What does ‘Reliability’ mean?
Types of Reliability.
Factors which can affect the scores of test papers(reliability).
What does ‘Validity’ mean?
Understanding the differences between reliability and validity.
What does ‘Reliability’ mean?
Types of Reliability.
Factors which can affect the scores of test papers(reliability).
What does ‘Validity’ mean?
Understanding the differences between reliability and validity.
Triangulation: An Approach to establish Credibility and Dependability of Qual...sankarprasadmohanty
This is an important presentation in educational research for MA in Education/ MPhil (Education) /Ph.D. (Education) students. Triangulation is an approach to establish Credibility (Validity) and Dependability (Reliability) of Qualitative Studies.
This course aims to enhance your knowledge and skills about the research process, step by step. Thus, the research steps (topics) will be presented in a separated presentation. This is the first topic (introduction about the research process), that you have to read first before going to the next topic or slides (topic 2).
Triangulation: An Approach to establish Credibility and Dependability of Qual...sankarprasadmohanty
This is an important presentation in educational research for MA in Education/ MPhil (Education) /Ph.D. (Education) students. Triangulation is an approach to establish Credibility (Validity) and Dependability (Reliability) of Qualitative Studies.
This course aims to enhance your knowledge and skills about the research process, step by step. Thus, the research steps (topics) will be presented in a separated presentation. This is the first topic (introduction about the research process), that you have to read first before going to the next topic or slides (topic 2).
Presentation for the HEA-funded workshop ‘Teaching Research Methods in Business and Management’.
Drawing on a mixture of practice and evidence, this one-day event provided an opportunity for those interested in the teaching of research methods in Business and Management – including qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods – to share experiences, insights, and good practice, and to discuss challenges and explore potential solutions.
This presentation forms part of a blog post reporting on the event which can be accessed via: http://bit.ly/1fcTwna
For further details of HEA Social Sciences work relating to teaching research methods in the Social Sciences please see http://bit.ly/15go0mh
CRITIQUE OF NURSING RESEARCH STUDIES by delphy.pptxDelphyVarghese
CRITIQUE OF NURSING RESEARCH STUDIES by delphy.Effectiveness of video assisted structured teaching programme on postnatal exercise in terms of knowledge and attitude among postnatal mothers
RCH 8301, Quantitative Research Methods 1 Course LVannaJoy20
RCH 8301, Quantitative Research Methods 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Explain the dimensions of research validity.
3.1 Examine the differences between internal and external validity.
4. Discriminate between components of internal and external validity.
4.1 Describe the threats to internal and external validity.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
3.1, 4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 23, pp. 417–431
Chapter 24, pp. 433–442
Unit VIII Essay
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 23: Evaluating Research Validity: Part I, pp. 417–431
Chapter 24: Evaluating Research Validity: Part II, pp. 433–442
Unit Lesson
Evaluating Research Validity
In this final unit, we will be reviewing many of the terms and concepts from previous chapters since our goal
will be to learn how to evaluate the quality of the design and analysis in a quantitative research study.
The quality of a research project may vary considerably. Since all research connections in any research or
related documents are disseminated in the field, there is a need to ensure that the design, methodology,
findings, and quality of the general content are standardized. It implies that the variations in the research
should be minimized through providing valid answers to the questions developed in the study. The validity in
this context includes construct, internal, and external validity. The validity of the research is important, but the
aspect of reliability bears equal measure. For the case of reliability, it is imperative that the constituency of the
measure is achieved over time, across items, and across various researchers. However, for this unit, the
focus is on the validity of the research and, specifically, the framework for the evaluation of the research (e.g.,
the Cook and Campbell framework) (Gliner et al., 2017).
In the evaluation of the research validity, the variables and their measurement levels must be taken into
consideration. Some of the questions that must be asked and answered involve appreciating the key
independent, antecedent, or predictor variables and the key dependents or outcome variables as well as their
level of measurement. Using the Cook and Campbell framework, the evaluation of external research validity
considers the following argument: A charge of neglecting external validity can be made against a researcher
who has invented construct validity.
Based on the aforementioned argument, it is evident that the threats to the external validity, also known as
the interaction effects, involve the variables in the research (both X and the other variables). The Cook and
Campbell framework has been widely used in the research design for quasi-experimental research where
concerns about internal validity and the treatment of the samples or groups are difficult to compare at the
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Evaluating Research Validity
...
Critiquing research studies and articles is one of the method to improve the quality of research projects and it is also a method to learn research methodology for beginners.
Researchers consider validity and reliability with each new study th.docxbrittneyj3
Researchers consider validity and reliability with each new study they design. This is because validity and reliability are not fixed but rather reflect a particular study’s unique variables, research design, instruments, and participants.
In the context of research design, two types of validity, which speak to the quality of different features of the research process, are considered: internal validity and external validity. Assuming that the findings of a research study are internally valid—i.e., the researcher has used controls to determine that the outcome is indeed due to manipulation of the independent variable or the treatment—external validity refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population or to other settings and groups. Reliability refers to the replicability of the findings.
For this Discussion, you will consider threats to internal and external validity in quantitative research and the strategies used to mitigate these threats. You will also consider the ethical implications of designing quantitative research.
Post
an explanation of a threat to internal validity and a threat to external validity in quantitative research. Next, explain a strategy to mitigate each of these threats. Then, identify a potential ethical issue in quantitative research and explain how it might influence design decisions. Finally, explain what it means for a research topic to be
amenable to scientific study
using a quantitative approach.
Be sure to support your Main Issue Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.
Babbie, E. (2017)
Basics of social research
(7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Chapter 3, “The Ethics and Politics of Social Research”
Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., Crawford, L. M., & Hitchcock, J. H. (Eds.). (2020).
Research designs and methods: An applied guide for the scholar-practitioner
. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter 12, “Quality Considerations”
Chapter 13, "Ethical Considerations"
.
A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Research and Performance Synthesis Utilized i...ROBELYN GARCIA PhD
Review of Literature - When planning an evaluation, there are several steps an evaluator must take. The philosophical roots of a qualitative research analysis lead to a highly subjective outcome reflective of the evaluator’s philosophical underpinnings. The conclusions drawn from qualitative research will only be as strong as the quality of the evaluation of the researcher.
For this assessment, you will develop a 3-4 page critique of the.docxtemplestewart19
For this assessment, you will develop a 3-4 page critique of the quantitative design, methods, and results of a scholarly study.
The ability to use quantitative approaches to analyze health care data is a vital skill for today's doctoral prepared professional. You will be expected to have the skills to critically assess the deeper analytical qualities of an article and ultimately comment on its overall validity and practical relevance. This assessment will provide you with an opportunity to demonstrate and hone your ability to analyze and critique the quantitative methods of a research study using an example from the literature.
For the learner who has finished the data collection process for the doctoral project, analysis of that data offers an exciting (and sometimes challenging) opportunity of discovery. One of the most common statistical techniques for examining the relationship of two variables is
correlation analysis
. The specific kind of correlational technique depends on the combination of the measurement level (that is, categorical, ordinal, or interval or
ratio
) of the two data variables being examined. Correlation analysis can tell us the direction and strength of relationships between two variables.
Overview
Whether preparing a scholarly document for your doctoral program or simply trying to stay current in your professional field, you must continuously grow in your ability to read research. As an undergraduate, you probably just skimmed over an article's abstract and introduction, focusing most of your attention on the interpretation of the results at the conclusion. As a doctoral-level professional, your colleagues will expect you to have the skills to critically assess the deeper analytical qualities of an article and ultimately comment on its overall validity and practical relevance.
Using the readings, media, and various resources in this course, you have an opportunity to engage in critical thinking to assess the analytical results of a peer-reviewed
quantitative
study. This assessment parallels and complements the literature critique skill set you have developed previously in your program.
The following will help provide you with potential approaches and frameworks to completing the critique and assessment portions of this assessment:
Shahnazi, H., Hosseintalaei, M., Esteki Ghashghaei, F., Charkazi, A., Yahyavi, Y., & Sharifirad, G. (2016).
Effect of educational intervention on perceived susceptibility self-efficacy and DMFT of pregnant women
.
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
,
18
(5), e24960.
Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., & Ryan, F. (2007).
Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1 – Quantitative research
.
British Journal of Nursing, 16
(11), 658–663.
The Value of a Research Critique to Translate Evidence Into Practice
.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment you will address the following scoring guide criteria, which align to the indicated course competen.
For this assessment, you will develop a 3-4 page critique of the q.docxtemplestewart19
For this assessment, you will develop a 3-4 page critique of the quantitative design, methods, and results of a scholarly study.
The ability to use quantitative approaches to analyze health care data is a vital skill for today's doctoral prepared professional. You will be expected to have the skills to critically assess the deeper analytical qualities of an article and ultimately comment on its overall validity and practical relevance. This assessment will provide you with an opportunity to demonstrate and hone your ability to analyze and critique the quantitative methods of a research study using an example from the literature.
For the learner who has finished the data collection process for the doctoral project, analysis of that data offers an exciting (and sometimes challenging) opportunity of discovery. One of the most common statistical techniques for examining the relationship of two variables is
correlation analysis
. The specific kind of correlational technique depends on the combination of the measurement level (that is, categorical, ordinal, or interval or
ratio
) of the two data variables being examined. Correlation analysis can tell us the direction and strength of relationships between two variables.
Overview
Whether preparing a scholarly document for your doctoral program or simply trying to stay current in your professional field, you must continuously grow in your ability to read research. As an undergraduate, you probably just skimmed over an article's abstract and introduction, focusing most of your attention on the interpretation of the results at the conclusion. As a doctoral-level professional, your colleagues will expect you to have the skills to critically assess the deeper analytical qualities of an article and ultimately comment on its overall validity and practical relevance.
Using the readings, media, and various resources in this course, you have an opportunity to engage in critical thinking to assess the analytical results of a peer-reviewed
quantitative
study. This assessment parallels and complements the literature critique skill set you have developed previously in your program.
The following will help provide you with potential approaches and frameworks to completing the critique and assessment portions of this assessment:
Shahnazi, H., Hosseintalaei, M., Esteki Ghashghaei, F., Charkazi, A., Yahyavi, Y., & Sharifirad, G. (2016).
Effect of educational intervention on perceived susceptibility self-efficacy and DMFT of pregnant women
.
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
,
18
(5), e24960.
Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., & Ryan, F. (2007).
Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1 – Quantitative research
.
British Journal of Nursing, 16
(11), 658–663.
The Value of a Research Critique to Translate Evidence Into Practice
.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment you will address the following scoring guide criteria, which align to the indicated course competenc.
usiness research serves a number of purposes. Entrepreneurs use research to make decisions about whether or not to enter a particular business or to refine a business idea. Established businesses employ research to determine whether they can succeed in a new geographic region, assess competitors or select a marketing approach for a product. Businesses can choose between a variety of research methods to achieve these ends.
1) A cyber crime is a crime that involves a computer and the Inter.docxSONU61709
1) A cyber crime is a crime that involves a computer and the Internet. A forensics investigation involves gathering and preserving evidence in a way that is suitable for presentation in a court of law. Use the library to research any recent (within the past 12 months), real-world cyber crime. Discuss each of the following scenarios:
· What was the cyber crime? Who or what did the cyber crime affect?
· How did the cyber crime occur?
· In your opinion, how could the cyber crime have been avoided?
· How would you conduct the forensics investigation for this cyber crime?
Use and list at least 2 sources to support your response to the question. You may use the textbook as a resource. Be sure to use APA formatting for all references.
Responses to Other Students: Respond to at least 2 of your fellow classmates with at least a 100-word reply about their Primary Task Response regarding items you found to be compelling and enlightening. To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
· What did you learn from your classmate's posting?
· What additional questions do you have after reading the posting?
· What clarification do you need regarding the posting?
· What differences or similarities do you see between your posting and other classmates' postings?
2) Antiforensic techniques make proper forensic investigations more difficult. Antiforensic techniques are deliberate and can reduce the quantity and quality of digital evidence. Antiforensic techniques can also be used to increase security. Use the library to research antiforensic techniques, and discuss the following:
· What are at least 3 examples of antiforensic techniques, and how are they used?
· Discuss how antiforensic techniques affect computer forensics, file recovery, and security.
Use and list at least 2 sources to support your response to the question. You may use the textbook as a resource. Be sure to use APA formatting for all references.
3) Review and reflect on the knowledge you have gained from this course. Based on your review and reflection, write at least 3 paragraphs on the following:
· What was the most valuable concept that you learned in this class that you will most likely use in your future career?
· What concept in this course provided the most insight to the technical aspects of computer forensics? Explain.
· The main post should include at least 1 reference to research sources, and all sources should be cited using APA format.
A Primer on the Validity of
Assessment Instruments Gail M. Sullivan, MD, MPH
1. What is reliability?1
Reliability refers to whether an assessment instrument gives
the same results each time it is used in the same setting with
the same type of subjects. Reliability essentially means
consistent or dependable results. Reliability is a part of the
assessment of validity.
2. What is validity?1
Validity in research refers to how accurately a study answers
the study question or the strength of the study c ...
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
ALKAMAGIC PLAN 1350.pdf plan based of door to door delivery of alkaline water...rowala30
Alka magic plan 1350 -we deliver alkaline water at your door step and you can make handsome money by referral programme
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Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
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This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
2. Article Particulars
Title: Cross Cultural Adaptation & Psychometric
Validation of Research Instruments: a
Methodological Review
Journal: Journal of Behavioral Health
Publisher: SAGEYA (ScopeMed)
DOI 10.5455/jbh.20160615121755
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Page: 129-138
DOP: 14 July 2016
Type: Review Article
3. Authors Particulars
1. S.M. Yasir Arafat
2. Hafizur Rahman Chowdhury
3. MMA Shalahuddin Qsar
4. M A Hafez
Address
1. Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu
Sheikh Mujib Medical University
2. Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
4. Introduction
Psychometrics has very important role in
public health, psychiatry, primary health
care and many other fields even in
health promotional strategy for
measuring the attitude
Cross-cultural adaptation of a
questionnaire for use in a new country,
culture, and/or language necessitates use
of a unique method, to reach equivalence
between the source and target versions
6. Objectives
To describe the validation process
comprehensively based on recent practices
To overview a practical guideline of the
validation study
7. Methods
Search was done in PubMed, PubMed
Central and Google Scholar with searching
keywords ranging date from January 2000 to
December 2015
Searching Keywords
Translation and adaptation for instrument
validation
Psychometric validation
Reliability assessment
Validity assessment
Sample size determination for scale validation
Statistical analysis for scale validation
Factor analysis for scale validation
8. Methods
Inclusion Criteria
Full downloadable articles in pdf form
Article available only in English language
Exclusion Criteria
Multiple validation studies by same
principal author on different scales having
same parameters
Validation studies using only CFA
Validation studies other than behavior
measure scales
9. Methods
Data Extraction
Total article downloads 2529
After exclusion of repetition (n = 484), total
articles were 2045
From 2045 articles, 547 article were chosen
purposively by assessing title and abstracts
and chosen based on proportionally more in
recent years
547 articles screened, 174 were chosen for
review after assessing the full text
Finally, 78 articles were chosen after applying
the exclusion criteria
10. Definitions
Face validity: The ability of an instrument
to be understandable and relevant for the
targeted population
Content validity: The ability of an
instrument to reflect the domain of interest
and the conceptual definition of a construct
Construct validity: The extent to which a
new measure is related to specified
variables in accordance with an established
theory or hypothetical construct
11. Definitions
Convergent validity: The degree to which
scores on a measure associate with scores on
other measures that are intended to assess
similar constructs
Divergent validity: Involves that item within
any one subscale should not correlate too
highly with external items or with the total
sum-score of another subscale
Criterion validity: The assessment of an
instrument against the true value, or a
standard accepted as the true value
12. Definitions
Concurrent validity: The association of an
instrument with accepted standards
Discriminative validity: The ability of an
instrument to distinguish between groups
that are expected to differ based on their
clinical diagnosis or other characteristics
13. Definitions
Internal consistency: The ability of an
instrument to have interrelated items
Test-retest reliability: The ability of the
scores of an instrument to be reproducible
if it is used on the same patient while the
patient’s condition has not changed
(measurements repeated over time)
14. Result & Discussions: Translation &
Adaptation
Although most transcultural adaptation studies
follow similar methodologies, there is no
consensus in the literature regarding how the
process should be conducted
Most articles follow the process based on Beaton
et al.
16. R & D: Adaptation
Wanting to use a questionnaire in a new
population described as follows:
Results in a Change in
Adaptation
Required
Culture
Langua
ge
Country
of Use
Translati
on
Cultural
Adaptati
on
A Use in same population. No
change in culture, language, or
country from source
— — — — —
B Use in established immigrants in
source country
✔ — — — ✔
C Use in other country, same
language
✔ — ✔ — ✔
D Use in new immigrants, not
English-speaking, but in same
source country
✔ ✔ — ✔ ✔
E Use in another country and
another language
✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
17. R & D: Adaptation
Semantic equivalence: Ensures the
equivalence of meaning
Idiomatic equivalence: Colloquialisms, or
idioms, are difficult to translate
Experiential equivalence: Items are seeking to
capture and experience of daily life
Conceptual equivalence: Often words hold
different conceptual meanings between
cultures that need to be addressed
18. R & D: Study Design
The study design was not mentioned directly,
and there is some hesitation regarding the
matter
Those who mentioned, in the majority of the
articles, it was mentioned as cross- sectional
study design and only a few of them were
mentioned as a methodological study
The study design of a validation study is in the
gray area, and there is much space to make
further explorations
Authors intended to ascertain the study design
as a methodological study or as itself a separate
entity
19. R & D: Sampling Technique & Sample Size
Both probability and non-probability
sampling techniques were used as a sampling
technique having more deviation to non-
probability sampling
There are variations in the sample size based on
the item number, sample size estimation
formula as well as the authors’ choice
Their lacks any specific guidelines
Some authors estimated sample size on the
basis of factor analysis (EFA), some estimated
using the regression formula of sample size
estimation while more authors chose the item
sample ratio method to estimate the sample
size
20. R & D: Sampling Technique & Sample Size
EFA recommendations to ensure an absolute
minimum of 100-250; 100 = poor, 200 = fair, 300
= good, 500 = very good, and ≥1000 = excellent
Majority of the author used item sample ratio
method for sample size estimation with an
arbitrary margin of 2-20
Previous reviews showed that subject to item
ratios of ≤10:1 covers 63.2% studies
Some authors used KMO sampling adequacy
The level of KMO for adequacy was interpreted
differently among the authors mentioned as
0.6 and 0.5
21. R & D: Reliability Assessment
Reliability assessed in forms of internal consistency, test-
retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and split-half
reliability
Almost every article assessed internal consistency
The majority of the articles assessed test-retest reliability
along with internal consistency
Wilcoxon non-parametric statistical test, intra-class
correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson’s correlation
coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, Kappa
coefficients, paired t-tests, and Lin’s correlation
coefficient
Few of the articles assessed inter-rater reliability by Kappa
statistics; Student’s t-test statistical analysis and split-half
reliability were assessed by Pearson’s correlation
22. R & D: Validity Assessment
Validity is assessed in forms of face validity,
content validity, criterion validity, convergent
validity, construct validity, divergent validity,
concurrent validity, predictive validity, and
internal validity
The validity assessment is much customized on the
basis of researchers’ criteria, instrument feasibility
and statistical analysis
There are variations in assessment and way of
measurement
23. R & D: Face Validity
It is the easiest and weakest form of validity
It is assessed by ensuring standard back-
translation process; by critical review and
expert panel opinion; feasibility, readability,
consistency of style and formatting, and
the clarity of the language used
24. R & D: Content Validity
Content validity was measured as well as
ensured by ensuring standard back-
translation process, by literature review
and expert panel opinion, and by experts
with content validity index
In different studies and situations,
researchers used different options
25. R & D: Construct Validity
Assessed by factor analysis, by comparing
with other similar instruments
Researchers here again practiced the
freedom of the situation and condition based
on accepted scientific method
26. R & D: Criterion Validity
Assessed by comparison with the gold
standard
Like all other forms of validity, there were
also variations in the assessment of
criterion validity
Basic concept of criterion validity demands
the comparison with the gold standard
instruments
27. R & D: Convergent Validity
Authors used comparison of other similar
instruments
Concurrent validity was measured by
comparing the scale with another one
28. R & D: Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis is done to assess
structural validity, sampling adequacy,
internal consistency, factor rotation, factor
identification, item retention, and other
steps of analysis that options are
predesigned in the available software
29. R & D: Factor Analysis
Factor analysis was done to assess the
structure of the construct
Among the two major classes of factor
analysis: EFA and CFA; EFA in the form of
principal component analysis with Varimax
rotation was by far the most common
choice
30. R & D: Factor Analysis
Factors retention was done based on
criteria of eigenvalue ≥1 and the scree plot,
the graphical representation of eigenvalues
Item reduction was done by assessing the
loadings after the factor rotation having
value ≥0.30 with variations such as ≥0.32 and
≥0.40 based on researchers’ criteria
31. Authors’ Concern
Authors raise the concern regarding the
study design of a validation study
Authors recommend to use validation
study as a separate study design
32. Strength
It is a comprehensive review regarding the
steps of a validation study
33. Limitations
Articles in other languages
Premium articles
Other database searches
Articles published in longer duration
might contribute more
34. Recommendations
A comprehensive guideline to adapt and
validate the health outcome measures in
different cultures
Further extensive systematic reviews can
be conducted to explore and to modify
the guideline
35. Conclusion
Cross-cultural measurement of health outcomes
is really an important as well as a challenging
issue
Needs proper attention and elaborative guideline
to get the real scenario and to take appropriate
steps based on it
36. Take Home Message
Paucity of specific guidelines on cross-
cultural validation
Variations in method and parameters are
frequent
Validation study can be separate study
design
Ample of opportunities to explore further
39. References
1. Arafat SM. Psychometric validation of the
Bangla version of the patient- doctor
relationship questionnaire. Psychiatry J
2016;2016:9385364.
65. Arafat SM. Validation study can be a
separate study design. Int J Med Sci Public
Health 2015;5, 11: DOI:
10.5455/ijmsph.2016.19042016471.