABG and later have recurrent
ischemia undergo revascularization with PTCA.
4. Renal insufficiency: mortality and morbidity with PTCA is related to
renal disease. Contrast used during PTCA causes contrast induced nephorpathy
which is depends on dose of contrast used, hydration status of patients and pre-
existing renal function.

9. OTHER CORONORY DEVICES
Coronary stenting:
1. Bare metal stents: provide a mechanical framework that
holds the artery wall open, preventing stenosis, or narrowing, of
coronary arteries.
2. Drug eluting stents: stents coated with drugs,These types
of stents have been shown to help prevent restenosis of the artery
through several different physiological mechanisms, which rely
upon the suppression of tissue growth at the stent site and local
modulation of the body's inflammatory and immune responses. Five
drugs, umirolimus, zotarolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, and
paclitaxel.

10. Coronary Atherectomy:
1. The most commonly used atherectomy device is Rotational
coronary atherectomy, which removes the atheromatous plaque by
the abrasion of inelastic calcified plaque using microscopic (20 to
50 microm) diamond chips on the surface of a rapidly rotating
(160,000 rpm) olive-shaped atherectomy burr. This abrasion
generates 2- to 5 microm particles that pass through the coronary
microcirculation for removal by the reticuloendothelial system.
2.Thrombectomy and Aspiration Devices:
The AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy catheter was
used for thrombus removal through the dissolution and aspiration
of the thrombus.

11. 3. Embolic Protection Devices:
I) Distal Occlusion Devices : The GuardWire
II) Distal Embolic Filters : Distal filters are advanced
across the target lesion in their smaller collapsed state, and a
retaining sheath is withdrawn, allowing the filters to open and to
expand against the vessel wall. The filters then remain in place to
catch any liberated embolic material larger than the filter pore size
(usually 120 to 150 ?m) during intervention.
III) Proximal Occlusion Devices: Two proximal
occlusion devices are currently in use: the Proxis catheter and
Kerberos embolic protection system.

14. Factors associated with Early failure and complication after PTCA:
1. Clinical variables: -women
-advanced age
- DM.
- unstable angina
- CHF
- Cardiogenic shock
- Renal insufficiency
-Preprocedural instability requiring intra aortic balloon
pump support
- Multivessels coronary disease
2. Anatomic variability: - Multivessels CAD
- Left main CA
- Thrombus
- Chronic total coronary occlusion
3. Procedural factors: - A higher final percentage diameter stenosis
- Smaller minimal lumen diameter
- Presence of a residual dissection or trans-stenotic
pressure gradient

15. Factors associated with Early mortality after PTCA:
1. Clinical Variables :
Advanced age
Female gender
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic lung disease
Prior myocardial infarction
Impairment of left ventricular function
Renal dysfunction
Cardiogenic shock
Salvage, urgent, or emergent PCI
2. Anatomic Variables :
Multivessel CAD
Left main disease
Proximal left anterior descending disease
Large area of myocardium at risk
PCI of artery supplying collaterals to large artery

16. COMPLICATIONS PTCA
• Hematoma at insertion site
• Pseudoaneurysms
• Embolism
• Hypersensitivity to Dye
• Re-stenosis, immediately or 3-6 mo’s
• Dysrhythmias
• Vessel rupture, need for emergent CABG
• Angina, MI, and Vasospasm
• Abrupt closure of dilated segment.
• Coronary artery dissection

17. MERITS OF PTCA
1. Less expenssive
2. Performed during same clinical encounter as the diagnostic angiography
3. Stable patient can be discharge on same day of the procedure or next day
4. Clinical recovery is complete with in a week or less
5. Symptomatic relief can be immediate and dramatic.
6. On table mortality or morbidity is less marked
7. It can be used as a rescue procedure in previously CABG patients

18. DEMERITS OF PTCA
1. Restenosis is the most common complication of PTCA.
2. It is related to high incidence of incomplete revascularization.
3. Relatively inefficacy in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.
4. Less favorable outcome in diabetes patients due to altered vascular biology.
5. Limited to specific anatomic subsets like tortusity, side branches and vessel diameter.
6. It is not suitable for chronic total occlusion due to failure of guide wire recanalizatiom
7. Lesion calcification: presence of extensive coronary calcification makes the procedure
more difficult because calcium in the vessel wall leads to irregular and inflexible lumens
and makes the delivery of guide wire, balloon and stents much more challenging.
8. Thrombus: large coronary thrombus may fragment and embolise during PTCA which
may hightens risk of procedural complication.

19. 9. Hypersensitivity to dye limits the use of PTCA
10. Rupture of the vessels causes profuse bleeding and hematomas
11. Coronary perforation or dissection causing periprocedural MI, cardiac tamponade,
hemodynamic collapse
12. No-reflow, defined as reduced antegrade perfusion in the absence of flow limiting
stenosis
13. PTCA related MI: Increases of biomarkers >3 times the 99th percentile upper reference
limit were designated as defining PCI-related MI

20. CABG (Coronary Arterial Bypass Grafting)
Coronary artery bypass graft is the surgical technique which uses
saphenous leg veins as grafts (SVG) or the internal mammary artery
gastroepiploic/radial arteries as grafts to bypass obstructed portions of a coronary
artery. The current standard for bypass grafting advocates routine use of the left
IMA for grafting the LAD artery, with supplemental saphenous vein grafts to
other vessels. It bypasses culprit as well as future culprit lesion.
There are four types:
1) port access CABG using limited incision with femoral – femoral cardio-
pulmonary bypass and cardiolegic arrest.
2) totally endoscopic robotically assisted CABG on arrested heart.
3) Off pump CABG using standard median sternotomy with generally
small skin incision and stabilization device to reduce motion of a target vessel
while anostomosis is performed without cardio-pulmonary bypass.
4) Minimally invasive direct CABG through left anterior thoracotomy
without cardio- pulmonary bypass.

21. CABG is also classified as single bypass means single coronary aretry, double
bypass means two coronary arteries are bypassed (e.g. the left anterior descending (LAD)
coronary artery and right coronary artery (RCA)); a triple bypass means three vessels are
bypassed (e.g. LAD, RCA, left circumflex artery (LCX)); a quadruple bypass means four
vessels are bypassed (e.g. LAD, RCA, LCX, first diagonal artery of the LAD) and so on.

23. Patency of graft depends on :
1. Distal vasculature
2. Diameter of coronary artery onto which graft is
inserted- higher graft patency rates are found when Lumina of
vessel onto which graft is inserted are greater than 1.5 mm in
diameter.
3. Size of a distal vascular bed- highest rates with profuse
distal vascular bed
4. Severity of coronary atherosclerosis distal to graft
insertion- distal arteries are free from athroma obstructing more
than 25% of vessel lumen.

24. COMPLICATION OF CABG:
-Post-perfusion syndrome: a transient neurocognitive impairment associated with
cardiopulmonary bypass. the incidence is decreased by off-pump coronary artery bypass,
but with no difference beyond three months after surgery.
-Myocardial infarction: due to embolism, hypoperfusion, or graft failure. Elevation of the
myocardial creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme level more than five times the upper
limit of normal is commonly considered diagnostic of MI.
- Atrial fibrilation: This arrhythmia is the most frequent complications of CABG. It occurs
in up to 40% of patients, primarily within 2 to 3 days. Prophylactic use of beta blockers
reduces the frequency of postoperative atrial fibrillation; these should be administered
routinely before and after CABG to patients without contraindications.
-Late graft stenosis, particularly of saphenous vein grafts due to atherosclerosis causing
recurrent angina or myocardial infarction.
-Acute renal failure due to embolism or hypoperfusion.
-Stroke secondary to embolism or hypoperfusion.

25. -Pneumothorax: An air collection around the lung that compresses the lung
-Hemothorax: Blood in the space around the lungs
-Pericardial tamponade: Blood collection around the heart that compresses the heart and
causes poor body and brain perfusion. Chest tubes are placed around the heart and lung to
prevent this.
-Pleural effusion: Fluid in the space around the lungs. This can lead to hypoxia which can
slow recovery.
-Vasoplegic syndrome, secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia
Grafts last 8–15 years, and then need to be replaced.

26. MERITS OF CABG
1. More effective in relieving symptoms of angina due to bypassing of future culprit lesion.
2. Can be performed in diabetes patients in which PTCA is ineffective due to restenosis.
3. It has the ability to revascularize the artery completely.
4. It has no limitation for anatomic subset like vessel diameter, side branches.
5. It is most preferred procedure for multivessel CAD disease, left main CAD.
6. It has no limitation over total artery occlusion, thrombus and lesion calcification.
7. It relieves symptoms dramatically in patients with co morbidities like LV dysfunction,
renal in sufficiency, hypertension.
8. Patients with more extensive and severe CAD have an increasing magnitude of benefit
from CABG
9. It has better outcome in patients with age > 65 yr

27. DEMERITS OF CABG
1. Procedure is costly
2. postoperative patient discomfort which is minimized by minimally invasive
CABG
3. risk of wound infection
4. Longer recovery times but this complication is minimized by Minimally
invasive CABG.
5. With use of Cardio-pulmonary bypass result in the risk of bleeding, systemic
thromboembolism, renal insufficiency, myocardial stunning, stroke, cognitive
impairment, particularly in older patients and patients with heavily calcified
aortas which can be minimized by using Off pump techniques where cardio-
pulmonary bypass is not used and procedure is performed on beating hear
6. It has very life threatening complication like hemothorax, pneumothorax,
cardiac tamponade

28. 7. Renal insufficiency: mortality and morbidity is increased in patients with
impaired renal function. Patients with evidence of renal dysfunction have a 20%
higher risk of death after 1 year of procedure.
8. Reoperation for restenosis is more cumbersome
9. Periprocedural rate of stroke is high in CABG

29. HYBRID REVASCULARIZATION
This technique is still under study which consist of
combining CABG with PTCA . Minimally invasive CABG on LAD
coronary artery with left IMA implant to LAD artery using Off-
pump CABG with PCI on remaining vessels.
Hybrid coronary revascularization may be performed in a
hybrid suite in one operative setting or as a staged procedure ie PCI
and CABG performed in 2 different operative suites, separated by
hours to 2 days, but typically during the same hospital stay.

30. Choosing Among PTCA and CABG
1. Single-Vessel Disease:
In patients with single-vessel disease in whom revascularization
is deemed necessary and the lesion is anatomically suitable, PCI is almost always
preferred over CABG.
2. left main CAD: CABG is most preferred method for revascularization
than PTCA
3. Multivessel disease:
-There are no difference in late mortality and MI between the
two, PTCA can be used provided that the patient accepts the distinct possibility of
symptom recurrence and need for repeat revascularization.
- Patients with a single localized lesion in each affected vessel
and preserved LV function fare best with PCI.
- For patients with left main CAD or severe triple-vessel CAD and
LV dysfunction, CABG is generally the best approach.

31. 4. Patients with UA/NSTEMI:
- An early invasive strategy is now recommended in patients with
UA/NSTEMI who have ST-segment changes or positive troponin on admission or who
evolve these high-risk features during the subsequent 24 hours.
- High-risk indicators, such as recurrent ischemia and evidence of
congestive heart failure, are also indications for an early invasive strategy.
- Patients present with UA/NSTEMI within 6 months of a prior PCI and
in whom restenosis may be the cause.
- Indicated in patients with UA/NSTEMI with prior CABG.
Types:
1.Immediate invasive strategy with an average time of only 2 hours
2. A delayed invasive strategy, in which the average time to
catheterization was 4 days.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting:
-CABG is recommended for patients with disease of the left main coronary artery
as well as for those with multivessel disease and impaired left ventricular function or
diabetes mellitus. PCI associates with a slightly lower initial morbidity and mortality than
CABG, but there is a higher need of repeated PCI.

33. 5. Patients with STEMI:
PTCA or CABG is performed as an alternative to thrombolytic therapy
in STEMI. If
-Door to balloon time is < 90 min
- PTCA can be performed if FMC to device time < 120 min or if its >120
min patient is thrombolise and then send for PCI after 3-24 hours period.
- Angioplasty can be performed with in 12 hours
- PTCA is preferred over thrombolysis in patients with:
- Age <75 yr
- Cardiogenic shock in < 36 hrs of MI
- High risk of death or development of HF
- Contraindication to thrombolysis
- post CABG or recent PCI
- CABG is preferred in patients with:
- Coronary anatomy is not amenable to PCI like multivesssl
CAD, tortuous CA, Left main CAD
- Failed PCI
- Presence of cardiogenic shock after 36 hrs of MI
- If patients has refractory ischemia

35. 6. Need for Complete Revascularization:
-Complete revascularization is an important goal for patients with LV
dysfunction and/or multivessel CAD.
- Patients with chronic total coronary occlusion, LV dysfunction, or left
main CAD, CABG is the procedure of choice.
- In patients with borderline LV function (EF from 0.40 to 0.50) and
milder degrees of ischemia, PTCA may provide adequate revascularization.
In many patients, either method of revascularization is suitable. Other factors to be
considered include the following:
- Access to a high-quality team and operator .
- Patient preference- Some patients are reluctant to remain at risk for symptom
recurrence and reintervention; these patients are better candidates for surgical treatment.
- Advanced patient age and comorbidity- Much older patients and those with
comorbid conditions are often better candidates for PTCA.
- Younger patient age-PTCA is also often preferable for younger patients (<50
years), with the expectation that they may require CABG at some time in the future and
that PCI will postpone the need for surgery.

36. 7. Patients with Diabetes :
BARI (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation) and ATRS trial shows
poorer outcomes after PTCA than after CABG in treated diabetic patients . In the
BARI 2D, current evidence supports CABG as the preferred revascularization
strategy for patients with DM. A potential advantage is that bypass grafts to the
mid-coronary vessel both treat the culprit lesion and may afford prophylaxis
against new proximal disease progression, whereas stents only treat suitable
stenotic segment(s), with no benefit against the development of new disease

38. 8. Renal disease:
Patients with renal disease is at greater risk for mortality and morbidity
due to both PTCA and CABG, but observational data has suggested that in patients with
chronic dialysis CABG is preferred strategy for revascularization over PTCA.
9. Women:
Women are less likely than men to be referred for coronary angiography
and subsequent revascularization. Women are more sicker with respect to there male
counterparts but there are similar long term outcome after surgical revascularization ,
gender should not be a significant factor in dicisons choosing between CABG and PTCA.
10. Previous CABG:
In the patient with previous CABG who is referred for revascularization
for medically refractory ischemia,
-choice of repeat CABG include vessels unsuitable for PCI,
number of diseased bypass grafts, availability of the internal mammary artery for grafting,
chronically occluded coronary arteries, and good distal targets for bypass graft placement.
-Factors favoring PCI over CABG include limited areas of
ischemia causing symptoms, suitable PCI targets, a patent graft to the LAD artery, poor
CABG targets, and comorbid conditions.

39. 11. Older patients:
Age is one of the strongest predictors of mortality, and elderly
patients present with a substantially higher clinical risk profile, the angiographic
success rates and clinical benefits of PCI in elderly patients are similar to younger
patients. However, increased risks of complications such as major bleeding and
stroke mandate careful consideration of the benefits and risks of PTCA and CABG
in elderly patients.
12 Patients who survived sudden cardiac death: CABG is preferred over
PCI.

40. ACC/AHA GUIDELINES

43. Left Main CAD Revascularization
Class I
CABG to improve survival is recommended for patients with significant (>50%
diameter stenosis) left main coronary artery stenosis.
(Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
1. PCI to improve survival is reasonable as an alternative to CABG in selected
stable patients with significant (>50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD with:
A) anatomic conditions associated with a low risk of PCI procedural
complications and a high likelihood of good long-term outcome
B) clinical characteristics that predict a significantly increased risk of
adverse surgical outcomes (Level of Evidence: B)
2. PCI to improve survival is reasonable in patients with UA/NSTEMI when an
unprotected left main coronary artery is the culprit lesion and the patient is not a
candidate for CABG.
(Level of Evidence: B)
3. PCI to improve survival is reasonable in patients with acute STEMI when an
unprotected left main coronary artery is the culprit lesion, distal coronary flow is less than
TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) grade 3, and PCI can be performed more
rapidly and safely than CABG.
(Level of Evidence:C)

44. Class IIb
1. PCI to improve survival may be reasonable as an alternative to CABG in selected stable
patients with significant (>50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD with:
A) anatomic conditions associated with a low to intermediate risk of PCI
procedural complications and an intermediate to high likelihood of good long-term
outcome
B) clinical characteristics that predict an increased risk of adverse surgical
outcomes (eg, moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disability from
previous stroke, or previous cardiac surgery; STS-predicted risk of operative mortality >2%)
(Level of Evidence: B)
Class III: HARM
1. PCI to improve survival should not be performed in stable patients with significant
(>50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD who have unfavorable anatomy for
PCI and who are good candidates for CABG.
(Level of Evidence: B)

45. Non–Left Main CAD Revascularization
Class I
1. CABG to improve survival is beneficial in patients with significant (>70% diameter)
stenoses in 3 major coronary arteries (with or without involvement of the proximal left
anterior descending [LAD] artery) or in the proximal LAD plus 1 other major coronary
artery.
(Level of Evidence: B)
2. CABG or PCI to improve survival is beneficial in survivors of sudden cardiac death with
presumed ischemia-mediated ventricular tachycardia caused by significant (>70%
diameter) stenosis in a major coronary artery.
(CABG Level of Evidence: B;PCI Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIa
1. CABG to improve survival is reasonable in patients with significant (>70% diameter)
stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries with severe or extensive myocardial ischemia
(eg,high-risk criteria on stress testing, abnormal intracoronary hemodynamic
evaluation, or >20% perfusion defect by myocardial perfusion stress imaging) or target
vessels supplying a large area of viable myocardium.(Level of Evidence: B)

46. 2. CABG to improve survival is reasonable in patients with mild-moderate left ventricular
(LV) systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF] 35% to 50%) and significant (>70%
diameter stenosis) multi-vessel CAD or proximal LAD coronary artery stenosis, when
viable myocardium is present in the region of intended revascularization.
(Level of Evidence:B)
3. CABG with a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft to improve survival is reasonable
in patients with significant (>70% diameter) stenosis in the proximal LAD artery and
evidence of extensive Ischemia.
(Level of Evidence: B)
4. It is reasonable to choose CABG over PCI to improve survival in patients with complex 3-
vessel CAD with or without involvement of the proximal LAD artery who are good
candidates for CABG.
(Level of Evidence:B)
5. CABG is probably recommended in preference to PCI to improve survival in patients
with multivessel CAD and diabetes mellitus, particularly if a LIMA graft can be
anastomosed to the LAD artery.
(level of Evidence: B)

47. Class IIb
1. The usefulness of CABG to improve survival is uncertain in patients with significant
(>70%) diameter stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries not involving the proximal LAD
artery and without extensive ischemia.(Level of Evidence: C)
2. The usefulness of PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with 2- or 3-vessel CAD
(with or without involvement of the proximal LAD artery) or 1-vessel proximal LAD
disease.(Level of Evidence: B)
3. CABG might be considered with the primary or sole intent of improving survival in
patients with SIHD with severe LV systolic dysfunction (EF <35%) whether or not viable
myocardium is present.(Level of Evidence: B)
4. The usefulness of CABG or PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with previous
CABG and extensive anterior wall ischemia on noninvasive testing.
(Level of Evidence: B)
Class III: HARM
1. CABG or PCI should not be performed with the primary or sole intent to improve
survival in patients with SIHD with 1 or more coronary stenoses that are not anatomically
or functionally significant (eg, <70% diameter non–left main coronary artery stenosis, FFR
>0.80, no or only mild ischemia on noninvasive testing), involve only the left circumflex or
right coronary artery, or subtend only a small area of viable myocardium.(Level of Evidence:
B)

48. Revascularization to Improve Symptoms With Significant Anatomic (>50% Left
Main or >70% Non–Left Main CAD) or Physiological (FFR <0.80) Coronary Artery
Stenoses

49. Indications for PCI in STEMI

50. Indications for PCI of an Infarct Artery in Patients
Who Were Managed With Fibrinolytic Therapy or Who Did Not
Receive Reperfusion Therapy

51. CABG in Patients With STEMI
Class I
1. Urgent CABG is indicated in patients with STEMI and coronary anatomy not amenable to
PCI who have ongoing or recurrent ischemia, cardiogenic shock, severe HF, or other high-
risk features.
(Level of Evidence: B)
2. CABG is recommended in patients with STEMI at time of operative repair of mechanical
defects.
(Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
1. The use of mechanical circulatory support is reasonable in patients with STEMI who are
hemodynamically unstable and require urgent CABG.
(Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIb
1. Emergency CABG within 6 hours of symptom onset may be considered in patients with
STEMI who do not have cardiogenic shock and are not candidates for PCI or fibrinolytic
therapy.
(Level of Evidence: C)

53. Postprocedural Recommendations for Patients Undergoing PCI

54. CABG PCI
NO DIABETES
AND NORMAL
LVEF
DIABETES
DEPRESSED
LVEF
NO DIABETES
AND NORMAL
LVEF
DIABETES
DEPRESSED
LVEF
Two-vessel
coronary artery
disease with
proximal LAD
stenosis
A A A A A A
Three-vessel
coronary artery
disease
A A A U U U
Isolated left
main stenosis
A A A I I I
Left main
stenosis and
additional
coronary artery
disease
A A A I I I
ACC/AHA Appropriateness Ratings for Type of Revascularization

55. Hybrid Coronary Revascularization:
Class IIa
1. Hybrid coronary revascularization (defined as the planned combination of LIMA-to-LAD
artery grafting and PCI of >1 non-LAD coronary arteries) is reasonable in patients with 1 or
more of the following
(Level of Evidence: B):
a. Limitations to traditional CABG, such as heavily calcified proximal aorta or
poor target vessels for CABG (but amenable to PCI);
b. Lack of suitable graft conduits;
c. Unfavorable LAD artery for PCI (ie, excessive vessel tortuosity or CTO).
Class IIb
1. Hybrid coronary revascularization may be reasonable as an alternative to multivessel PCI
or CABG in an attempt to improve the overall risk benefit ratio of the procedures.
(Level of Evidence: C)