Interest groups are private organizations aiming to influence public policy and shape democracy, categorized mainly into public interest groups focused on community welfare and private interest groups representing economic stakes. They engage in 'inside' lobbying through direct contact with government officials and 'outside' lobbying by mobilizing public opinion and contributing to campaigns. However, inequalities exist within the interest group system, as business and professional groups hold significant resource advantages and often dominate representation in policy-making.

1. Interest Groups Dr. Christopher S. Rice

2. What are interest groups? Interest groups - private organizations that try to shape public policy by influencing the behavior of political decision-makers. Interest groups serve as important instruments to attain democracy and serve the public interest . Pluralists: interest groups an additional tool, NOT necessarily a problem.

3. 3 Types of Interest Groups

4. Public Interest Groups (citizen groups) Interests that are connected in one way or another to the general welfare of the community Primarily non-economic groups motivated by: ideology the desire to advance a general cause the commitment to some public policy

5. They attract members using solidaristic or purposive incentives

6. Public Interest Groups Try to get government to do things that will benefit the general public. Number of public interest groups has increased markedly since the 1960s.

7. Private Interest Groups (economic groups) Groups with some tangible stake that they wish to protect or to advance by means of government action. Associated with benefits for some fraction of the community.

8. Primarily based on selective benefits .

9. Private Interest (economic) groups Producer groups represent enterprises that produce goods or services, such as businesses or agriculture. Professional groups represent the interests of professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, and dentists. Unions – primary role has been to protect jobs of members, work for maximum wage & benefit levels.

10. “ Gray Area” Interest Groups Difficult to place as precisely public or private interest groups. Governments Think Tanks (research policy groups) Issue Networks and Alliances “ Astroturf” Groups

11. What Interest Groups Do the “ inside ” and “ outside ” games

12. The Inside Game aka , “old-breed lobbying”. Direct contact of interest group representative, government officials. Does not involve bribery. It’s the politics of insiders, the “good old boy” network, “one on one” persuasion. Access, genuine understanding of “the game” critical to success.

13. The inside game is most effective when the issues: are narrow and technical; do not command much media or public attention; do not stir up counteractivity by other interest groups.

14. Inside Game: Lobbying Congress The skilled lobbyist cultivates personal contacts, relationships with key members, staff of committees & subcommittees. Access may be gained if interest group has made significant contribution to the campaign. Interest group representatives offer testimony at public committee, subcommittee hearings.

15. Inside Game: Lobbying Executive Branch Career civil servants, upper-level appointees have considerable discretionary authority. Key to success? Personal contact, long-term relationships. Interest group representatives can provide valuable services to bureaucracy. Implied understandings about postcareer service benefits common.

16. The Outside Game aka , “new-breed lobbying.” Efforts to mobilize public opinion, voters, and important contributors in order to bring pressure on elected officials.

17. Tools of the Outside Game Mobilizing Membership Organizing the District Shaping Opinion Publication of Research results Advertising Maintaining working relationships with the media Political Action Committees Blogging and Web 2.0 activism

18. Interest Group System & Democracy

19. Inequalities in the Interest Group System Representational Resource Access

20. Interest Group System & Democracy Representational Inequalities - involves the question of WHOM interest groups represent. Business, trade, professional associations = 2/3 Representational advantage of business, professions increasing. Business, professional groups have more permanency

21. Interest Group System & Democracy Resource inequalities – interest groups representing business corporations and the professions represent a substantial resource advantage over others. Can afford to spend far more than other groups. THE major participants in PAC fundraising and spending. Providers of Soft Money.

22. Interest Group System & Democracy Interest groups have SOME expectation of ROI on contributions. It is NOT really a case of “Prove it!” Do interest groups neutralize each other?

23. Interest Group System & Democracy Access inequality – inequalities of representation and resources are accentuated by the ability of some groups to form relatively stable alliances with government institutions and decision-makers.

24. Interest Group System & Democracy Capture - tendency for regulatory agencies to become allies, protectors, & advocates of the industries that they were intended to regulate. Interest Group Liberalism (Lowi) - political system in which interest groups help formulate and carry out government policies.

25. Interest Group System & Democracy Iron Triangles - A three-way arrangement in which an alliance is formed between a private interest group, a bureaucratic agency, and a Congressional committee or subcommittee.