Basic Steps in Memory Theories of Memory Exceptional Forms of Memories Forms of Amnesia How to Study More Effectiely Theories of Forgetting

1. Memory
 Basic Steps in Memory
 Theories of Memory
 Exceptional Forms of Memories
 Forms of Amnesia
 How to Study More Effectiely
 Theories of Forgetting

2. Basic Steps in Memory
What is memory?
Memory is defined as the extent to
which original and previous learned
information still persists.
- involves the storage of learned
items and information that are retrieved
for future use.

3. “Memory is the
process of maintaining
information over time.”
(Matlin, 2005)

4. “Memory is the means by
which we draw on our past
experiences in order to use
this information in the
present.”
(Sternberg, 1999)

5. Our memory usually works in …..
4 Basic Steps

6. Perception
When we hear a
sound or we see
something which
makes an impression
to us and focus our
attention for keeper
perception….

10. Encoding / Acquisition
- the process of classifying information
- organize it first into a meaningful
matter before putting it in storage
Think of this as similar to changing
your money into a different currency
when you travel from one country to
another.

12. For example, how do you remember a
telephone number you have looked up
in the phone book? If you can see it
then you are using visual coding, but
if you are repeating it to yourself you
are using acoustic coding (by
sound).
The principle encoding system in long
term memory (LTM) appears to be
semantic coding (by meaning).

13. Storage
- process of holding the memory of an
encoded material or information for future
use
“The way we store information
affects the way we retrieve it.”

14. • Most adults can store between 5
and 9 items in their short-term
memory.
• Information can only be stored for a
brief duration in STM (0-30
seconds), but LTM can last a
lifetime.

15. Retrieval
- involves getting the remembered
information out of storage
- If we can’t remember something, it
may be because we are unable to
retrieve it.

16. STM is stored and retrieved sequentially.
LTM is stored and retrieved by association.
Organizing information can help aid
retrieval. You can organize information in
sequences (such as alphabetically, by size
or by time).

17. ii. Theories of Memory

18. Short-Term Memory
This is our active working memory that
we are presently using.
-lasts for up to 20 seconds
-is limited in both capacity and duration
- It is the "smallest" part of memory,
because it cannot hold much
information at any one time.

19. Sensory Memory- is
the shortest-term
element of memory. It
is the ability to retain
impressions of
sensory information
after the original
stimuli have ended.

21. Short-term memory can be
converted into long-term memory
through elaborative rehearsal.
Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that
involves thinking about the meaning of the term to
be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating
the word to yourself over and over. For example,
you need to remember the term "neuron."

22. Long-Term Memory
- the kind of memory that can
remain for the rest of our lives
- refers to the lasting storage of
information.
- the phase or type of memory
responsible for the storage of
information for an extended
period of time.

23. 3 Types of Long-term Memory
1. Semantic Memory
2. Procedural Memory
3. Episodic Memory

26. iii. Exceptional Forms of
Memory

27. Memorists – exceptional memory
-They never forget no matter what task
is undertaken by them, whether they pause
or not and no matter how long it is.

28. Eidetikers – individuals who have eidetic
imagery power.
Eidetic children, after looking for 10 – 30
secs at an image are able to see the image
after it has been removed
from their view.

29. Memory Disorder - like in case of amnesia
where the memory breaks down.
Memory disorders can be
progressive, like Alzheimer’s
or Huntington’s disease, or
immediate, like those
resulting from traumatic
head injury.

30. iv. Forms of Amnesia

32. Anterograde Amnesia –
refers to loss of memory for events
after an incident
- is a loss of the ability to create new
memories after the event that caused the
amnesia, leading to a partial or complete
inability to recall the recent past, while long-
term memories from before the event
remain intact.

34. Retrograde Amnesia –
is a loss of memory-access to
events that occurred, or information that was
learned, before an injury or the onset of a
disease.
is the inability to reproduce and
recall pieces of information learned prior to
amnesia.

35. Retrograde amnesia - often thought of as
the opposite of anterograde amnesia.
The patient cannot remember events that
occurred before his/her trauma, but
remembers things that happened after it
normally•

38. Psychogenic Amnesia –
also known as functional amnesia or
dissociative amnesia
-is a rare form of amnesia brought by
emotionally disturbing events
- loses their personal identities, which is
never experienced by organic amnesia.

41. v. How to Study More Effectively
1. The best way probably to
remember materials is to
make it meaningful to you
personally. For Instance,
when you study a foreign
language, imagine yourself
falling in love using the

42. 2. Try to concentrate
on concentrating.
You forget much by
not paying enough
attention in the first

43. 3. When you study for the first
time, absorb the material as
large as chunk as possible.
Spread out your study periods
when you review before
exams. Relearning for several
days works far better than

44. 4. Reconstruct the
notes in your own
words, this form of
recoding helps
imprint the

45. 5. Practice and
rehearse what you
learn, reciting key
points mentally or
loudly ensure

46. 6. Formulate some
cues for retrieving
like putting some
headings in your

47. 7. Try to combine
verbal and visual
images for as
long as possible.

48. 8. Remove all forms of
interference. Eliminate
conflicts in studying.
Avoid studying two or
three tests at a time or

49. 9. Study first the difficult
topics or make it last, to avoid
the primary and recency
effects. The primary effect,
information that are first
perceived are more likely to
be recalled while in recency

50. 10. Pick out only
some key words,
don’t try to
memorize every

51. 11. Give more
time to study
difficult

52. 12. Employ some
mnemonic devices that
can help you to remember
information. You can use
here visual imagery to
help you in making

53. vi. Theories of Forgetting

54. Forgetting – means failure to
retain what was previously learned. It is the
extent with which learned information is lost.

55. Interference Theory – holds that the cause
of forgetting is because of conflict
among information learned earlier or
later.
a.) Proactive Interference
b.) Retroactive Interference

58. Decay Theory – suggests that lapse of time
is the reason for forgetting.
-used only for STM (Short-Term Memory)
-REHEARSAL is the key.

60. Retrieval- Based Theory –
form of cue-dependent forgetting
The memory trace is present, but one
cannot bring out the information.
-Change in environment
and the cues we depend
are absent.

62. Storage-Based Forgetting –
due to distortion of LTM memory
like alterations and changes occurred that
prevent them from being accessible when
one is in search of what they used-to-be
- It is easy to retrieve if its new form is
looked into.

64. Motivated Theory –
a purposeful or voluntary process
of blocking the Information learned.
- also called “Conscious Forgetting”

65. - it’s a form of Supression
- Repression takes place when
there are traumatic experiences
involved. Repression takes place
without a conscious effort of an
individual

67. Thank you so
much for
listening
