This document discusses biodiversity in the Philippines and the importance of protecting endangered and economically valuable species. It defines key terms like biodiversity, endangered species, critically endangered species, and endemic species. It describes the direct, indirect, and aesthetic economic value of species. Threats to biodiversity like habitat loss and invasive species are mentioned. The document also outlines Philippines laws and conservation measures to protect wildlife, such as designating critical habitats and centers of plant diversity.

1. Protection and
Conservation of Endangered
and Economically Important
Species
Lesson 1

2. Biodiversity as the flexibility among living
things from all sources and the ecological
complexes of which they are a member of
including differences within and between
species and between ecosystems. They also
perform an important role in keeping the
stability in the ecosystem.

3. Philippines, being a global biodiversity hotspot is
teeming with flora and fauna. This bountiful biodiversity
serves many purposes such as biological resources,
ecosystem services and, social benefits (Shah, 2014).
With a rich flora and fauna, we have an abundant
biological resource for foods, commercial merchandise,
and natural construction materials, even ingredients for
medicinal and pharmaceutical uses.

4. Moreover, rich flora accounts for climate
stability since plants freely absorb carbon
dioxide and produce oxygen. The social
benefits derived from biodiversity include
environmental research, recreation, and
tourism. To top it all, biodiversity boosts
our economy.

5. Economically important species or species
that have actual or potential value in trade or
utilization for commercial purposes are
valuable sources of income for people.
Rattan is a good example of an economically
important species that is primarily used for
the construction of furniture.

6. The value of species can be divided into
three categories:
1. Direct Economic Value
This term collectively refers to the utilization of biological
resources either for direct consumption or for commercial
purposes. Cutting bamboo poles from the forest is a good
example of direct economic value for direct consumption
as material for native furniture or bamboo huts and
cottages. Meanwhile, medicines that are developed from
plant or animal extract are examples of direct economic
value for commercial purposes.

7. 2. Indirect Economic Value
There are benefits produced by species
even without us using them. For example,
certain plant species maintain the chemical
quality of natural water bodies, prevent soil
erosion and floods, cycle minerals in the soil,
and absorb pollutants. Several animals also
play many roles in the ecosystem. The
following are some roles of species in the
ecosystem:

8. •Bees are important pollinators to most
crops. In addition to their ecological niche.
They are also a food source to predators
like birds, spiders, lizards, and other
animals.
•Spiders and lizards are natural biocontrols
against mosquitoes and other insects.
•Ants aid in rebuilding soil nutrients,
enhance soil structure, permit water and
air to pass through the soil easily, sustain
energy, and improve biodiversity.

9. •Earthworms turn and fertilize the soil,
allowing water and oxygen to reach plant
roots. They eat a wide variety of organic
materials and provide food for many
different organisms.
•Bats are one of the pollinators of the
durian flower which blooms only at night.
•Frogs regulate the insect population. To
keep things in balance, they use lots of
survival tools. Some run away and play
dead.

10. 3. Aesthetic Value
The aesthetic value of species refers to the feeling
of pleasure derived from the appreciation of high
biodiversity in a certain area. These include a
panoramic view of tropical forests or species
diversity of plants and animals that lead to
recreation and tourism.
Among the well-known places in the Philippines
appreciated for high biodiversity are: Tubbataha
Reef in Sulo Sea, Sumilon Island in South-
Eastern Cebu, Eden Farm in Davao, and Initao
National Park in Misamis Oriental, Mindanao.

11. Stability in Ecosystem
A stable ecosystem is necessary to sustain its population
across generations. It is where situations are held constant
by negative response systems working within the ecosystem.
The following are the principles of ecosystem stability:
• Ecosystems dispose of waste and replenish nutrients by
recycling all elements;
• Ecosystems use sunlight as the source of energy;
• The size of a consumer population is maintained such that
overgrazing and other forms of overuse do not occur; and
• Biodiversity is maintained.

12. Benefits of High Biodiversity in Preserving
the Balance of an Ecosystem
High biodiversity helps maintain the stability of
ecosystem and boosts its productivity. A bigger number of
plant species indicates a higher diversity of crops; higher
species diversity ascertains natural continuity for all living
organisms, and healthy ecosystems can better withstand
and recover from a variety of disasters. Healthy
biodiversity provides several ecosystem services:
protection of water resources, soil formation and
protection, nutrient storage and recycling, pollution
breakdown and absorption, contribution to climate
stability and maintenance of ecosystems.

13. Threats to Biodiversity
Humans are showered with the numerous
benefits obtained from high species
biodiversity. However, their anthropogenic
activities have become threats to biodiversity
due to destruction or loss of habitat; such as
when humans resort to kaingin to clear forest
for farming.

14. Furthermore, humans cause biological pollution
when they intentionally or accidentally introduce
alien species that compete with the native species,
thus becoming an invasive species threatening
shifts in biodiversity. An example of this biological
pollution is the introduction of Rhinella marina or
canetoad to combat insect pests in sugar cane
plantations. However, it becomes a problem as it
eats other smaller animals in competition with the
less superior native amphibian the Limnonectes
magnus or bakbak.

15. Illegal logging, indiscriminate mining, and
poaching are also examples of how human
overexploits biodiversity leading to a major
decrease of flora and fauna population thus
endangering species up to the brink of
extinction.

17. Endangered species refers to species or
subspecies that are not critically endangered
but whose survival in the wild is unlikely to
thrive if unwanted human factors continue
operating.

18. Critically endangered species refers to a species or
subspecies that are facing an extremely high risk of
extinction in the wild in the immediate future, such as
the avian species Philippine Eagle shown in Figure 1.
To determine whether any wildlife species/subspecies
is threatened, the following internationally accepted
criteria have been used:
• present or threatened destruction;
• adjustment or restriction of its habitat and range;
• over-consumption for commercial, entertainment or
leisure, scientific, or scholastic intentions;
• inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanism; and
• other natural or manmade factors affecting the existence
of wildlife

19. Endemic species means species or subspecies which
is naturally thriving and seen only within a specific place
in the country. These are the Golden-crowned flying fox,
Negros naked-backed fruit bat, Philippine tube-nosed
fruit bat, Panay bushy-tailed cloud rat, Ilin hairy-tailed
cloud rat, Visayan warty pig, Calamian hog deer,
Visayan spotted deer, and tamaraw (See figure 2).

21. Protection and Conservation
Measures
To address the biodiversity concerns, the Philippines has issued
Republic Act No. 9147 also known as the “Wildlife Resources
Conservation and Protection Act”. It is an act providing for the
conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their
habitats to promote ecological balance and enhance biological
diversity. Under this act, the provision shall be enforceable for all
wildlife species found in all areas of the country, including
protected areas under RA 7586 and critical habitats. This act
shall also apply to exotic species which are traded, cultured,
maintained, and/or bred in captivity or propagated in the country.

22. Critical habitats were designated outside
protected areas and were subjected to stringent
protection from any form of exploitation or
destruction which may be detrimental to the
survival of threatened species dependent therein
imposing penalties over violation of this act.

23. Center of Plant Diversity was also established to
protect and preserve endemic plant species. Mt.
Kitanglad in Bukidnon, Mt. Apo in Davao, and
Agusan Marsh in Agusan del Sur are examples of
the established center of plant diversity in
Mindanao.

24. Identification of research sites is also another initiative to
promote protection and conservation of wildlife, an example of
which sites in Mindanao are Mt. Kitanglad Range in Bukidnon
and Camiguin islands. In addition, the government has launched
the National Greening Program to mitigate deforestation by
funding and providing local farmers with economically important
plant species such as cacao, falcate, and fruit trees.