Pronouns

1. Pronouns Substitution and Leaving out Words

4. Pronouns Pronouns ( 代词 ) Personal Pronoun( 人称代词 ) Possessive Pronoun( 物主代词 ) Demonstrative Pronoun( 指示代词 ) Reflexive Pronoun( 自身代词 ) Reciprocal Pronoun( 相互代词 ) Interrogative Pronoun( 疑问代词 ) Relative Pronoun( 关系代词 ) Indefinite Pronoun( 不定代词 ) I , you , he , she , it , we , they . mine , yours , his , hers , its , ours , yours , theirs This , that , these , those Myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves Each other, one another What, which, who, whom, whose Who, whom, whose, that, which, as All, both, each, every, anything, somebody, etc.

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52. Pronoun concord in number （代词及其先行项的“数”的一致） （一） 一般 ：代词的单复数形式选择取决于它们 指代的对象 ，即 先行项 的单复数形式 One must remember to remain very still when he attends a concert. The women in the committee expressed their opinions forcefully. ( 二） 特别 ：代词单复数形式选择需要注意以下几点

53. 1. 先行项为 every-, some- 等复合词时代词单复数的选择 （ 1 ）当先行项为 everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody 等复合词时，代词据 语法一致 原则用 单数 形式 Anybody can attend the meeting if he is interested. （ 2 ）但在 非正式语体 中，可据意义一致原则，用 复数 代词 No one could have blamed themselves for that.

54. （ 3 ）尤其当先行项为 everyone, everybody 时，用 复数 代词更 自然 Everyone was clapping their hands. （ 4 ）当先行项为 everything, anything , something, nothing 时，代词一般只按 语法一致 原则用 单数 形式 Anything on the table can be thrown away, can’t it ?

55. 2. 先行项为某些 并列机构 时代词的选择： 当先行项为某些并列结构时，一般根据该并列机构的 单复数意义 来决定代词的单复数形式 My friend and roommate has agreed to lend me his car. My friend and my roommate have agreed to lend their cars.

56. 3. 先行项为某些 集体名词 时代词的选择 当先行项为某些集体名词时，据集体名词的 单复数意义 决定代词的单复数形式 The team has won its first game. The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots at the basket.

57. 4. 先行项为： 复数名词或代词 +each+ 动词 ------ 代词用 复数 复数名词或代词 + 动词 +each- ----- 代词用 单数 They each had their problems. They had each his own problem. My roommates brought each her own computer. My roommates each brought their computers.

59. 1. 当先行项为阳性或阴性名词时代词的选择 当先行项为阳性或阴性名词时，代词以及相应的限定词分别用阳性或阴性。 e.g. The boy is the brightest in the class. All the teachers like him . Mother is not quite herself today. She may have caught a cold . 英文人名性别的区分 一般人名是容易区分的：男性： Gordon, George,Nicholas.etc. 女性： Diana,Laura, Cecilia.etc 但是有一些人名，如： Barney(m), Beck(f), Hallis(m), Carmen(f), Gill(f) 等，对于中国学生来说就要注意确定其性别，随后的代词和相应的限定词才不会用错。

60. 2. 先行项为通性名词时代词的选择 英语中有一些通性名词，如 baby, child, doctor, speaker, person,customer 等，既可以是男性也可以是女性。 (1) 当这类名词以其单数形式表示类指时，通常用阳性代词或相应的限定词来指代。 例如： An instructor should offer his students challenging projects. * 若要避免这种用法还可以用复数或不用代词、限定词或用 he or she （法律文书等正式语体中）来指代单数通行名词 。 例如： Instructor should offer their students challenging projects. An instructor should offer challenging projects to the students. An instructor should offer his or her students challenging projects.

61. （ 2 ）当先行项为 baby, child, infant 等通性名词而说话人（医生或护士）不知其性别或不必过问时，可用中性代词 it ；否则（说话人是其父母时）就要根据其性别来选用代词 。例如： There’s a baby in the room .Why, it ’s crying. Baby is crying in the room. She must be hungry. (3) 当通行名词表示特指含义时，随后的代词以及相应的限定词必须根据上下文所表示 的具体性别来选用适当的形式。 例如： A student at Barnard College has to do her own work. (Barnard College 是女子大学 )

62. 3. 先行项为中性名词时代词的选择 a. 当先行项为表示无生命的名词时，代词以及相应限定词通常用中性 (it,its,itself) 。 例如： That book has lost its cover. The machine works by itself . * 如果说话人带有感情色彩也可以用阳性或阴性代词来指代中性物 ，如船员常用 she 来称呼 ship ；人们常称呼自己所喜爱的汽车为 she 或 her. etc. b. 如果先行项为动物名称，通常用中性代词来指代，若说话人带有感情色彩或把动物拟人化，可用阳性或阴性代词 。例如： The cat leaped onto my bed and coiled herself there.

63. c. 当先行项为表示天体名称或某些抽象概念时，代词用中性，如有感情色彩或把其拟人化，也可用 he 或 she ，以习惯而定。例如： The sun is shining in all his splendid beauty. Love begins playing his old tricks every spring. History has revised her verdict. d. 当先行项为国家名称时，如果仅视为地理名词，代词用中性，但若视为政治实体或者说话人的感情色彩，代词用阴性。 例如： China is in East Asia. It is one of the largest countries in the world. In the last decade of the 20 th century, China began to assume her role as a world power.

67. Pronoun Case Forms theirs their them they yours your you you ours our us we his/hers/its his/her/its him/her/it he/she/it yours your you you mine my me I 名词性属格 形容词性属格 宾格 主格

80. Substitution ( 词的代用 )-so, not, not…so

84. Do so, such

88. Leaving out words