Different anatomical structures

1. Anatomy and
Physiology

2. External Features
and Bones

3. Objective 9.01
 Describe the major external parts of small
animals

4. Basic Anatomy Terminology
1. Cheek- fleshy side of the face
2. Dewlap- loose skin under the chin
3. Elbow- upper joint of the front leg
4. Flank- fleshy part of the side
5. Foot pad- part that the animal walks on
6. Forearm- front limb just below the elbow
7. Guard hair- longer course hair above the
shorter under fur (protection)

5. Basic Anatomy Terminology
8. Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb
9. Lion- fleshy part of the side under the spinal
column
10. Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth)
11. Nose pad
 Tip of the nose
 Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects
 Called the nose leather in cats

6. Basic Anatomy Terminology
12. Rump- upper rounded part of the
hindquarter
13. Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg
14. Stifle- joint above the hock
15. Thigh- area between the rump and hock
16. Whiskers- long hairs growing near the
mouth

7. Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds
1. Crown
 top of the head
2. Ear covert
 feathers covering the ears
3. Mandible
 upper or lower segment of the bill
4. Nape
 back of the neck
5. Orbital ring
 ring around the eye

8. Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish,
Amphibians, and Reptiles
1. Brille
 transparent layer covering eyes
 Eyelid for snakes
2. Fins
 Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage
rods
 Enables fish to move through water

9. Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish,
Amphibians, and Reptiles
3. Gills
 Major organ of the respiratory system
 Breath without lungs
4. Scales
 Modified portion of the epidermal layer
 Provides protection
5. Scutes
 Epidermal scales found on turtles

10. Objective 9.02
 Define major skeletal parts of small
animals

11. Skeletal System
 Axial skeleton
vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
skull

12. Dog Skeleton
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif

13. Dog Skeleton
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF

14. Skeletal System
 Pectoral limb
front limbs
 shoulders, legs and feet
 scapula (shoulder blade)
 humerus (arm)
 radius and ulna (forearm)
 carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

15. http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg

16. http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg

17. Skeletal System
 Pelvic limb
rear legs and pelvic bones
 hooks
 pin bones
 femur (upper leg bone)
 tibia and fibula (lower leg bones)
 Tarsals (hocks)
 Metatarsals (feet)
 Phalanges (toes)

18. Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif

19. Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg

20. Skeletal System-Birds
 Have some unique bones unlike
mammals
Most have a skull bone that elongates
toward the front of the head
Some have a skull with an upper beak
fused to it while other birds have hinges
on both upper and lower mandibles
giving it more flexibility

21. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml

22. Objective 9.03
 Discuss the role of internal organs in small
animals

23. Major organs and systems
 Heart
major organ in the circulatory
system
3 muscle layers

24. Circulatory System
 Myocardium
second layer muscle that makes up the
thickness of the heart
 Endocardium
thin layer inside myocardium
 Epicardium
thin cover over the myocardium
 Other parts of the circulatory system are the
arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

25. Layers of the Heart

26. Heart

27. Circulatory System
 Other parts of the circulatory system are
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Blood

28. Circulatory System- Functions
 Transports
nutrients
metabolic waste
oxygen
 Protects against microbes and
injury

29. Kidneys and Bladder
 Part of the excretory system
 rids the body of waste
 maintain chemical composition
 volume of blood
 regulates tissue fluid

30. Stomach and Intestines
 Major part of digestive system
breaks food down into smaller
pieces to be used by the body
 Nutrients are gleaned from these
food materials

31. Lungs
 Part of the respiratory system
oxygen is taken in by the nose,
passed on to the lungs and then
goes into the blood

32. Nervous System
 Brains, spinal cord, and nerves
Coordinator of all body activities
Regulates other systems
Controls memory and learning

33. Reproductive system
 Ovaries and testes
Egg
Sperm
 Help produce new individuals of
the same species

34. Muscular System
 Muscles
Movement
Posture
Support
Produces heat

35. Small Animal
Nutrition
Competency: 10.00
Examine the role of nutrition in
the support of animals life

36. Objective 10.01
 Discuss the six basic nutritional
requirements of small animals in relation
to the function they serve for the small
animal

37. Nutrition
 Nutrient- single group of foods of
the same general chemical
composition that supports animal
life
 There are six basic nutrient

38. Water
 More important nutrient than any
other nutrient
 makes up 55-65% of an animal’s
body

39. Water
 Aides in digestion
 Transports nutrients
 Regulates body temperature
 Carries waste from the body
 Supports respiration

40. Proteins
 Complex nutrients composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen
 Develop and repairing body
organs and tissues
muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves,
and feathers

41. Proteins
 Production of milk, wool, and eggs
 Reproduction process of the
developing fetus
 Developing the young
 Transmitting DNA

42. Carbohydrates
 Converting of food into energy
 Made up of chemical elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
 Supports breathing and digesting

43. Carbohydrates
 Production of heat for body warmth
 Stores fat
 Types of carbohydrates
Sugars
Starch
fiber

44. Fats
 Chemical elements of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
 Same elements as carbohydrates
but different combinations

45. Fats
 Fats contain 2.25 times more energy
 Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E and K
 Provides the essential fatty acids
needed in an animal’s diet

46. Vitamins
 Organic substances needed for
specific biochemical reactions
A,B, C, D, E and K
 Needed in small amounts

47. Vitamins
 Regulation of body glands
Digestive system
Absorption
Metabolism
 The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or
organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In
metabolism some substances are broken down to yield
energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary
for life, are synthesized.

48. Minerals
 Supply the material for building
the skeleton and producing
regulators such as enzymes and
hormones
 Divided into 2 groups
Macro
Micro

49. Macro vs. Micro
 Macro
Seven major minerals needed in
largest quantity and most likely
lacking in the ration
 Micro
Nine trace minerals needed in
small amounts

50. Macro-minerals
 Phosphorus
 Calcium
 Potassium
 Sodium and chlorine
 Sulfur
 Magnesium

51. Micro-minerals
 Iron
 Iodine
 Copper
 Cobalt
 Manganese
 Zinc
 Molybdenum
 Selenium
 Fluorine

52. Objective 10.02
 Determine symptoms related to nutrient
deficiencies in small animals

53. Nutrient Deficiencies
 Nutrition
Process by which an animal receives and
balanced food and water ration
 Grow
 Maintain its body
 Reproduce
 Perform
 Nutrient
substance that is necessary for an organism to
live and grow

54. Nutrient Deficiencies
 Slow growth
 (common of all nutrients)
 Water deficiency
Overheating
slowdown in normal body functions occurs
 Carbohydrates
lack of energy
Lack of normal body functions
loss of body heat

55. Nutrient Deficiencies
 Proteins
 Normal growth development and repairing of body
organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and
feathers suffers
 Protein deficiency may result
 Anorexia
 Anemia
 Edema
 Slow growth rate
 Low birth weight of young
 Lower milk production
 Decreased feed efficiency

56. Nutrient Deficiencies
 Fats
Provides energy
aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
 Vitamins
various body functions will suffer when
vitamins are lacking
Depends on the vitamins in question

57. Nutrient Deficiencies
 Mineral deficiency
low rate of gains
poor feed efficiency
decreased reproduction
decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and
wool production

58. Nutrition and
Digestion of Small
Animals
Competency: 11.00
Analyze the digestive process and
feeding requirements for small
animals

59. Objective 11.01
 Discuss the digestive process in a
ruminant’s digestive system.

60. Ruminants
 Considered as “forage consuming”
Ruminants have one stomach with
multiple compartments
 Food is acted on by millions of
bacteria and microorganisms
Transform low-quality protein and
nitrogen compounds
 essential amino acids

61. http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/media/RUMEN.GIF

62. Four compartments
 Rumen
largest compartment
contains bacteria & microorganisms
aids in the digestive process

63. Rumen Papillae
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curric
ulum/VM8054/Labs/Lab21/IMAGES/ru
men%20copy.jpg

64. Reticulum
 Second compartment
aides in the formation of cud for
regurgitation
 Also known as the hardware
stomach because it collects nails
or pieces of wire

65. Reticulum
http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/outreach/necropsy/images/reticulum1.jpg

66. Reticulum
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/retic.jpg

67. Omasum
 Third compartment
removes water from food
Looks like the folds of a book

68. Omasum
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/m
ammal_digestive_photos.htm

69. Abomasum
 Fourth compartment
 Referred to as the “true stomach”
Breaks down food material
muscular movement
secretes digestive juices
 The material then passes into the small
intestine

70. http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4abomas.jpg

71. Objective 11.02
 Explain the digestive process in a non-
ruminant’s digestive system

72. Non-Ruminants
 Single-stomached
 Mono-gastric
includes all of the small animals
Cats
Dogs
Rabbits
Birds

74. Rabbits
 Non-ruminant herbivores
Consumes large amounts of
roughage
Large cecum and colon between
the small and large intestines
 contains bacteria

75. Rabbit Digestive System
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm

76. Rabbits
 Rabbits eat undigested feces
Coprophagy
Usually occurs late night or early
morning
Makes use of undigested material
so they can make full use of bacteria
in cecum

77. Birds
 Lack teeth
Saliva is added to aid in swallowing
Very little breakdown in the mouth
 Gizzard
Largest digestive organ
Grinds and crushes

78. Digestive System- Bird
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatomy.jpg

79. Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants
 Food is broken down in mouth (except
birds)
 Passes to the stomach
 Small Intestine
Primary site of absorption
 Large Intestine
Absorption of Water
Addition of mucus

80. Fish Digestive System
 Systems vary
Type of feed determines teeth
 Some fish swallow their prey whole
while others chew it up

81. Fish digestive system
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system.jpg/medium.jpg

82. Objective 11.03
 Distinguish between feeding programs of
the small animal

83. Nutrient Use
 Maintenance
keeping constant
no gain or loss of weight
usually high in carbohydrates and
fats
 Growth
increase in body size
rations high in energy and protein

84. Nutrient Use
 Reproduction
failures are a major result from
poor nutrition
Contains a large amount of protein,
minerals, and vitamins
Improper nutrition can affect
conception rates and breeding
ability

85. Reproduction
 Babies that are underweight at
birth, or which become an aborted
fetus are often the result of
improper nutrition to female
during gestation

86. Nutrient Use
 Lactation
time during which females are
producing milk
Requires the proper nutrients to
have large milk production

87. Lactation
 Diet high in protein, calcium, and
phosphorus.
 The same nutrients contained in
the milk are the same needed by
a lactating female

88. Nutrient Use
 Work and activity
Increased amounts of fats and
carbohydrates are needed in a working
diet to supply the extra energy needed
Hunting dogs need special diets
because they require energy to chase
after game

89. Feeding Terminology
 Diet
Feed and water that an animal uses
 Amount and type of feedstuff is based
upon:
Animal Needs
Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained in
feed
 Palatability- digestible and appeals to the
animal
A good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten

90. Feeding Terminology
 Feed classifications
Roughages (or forages)
 made up of leaves and the plants tender
stems

91. Feeding Terminology
 Concentrates
recommended for small animals as a
regular part of their diet
High energy
 Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats
High protein
 Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower
meal

92. Feeding Terminology
 Supplements
contains a specific nutrient
 Ration
feed that contains the right amount
and proportion of nutrients

93. Specific Diets
 Dogs and Cats
 Commercial feed is the best
Puppies need diet higher in protein than
adults and food intake is regulated by
activity
Cats need 2X the protein of dogs
 10% of their diet should be fat

94. Rabbits
 Pellet type of commercial feed is
best
 Avoid feeding leafy green
vegetables

95. Pocket Pets
 Best to use pellet type
commercial feed
 If mixing ration; should have a
wide range of food

96. Pocket Pets
 Gerbils
Little green food in diet
 Rats
can have dog food substituted
 Ferrets
 can eat cat food

97. Pocket Pets
 Mice
 will not overeat
 Guinea pigs
need solid food to dull their teeth and a
certain amount of Vitamin C

98. Amphibians & Reptiles
 Prefer to eat animals if large enough
Tadpoles
 eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food
Turtles
 Pieces of liver
 Strawberries and other fruits

99. Amphibians & Reptiles
 Snakes (in captivity)
Full grown can learn to eat canned dog
Variety of insects
Baby rodents
Frogs and toads
 Lizards
Most eat insects

100. Birds
 Diet mostly consists of seeds
 Including cereal seeds and oil seeds
 Fruit and nectar birds
eat oranges
Grapes
apple slices

101. Fish
 Diet is affected by water temperature
Higher temperature
 Increased food intake
 Variety of food should be given to
decrease boredom

102. Fish
 Amount fish is fed should be amount it can
eat in a few minutes to avoid contaminating
water
 Smaller fish
 Flaked food
 Larger Fish
 Shrimp
 Krill
 Plankton

103. Small Animal
Reproduction
Competency: 12.00
Analyze Reproduction in
Small Animals

104. Objective 12.01
 Discuss reproduction of small animals

105. Sexual Reproduction
 Two parents are required
Natural Insemination
 Male
 Spermatozoa or male sex cell
 Female
 Egg or ovum (female sex cell)

106. Trout Spermatozoa
http://www.rennes.inra.fr/scribe/images/spermato.jpg

107. Sexual Terminology
 Conception
Creation of new life by fertilization
 Union of egg and sperm
 Estrus
Heat period
Female is receptive to breeding
Stand for mating

108. Estrus- Stand for mating
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer_4.jpg

109. Sexual Terminology
 Gestation
Period of pregnancy
Begins at conception ends at parturition
 Ovulation
Release of egg
 Parturition
Process of giving birth

110. Female Reproductive Anatomy
 Ovary
Primary reproductive organ
Produces the female gamete (egg)
 Embryo
Developing young
Mammals
 Enters uterus after 3-5 days

111. Female Reproductive Anatomy
 Uterus
Place of embryo growth and development
 Cervix
Part of uterus that contains rings
Cervical mucus
 Seals uterus during pregnancy

112. Female Reproductive Anatomy
 Vagina
Reproductive passageway
Urine excretio
 Vulva
External opening of reproductive tract

113. Male Reproductive Anatomy
 Testicle
Primary organ
Produces male gametes
Externally held in scrotum
 Controls temperature
 Sheath
Fold of skin
Protective covering

114. Objective 12.02
 Use principals of reproductive physiology
to determine gestation characteristics in
small animals

115. Gestation
 Time from conception to parturition (birth)
Varies for each species
 General Characteristics
Increase size of breast and abdomen and
appetite
Restlessness
 End of gestation

116. End of Gestation
 Pocket pets and rabbits
 Nesting box should be provided
 Wood shavings
 Straw
 Paper
 Dogs and cats
 Birthing box
 One to three weeks prior
 Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

117. Gestation Period
Species Period (days)
Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks)
Dogs 56-70 (9-10 weeks)
Rabbits 28-32 (4-4.5 weeks)
Hamsters 30-32
Gerbils 16
Rats 21-24
Mice 21-24
Guinea Pig 56-74
Ferrets 42