Protein Synthesis PPT.pptx
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Proteins are essential biomolecules that are composed of amino acids. They perform many critical functions in the body, including fighting disease, building tissues, and facilitating chemical reactions. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA in the nucleus is copied into mRNA. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. In translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together to form a protein chain.
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Protein Synthesis PPT.pptx
Proteins are essential components of living things that are made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids. Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA in the nucleus is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons. The amino acids are joined together to form a protein chain based on the DNA instructions carried by the mRNA.
Protein Synthesis.pptx
Proteins are composed of amino acids and are essential to living organisms. They are manufactured through a two-step process of transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA in the nucleus is copied into mRNA which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus. In translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to be joined together into a protein chain according to the mRNA codons. There are 20 amino acids that make up all proteins through different combinations specified by the genetic code.
Protein-Synthesis PPTX SCIENCE10 third quarter
Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA code is copied into mRNA. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes. In translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together according to the mRNA code to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein. There are three types of RNA involved - mRNA carries the DNA code, rRNA assists in protein assembly, and tRNA transports amino acids.
Protein Synthesis PPT Translation and Transcription.pptx
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Alanine Lysine Tryptophan Leucine
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Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match amino acids to the mRNA code on ribosomes to produce proteins according to the DNA's instructions. Quality control mechanisms like codon-anticodon interactions and elongation factors ensure the correct amino acids are joined in the proper sequence.
Protein-Synthesis.pptx
This document discusses protein synthesis through DNA and RNA. It begins by explaining how DNA stores instructions for making proteins through genes located on chromosomes. The building blocks of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are described. The three main types of RNA - rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA - are introduced along with their roles in protein synthesis. The 20 amino acids that serve as building blocks for proteins are also listed. The document then outlines the three main steps of protein synthesis: transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to amino acids by ribosomes, and protein folding. Examples are provided to illustrate each step of the protein synthesis process.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. PPT .pptx
This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis and processing. It begins with an overview that proteins are composed of amino acids and are made by ribosomes. It then describes the two main steps: 1) Transcription, where DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus. 2) Translation, where the mRNA code is decoded by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form a protein chain out of amino acids brought in by tRNA. The document provides details on how each step works, including enzymes involved in transcription and the base-pairing between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons to assemble the protein chain.
Protein Synthesis.pptx
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is synthesized using DNA as a template. mRNA then directs protein synthesis during translation. Translation occurs in the ribosome and involves tRNA, rRNA, and amino acids. The mRNA codons are read three bases at a time by tRNA which brings the corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached, terminating translation.
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Protein Synthesis PPT.pptx
Proteins are essential components of living things that are made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids. Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA in the nucleus is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons. The amino acids are joined together to form a protein chain based on the DNA instructions carried by the mRNA.
Protein Synthesis.pptx
Proteins are composed of amino acids and are essential to living organisms. They are manufactured through a two-step process of transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA in the nucleus is copied into mRNA which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus. In translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to be joined together into a protein chain according to the mRNA codons. There are 20 amino acids that make up all proteins through different combinations specified by the genetic code.
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Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA code is copied into mRNA. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes. In translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together according to the mRNA code to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein. There are three types of RNA involved - mRNA carries the DNA code, rRNA assists in protein assembly, and tRNA transports amino acids.
Protein Synthesis PPT Translation and Transcription.pptx
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Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match amino acids to the mRNA code on ribosomes to produce proteins according to the DNA's instructions. Quality control mechanisms like codon-anticodon interactions and elongation factors ensure the correct amino acids are joined in the proper sequence.
Protein-Synthesis.pptx
This document discusses protein synthesis through DNA and RNA. It begins by explaining how DNA stores instructions for making proteins through genes located on chromosomes. The building blocks of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are described. The three main types of RNA - rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA - are introduced along with their roles in protein synthesis. The 20 amino acids that serve as building blocks for proteins are also listed. The document then outlines the three main steps of protein synthesis: transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to amino acids by ribosomes, and protein folding. Examples are provided to illustrate each step of the protein synthesis process.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. PPT .pptx
This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis and processing. It begins with an overview that proteins are composed of amino acids and are made by ribosomes. It then describes the two main steps: 1) Transcription, where DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus. 2) Translation, where the mRNA code is decoded by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form a protein chain out of amino acids brought in by tRNA. The document provides details on how each step works, including enzymes involved in transcription and the base-pairing between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons to assemble the protein chain.
Protein Synthesis.pptx
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is synthesized using DNA as a template. mRNA then directs protein synthesis during translation. Translation occurs in the ribosome and involves tRNA, rRNA, and amino acids. The mRNA codons are read three bases at a time by tRNA which brings the corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached, terminating translation.
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lecture_transcription and translation.pdf
Protein synthesis is a multi-step process where DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, which is then transported to the cytoplasm and translated into a protein based on the mRNA sequence. Specifically, transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA sequence into mRNA. The mRNA is then edited before being translated by ribosomes into a protein chain through codon-anticodon base pairing between mRNA and tRNA, which brings amino acids in the specified order.
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Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA is produced from DNA in the nucleus. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and uses one strand as a template to produce complementary mRNA. In translation, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA then reads the mRNA codon by codon and adds the corresponding amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence. Eventually a protein is produced when a stop codon is reached.
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The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with DNA containing the genetic code in the nucleus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries a copy of the genetic code from DNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes use the mRNA code to link amino acids together to form proteins according to the sequence specified by the DNA.
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the structure of DNA
2. Recognise the different types of RNA
3. Briefly describe the steps of transcription to elucidate the functions of different types of RNA
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 3, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 1, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. RNA Structure, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558999/
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Objective:
To create a superior enzymes to catalyze the production of high value specific chemicals.
To produce enzyme in large quantities.
Eliminate the need for co factor in enzymatic reaction.
Change substrate binding sites to increase specificity.
Change the thermal tolerance and pH stability.
Increase protein resistance to proteases.
To produce biological compounds.
Investigate how desired mutations can be introduced into a cloned gene
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This document discusses RNA and protein synthesis. It contains the following key points:
- RNA is similar to DNA but is single-stranded and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
- mRNA carries DNA's genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosomes. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA makes up the ribosomes and helps assemble proteins.
- During transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to create mRNA. During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA codon by codon and bonds amino acids together to form a protein based on the mRNA sequence. tRNA carries the correct amino
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The document summarizes genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction. It describes how genes control heredity and cell functions through DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The process of transcription and translation are explained, where DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated to form proteins. Cell reproduction begins with DNA replication, followed by mitosis where the cell splits into two daughter cells with identical DNA. Gene expression and enzyme regulation control cell activities and functions. Growth factors also regulate cell growth and reproduction.
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The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with DNA containing the genetic code in the nucleus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries a copy of the genetic code from DNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes use the mRNA code to link amino acids together to form proteins according to the sequence specified by the DNA.
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the structure of DNA
2. Recognise the different types of RNA
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 3, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 1, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. RNA Structure, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558999/
Molecular basis of Inheritance.
This document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. It describes the multi-step processes of transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a DNA gene segment. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and involves ribosomes using the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The genetic code is universal across all living things and specifies which triplet codons encode for each amino acid.
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Change substrate binding sites to increase specificity.
Change the thermal tolerance and pH stability.
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The document summarizes genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction. It describes how genes control heredity and cell functions through DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The process of transcription and translation are explained, where DNA is transcribed to RNA which is then translated to form proteins. Cell reproduction begins with DNA replication, followed by mitosis where the cell splits into two daughter cells with identical DNA. Gene expression and enzyme regulation control cell activities and functions. Growth factors also regulate cell growth and reproduction.
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- 1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Protein-making Process
- 2. Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) Notes Proteins (Review) • Proteins make up all living materials
- 3. • Proteins are composed of amino acids – there are 20 different amino acids • Different proteins are made by combining these 20 amino acids in different combinations
- 4. • Proteins are manufactured (made) by the ribosomes
- 5. •Function of proteins: 1. Help fight disease 2. Build new body tissue 3. Enzymes used for digestion and other chemical reactions are proteins (Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction) 4. Component of all cell membranes
- 7. Making a Protein—Transcription • First Step: Copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA called Transcription Why? DNA has the genetic code for the protein that needs to be made, but proteins are made by the ribosomes—ribosomes are outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. DNA is too large to leave the nucleus (double stranded), but RNA can leave the nucleus (single stranded).
- 8. • Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger RNA (mRNA).
- 9. • mRNA then goes through the pores of the nucleus with the DNA code and attaches to the ribosome.
- 11. Making a Protein—Translation • Second Step: Decoding of mRNA into a protein is called Translation. • Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.
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- 14. • mRNA carrying the DNA instructions and tRNA carrying amino acids meet in the ribosomes.
- 15. • Amino acids are joined together to make a protein. Polypeptide = Protein
- 16. Use one of the codon charts on the next page to find the amino acid sequence coded for by the following mRNA strands. CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA ___________/___________/___________/____________ AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA ___________/___________/___________/____________
- 18. AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA ___________/___________/___________/____________ Methionine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Stop
- 20. Click the hyperlink below to watch the related video: (Make sure you have an internet connection) • How Proteins are Made