This document provides details on the design of an irrigation canal system for an area in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. It discusses the background of the study area, objectives to increase agricultural productivity and reduce poverty. It outlines the methodology, which includes collecting climate and soil data, establishing a water management committee, and determining irrigation water needs using the Blaney-Criddle formula. Design considerations are provided for the main and sub-canals, including calculating required discharge and designing the hydraulic sections. Finally, cost estimates are presented for constructing the main and sub-canals as well as system foundations.
Groundwater and surface water are interconnected through the hydrologic cycle and comprise our water resources. However, extraction and pollution are threatening these resources. Over-pumping of aquifers like the High Plains Aquifer has caused water tables to drop significantly. The Middle East is also over-pumping groundwater, causing saltwater intrusion. Once polluted, groundwater remains contaminated for a long time since it flows more slowly than surface water. Increased water demand and improper management are reducing available fresh water supplies globally. Sustainable practices are needed to protect this vital resource for the future.
Rain Gardens and bioswales are some of our most effective tools in implementing sustainable water practices. In the presentation, Barrett will discuss how rain gardens and bioswales protect, restore, and mimic the natural water cycle. Additionally, Tom will explain how rain gardens and bioswales can help develop a natural solution for water efficiency, and relieve storm water management issues. Rain Gardens and bioswales create natural filters through which our rainwater can flow. We are in essence helping to remove the contaminants, while reducing the speed and volume in which the water runs to the storm drains. By choosing to create a rain garden or other environmentally responsible landscape solution, we can reduce the contaminants that collect in the sewer systems, and make a significant improvement for a cleaner and healthier environment.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
The document discusses rainwater harvesting, which is the process of collecting and storing rainwater for future use. It describes the key components of a rainwater harvesting system, which include the catchment surface, gutters and downspouts to channel the water, leaf screens, roof washers to divert the initial rainwater, and storage tanks. The document outlines the advantages of rainwater harvesting such as reducing flooding and the need for imported water. It also discusses some disadvantages like the potential for bacterial growth in stored water and the costs associated with installation and maintenance.
Lined or non erodible design channel studyroidghozi
These documents discuss the design of lined or non-erodible channels. Key points include:
- Trapezoidal channels are commonly used for flows over 8 m3/s with 1.5:1 side slopes. Rectangular channels are only used for small flows where space is limited.
- Material choices depend on availability and costs, with concrete, stone, steel, wood or plastic used as linings. Lower roughness allows higher velocities in smaller channels.
- Examples are provided to calculate flow rates, velocities and depths given channel dimensions, slope and roughness. Design considerations balance excavation quantities and lining materials to minimize costs.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in surface water hydrology. It defines surface water hydrology and discusses watersheds, overland flow, rivers, lakes, sediment transport, water measurement, flood events, and the use of GIS mapping. Key terms are defined such as runoff, infiltration, river morphology, lake zones, discharge measurement, flood frequency, and probable maximum precipitation. Diagrams illustrate watersheds, hillslope flow, river cross-sections, lake layers, and more. Equations for rational formula and discharge calculation are also presented.
This document discusses catchment areas and factors that affect runoff. It defines key terms like catchment area, runoff, and runoff coefficient. It describes 3 types of catchment areas and characteristics of catchment areas that can be good, average, or bad. The document lists 7 factors that affect runoff, including pattern of rainfall, catchment surface type, topography, area size and shape, vegetation, geology, and meteorology. It also discusses several methods to estimate runoff, such as empirical formulas, Strange's tables and curves, infiltration method, and the unit hydrograph approach.
Groundwater and surface water are interconnected through the hydrologic cycle and comprise our water resources. However, extraction and pollution are threatening these resources. Over-pumping of aquifers like the High Plains Aquifer has caused water tables to drop significantly. The Middle East is also over-pumping groundwater, causing saltwater intrusion. Once polluted, groundwater remains contaminated for a long time since it flows more slowly than surface water. Increased water demand and improper management are reducing available fresh water supplies globally. Sustainable practices are needed to protect this vital resource for the future.
Rain Gardens and bioswales are some of our most effective tools in implementing sustainable water practices. In the presentation, Barrett will discuss how rain gardens and bioswales protect, restore, and mimic the natural water cycle. Additionally, Tom will explain how rain gardens and bioswales can help develop a natural solution for water efficiency, and relieve storm water management issues. Rain Gardens and bioswales create natural filters through which our rainwater can flow. We are in essence helping to remove the contaminants, while reducing the speed and volume in which the water runs to the storm drains. By choosing to create a rain garden or other environmentally responsible landscape solution, we can reduce the contaminants that collect in the sewer systems, and make a significant improvement for a cleaner and healthier environment.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
The document discusses rainwater harvesting, which is the process of collecting and storing rainwater for future use. It describes the key components of a rainwater harvesting system, which include the catchment surface, gutters and downspouts to channel the water, leaf screens, roof washers to divert the initial rainwater, and storage tanks. The document outlines the advantages of rainwater harvesting such as reducing flooding and the need for imported water. It also discusses some disadvantages like the potential for bacterial growth in stored water and the costs associated with installation and maintenance.
Lined or non erodible design channel studyroidghozi
These documents discuss the design of lined or non-erodible channels. Key points include:
- Trapezoidal channels are commonly used for flows over 8 m3/s with 1.5:1 side slopes. Rectangular channels are only used for small flows where space is limited.
- Material choices depend on availability and costs, with concrete, stone, steel, wood or plastic used as linings. Lower roughness allows higher velocities in smaller channels.
- Examples are provided to calculate flow rates, velocities and depths given channel dimensions, slope and roughness. Design considerations balance excavation quantities and lining materials to minimize costs.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in surface water hydrology. It defines surface water hydrology and discusses watersheds, overland flow, rivers, lakes, sediment transport, water measurement, flood events, and the use of GIS mapping. Key terms are defined such as runoff, infiltration, river morphology, lake zones, discharge measurement, flood frequency, and probable maximum precipitation. Diagrams illustrate watersheds, hillslope flow, river cross-sections, lake layers, and more. Equations for rational formula and discharge calculation are also presented.
This document discusses catchment areas and factors that affect runoff. It defines key terms like catchment area, runoff, and runoff coefficient. It describes 3 types of catchment areas and characteristics of catchment areas that can be good, average, or bad. The document lists 7 factors that affect runoff, including pattern of rainfall, catchment surface type, topography, area size and shape, vegetation, geology, and meteorology. It also discusses several methods to estimate runoff, such as empirical formulas, Strange's tables and curves, infiltration method, and the unit hydrograph approach.
Research Proposal-Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Humans to Groundwate...Putika Ashfar Khoiri
This research proposal aims to assess the potential impacts of human activity on groundwater resources in Indonesia. Rapid urbanization in coastal cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Semarang has led to overuse of groundwater, causing issues like pollution, saltwater intrusion, and subsidence. The proposed research would collect and analyze hydrogeological data to develop a conceptual groundwater model and map groundwater potential. This would help identify the impacts of exploitation and guide sustainable allocation and management of groundwater resources. The long-term goals are to evaluate future availability and local demand, and provide solutions to stakeholders on developing and maintaining water resources.
This document is an assignment on engineering geology and hydrology submitted by M. Wajid Manzoor to his professor. It contains information on the hydrological cycle and its components such as precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration and condensation. It also discusses mechanisms of precipitation formation like coalescence theory and cooling processes. Different precipitation types like rain, snow and hail are described along with convective, cyclonic and orographic precipitation. Methods for measuring and recording rainfall are outlined, including non-recording and recording rain gauges.
Reservoir capacity, Reservoir sedimentation and controldeep shah
This document discusses reservoir capacity, sedimentation, and control of sedimentation. It defines a reservoir as an area developed by dam construction. Reservoir capacity depends on inflow and demand, and can be determined using graphical or analytical methods. Sediment carried by rivers is deposited in reservoirs, reducing capacity over time. Sediment includes suspended and bed loads. Causes of sedimentation are soil/vegetation in the catchment area and rainfall intensity. Control methods include selecting sites carefully, check dams, vegetation screens, and removing deposited sediment.
Basic concept of crcp pavement design method, performance, factors, materials requirement, design criteria.
chandra mohan lodha work with clear way of crcp
Aim of this research paper is to highlight the problem related to Right Bank Region of Sukkur barrage Pakistan and its habitants specially tail enders. This research is to know the main problem of water shortage in right side of sukkur barrage and to solve the problem by generating model through computer.
This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow. There are direct and indirect methods. Direct methods like area-velocity measure discharge by determining the cross-sectional area and average velocity. Indirect methods relate discharge to easily measured water level/stage using structures or the slope-area method with Manning's equation. Accurate stage measurements are important for estimating discharge from stage-discharge curves developed through direct measurements.
Ce154 lecture 3 reservoirs, spillways, & energy dissipatorsSudhir Jagtap
This document provides an overview of reservoirs, spillways, and energy dissipators for dams. It discusses the purposes of dams and pertinent structures like dams, spillways, intakes and outlets. It describes the planning, design, construction, and operation process for dam projects. Key considerations for spillway design include inflow hydrographs, reservoir storage curves, discharge rating curves, and routing floods through the reservoir. Common types of spillways are discussed along with design procedures. Energy dissipation methods like hydraulic jump basins are also covered, including different basin types and design guidelines. An example problem demonstrates spillway and stilling basin design.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
The document discusses various methods for estimating flood peaks, including the rational method, empirical formulas, unit hydrograph technique, and frequency analysis. It describes estimating time of concentration, rainfall intensity, and flood magnitude from watershed characteristics. Frequency analysis involves determining a probability density function from data, validating it using plotting positions, and estimating flood magnitudes for different return periods.
This document discusses canal lining and its types. It begins by defining canal lining as an impervious layer provided at the bed and sides of a canal to increase its life, discharge capacity, and hydraulic efficiency. It then discusses the benefits and costs of lining canals. The main types of concrete and earth linings used in India are described, along with their construction methods. Design considerations for lined canal sections include permissible velocities, hydraulic mean depth calculations using Manning's equation, and typical side slopes. References for further information are provided at the end.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation. It begins by defining reservoirs and classifying them. It then explains how sedimentation occurs as rivers carry sediments that are deposited when the river flow is blocked by a reservoir. This leads to a reduction in water storage capacity over time. The document lists indicators of reservoir sedimentation and discusses trap efficiency. It also outlines the different forms of sediment transport in rivers and the impacts of reservoir sedimentation, such as reduced storage and hydroelectric power generation. In conclusion, sedimentation diminishes storage capacity and benefits of the reservoir over the long run.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
This document provides an overview of different types of spillways and diversion headworks. It discusses the key requirements and functions of spillways, as well as the various types including straight drop, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Specific details are given on design principles for ogee spillways and energy dissipation methods. The document also covers spillway gates such as dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift gates.
this is my presentation of hydraulic and water resources engineering. I have discussed in this ppt about network density for given rain gauge and calculations and index of witness.
1. The document describes how to determine the proportions of different soil types (A, B, C) needed to achieve a desired soil mixture. It provides an example where 30.4% of material A, 45.6% of material B, and 24% of material C are needed.
2. To achieve at least 95% maximum dry density (MDD), between 16.66 and 120.78 liters of water per cubic meter of soil is required, depending on the water content between 9% and 15.25%.
3. The total volume of the dam to be compacted to 95% MDD is calculated to be 160,103 cubic meters based on cross-sectional area calculations for 15
What is the river discharge and what factorsMischa Knight
The document discusses factors that affect river discharge. It explains that river discharge is calculated based on the cross-sectional area of the river channel and flow velocity. Physical factors like rock type, drainage basin size and relief, and vegetation can impact discharge by affecting runoff and flow speed. Human activities such as urbanization and deforestation can also impact discharge by increasing runoff. Flood hydrographs illustrate how discharge changes during rain events, with peak discharge occurring after a lag time determined by drainage basin characteristics. Case studies can show how changes in discharge impact the drainage basin over time.
1. Stage measurement involves using staff gauges, wire gauges, and automatic recorders like float gauges and bubble gauges to measure the water surface elevation in a river over time.
2. Staff gauges involve a fixed graduated staff while wire gauges lower a weighted wire from above the water surface. Float gauges use a float and pulley system connected to a recorder while bubble gauges measure pressure from gas bled into the river.
3. Automatic recorders provide continuous measurements of stage over time in a stage hydrograph, which is important for estimating design floods and historical flood discharges.
This document discusses river engineering and types of river training works. It describes guide bank systems, groynes/spurs, and different types of groynes used to control river flows, including permeable tree groynes and pile groynes. The key factors in designing groynes are discussed, such as their length, materials used, and how they can be configured to attract, deflect, or repel river flows and sedimentation. Different specialized groynes are also introduced, such as hockey-shaped, T-headed, and inverted L-shaped groynes.
Research Proposal-Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Humans to Groundwate...Putika Ashfar Khoiri
This research proposal aims to assess the potential impacts of human activity on groundwater resources in Indonesia. Rapid urbanization in coastal cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Semarang has led to overuse of groundwater, causing issues like pollution, saltwater intrusion, and subsidence. The proposed research would collect and analyze hydrogeological data to develop a conceptual groundwater model and map groundwater potential. This would help identify the impacts of exploitation and guide sustainable allocation and management of groundwater resources. The long-term goals are to evaluate future availability and local demand, and provide solutions to stakeholders on developing and maintaining water resources.
This document is an assignment on engineering geology and hydrology submitted by M. Wajid Manzoor to his professor. It contains information on the hydrological cycle and its components such as precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration and condensation. It also discusses mechanisms of precipitation formation like coalescence theory and cooling processes. Different precipitation types like rain, snow and hail are described along with convective, cyclonic and orographic precipitation. Methods for measuring and recording rainfall are outlined, including non-recording and recording rain gauges.
Reservoir capacity, Reservoir sedimentation and controldeep shah
This document discusses reservoir capacity, sedimentation, and control of sedimentation. It defines a reservoir as an area developed by dam construction. Reservoir capacity depends on inflow and demand, and can be determined using graphical or analytical methods. Sediment carried by rivers is deposited in reservoirs, reducing capacity over time. Sediment includes suspended and bed loads. Causes of sedimentation are soil/vegetation in the catchment area and rainfall intensity. Control methods include selecting sites carefully, check dams, vegetation screens, and removing deposited sediment.
Basic concept of crcp pavement design method, performance, factors, materials requirement, design criteria.
chandra mohan lodha work with clear way of crcp
Aim of this research paper is to highlight the problem related to Right Bank Region of Sukkur barrage Pakistan and its habitants specially tail enders. This research is to know the main problem of water shortage in right side of sukkur barrage and to solve the problem by generating model through computer.
This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow. There are direct and indirect methods. Direct methods like area-velocity measure discharge by determining the cross-sectional area and average velocity. Indirect methods relate discharge to easily measured water level/stage using structures or the slope-area method with Manning's equation. Accurate stage measurements are important for estimating discharge from stage-discharge curves developed through direct measurements.
Ce154 lecture 3 reservoirs, spillways, & energy dissipatorsSudhir Jagtap
This document provides an overview of reservoirs, spillways, and energy dissipators for dams. It discusses the purposes of dams and pertinent structures like dams, spillways, intakes and outlets. It describes the planning, design, construction, and operation process for dam projects. Key considerations for spillway design include inflow hydrographs, reservoir storage curves, discharge rating curves, and routing floods through the reservoir. Common types of spillways are discussed along with design procedures. Energy dissipation methods like hydraulic jump basins are also covered, including different basin types and design guidelines. An example problem demonstrates spillway and stilling basin design.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
The document discusses various methods for estimating flood peaks, including the rational method, empirical formulas, unit hydrograph technique, and frequency analysis. It describes estimating time of concentration, rainfall intensity, and flood magnitude from watershed characteristics. Frequency analysis involves determining a probability density function from data, validating it using plotting positions, and estimating flood magnitudes for different return periods.
This document discusses canal lining and its types. It begins by defining canal lining as an impervious layer provided at the bed and sides of a canal to increase its life, discharge capacity, and hydraulic efficiency. It then discusses the benefits and costs of lining canals. The main types of concrete and earth linings used in India are described, along with their construction methods. Design considerations for lined canal sections include permissible velocities, hydraulic mean depth calculations using Manning's equation, and typical side slopes. References for further information are provided at the end.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation. It begins by defining reservoirs and classifying them. It then explains how sedimentation occurs as rivers carry sediments that are deposited when the river flow is blocked by a reservoir. This leads to a reduction in water storage capacity over time. The document lists indicators of reservoir sedimentation and discusses trap efficiency. It also outlines the different forms of sediment transport in rivers and the impacts of reservoir sedimentation, such as reduced storage and hydroelectric power generation. In conclusion, sedimentation diminishes storage capacity and benefits of the reservoir over the long run.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
This document provides an overview of different types of spillways and diversion headworks. It discusses the key requirements and functions of spillways, as well as the various types including straight drop, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Specific details are given on design principles for ogee spillways and energy dissipation methods. The document also covers spillway gates such as dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift gates.
this is my presentation of hydraulic and water resources engineering. I have discussed in this ppt about network density for given rain gauge and calculations and index of witness.
1. The document describes how to determine the proportions of different soil types (A, B, C) needed to achieve a desired soil mixture. It provides an example where 30.4% of material A, 45.6% of material B, and 24% of material C are needed.
2. To achieve at least 95% maximum dry density (MDD), between 16.66 and 120.78 liters of water per cubic meter of soil is required, depending on the water content between 9% and 15.25%.
3. The total volume of the dam to be compacted to 95% MDD is calculated to be 160,103 cubic meters based on cross-sectional area calculations for 15
What is the river discharge and what factorsMischa Knight
The document discusses factors that affect river discharge. It explains that river discharge is calculated based on the cross-sectional area of the river channel and flow velocity. Physical factors like rock type, drainage basin size and relief, and vegetation can impact discharge by affecting runoff and flow speed. Human activities such as urbanization and deforestation can also impact discharge by increasing runoff. Flood hydrographs illustrate how discharge changes during rain events, with peak discharge occurring after a lag time determined by drainage basin characteristics. Case studies can show how changes in discharge impact the drainage basin over time.
1. Stage measurement involves using staff gauges, wire gauges, and automatic recorders like float gauges and bubble gauges to measure the water surface elevation in a river over time.
2. Staff gauges involve a fixed graduated staff while wire gauges lower a weighted wire from above the water surface. Float gauges use a float and pulley system connected to a recorder while bubble gauges measure pressure from gas bled into the river.
3. Automatic recorders provide continuous measurements of stage over time in a stage hydrograph, which is important for estimating design floods and historical flood discharges.
This document discusses river engineering and types of river training works. It describes guide bank systems, groynes/spurs, and different types of groynes used to control river flows, including permeable tree groynes and pile groynes. The key factors in designing groynes are discussed, such as their length, materials used, and how they can be configured to attract, deflect, or repel river flows and sedimentation. Different specialized groynes are also introduced, such as hockey-shaped, T-headed, and inverted L-shaped groynes.
The document summarizes a student's visit to the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA). It discusses the background and operations of PPWSA, including the locations and capacities of their four water treatment plants. The objectives of the visit were to understand Phnom Penh's water supply process, water quality control, and maintenance of equipment. Students toured the facilities and learned about the treatment process involving chemicals, sedimentation tanks, and chlorine disinfection. The visit provided students with practical knowledge to supplement their academic studies and strengthen collaboration between their university and PPWSA.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over several decades. It outlines milestones such as the creation of logic theories, development of games and problem-solving techniques, and recent advances in machine learning. Overall the document provides a broad overview of progress in AI from its early years to current applications.
This document discusses hydraulic structures such as orifices and mouthpieces. It begins by classifying hydraulic structures based on their functions and then defines an orifice as an opening in a barrier through which water discharges under pressure. Orifices can be circular, rectangular, triangular, or other shapes. The document discusses flow equations for small orifices, large orifices, and provides examples of calculating flow through each. It also covers using a mouthpiece, coefficient of discharge, and calculating the time it takes to empty a tank through an orifice.
This document provides an overview of dimensional analysis, which is a technique used in engineering to relate physical quantities that influence a system. It describes how dimensional analysis identifies the relevant variables and forms dimensionless groups of variables. An example is provided to illustrate how dimensional analysis can be used to determine the unknown powers in an equation relating the force on a propeller blade to variables like its diameter, velocity, fluid density, and viscosity. Buckingham's pi theorems are explained as providing the theoretical basis for dimensional analysis.
The document provides instructions for various commands in AutoCAD 2D, including how to draw lines, erase objects, use construction lines, copy, mirror and offset objects, create multilines, polylines, polygons, and arrays. For each command, 3-4 examples are given with the specific steps to use the command and its options, such as drawing a line 10000mm long, creating a rectangular or polar array, or offsetting an object by 700mm.
This document discusses Buckingham's pi-theorem, which states that any physically meaningful relationship between physical quantities can be expressed in terms of dimensionless combinations of those quantities. The document provides an example applying the theorem to the problem of fluid flow through a pipe. Specifically, it shows that the pressure drop through the pipe can be expressed as a function of Reynolds number, relative roughness, and Fanning's friction factor.
The document contains 25 questions related to topics in topographic surveying including:
1. Geometric shapes like ellipsoids and geoid that are used to represent the Earth.
2. Surveying terms like WGS, meridian, parallel, and geodetic points.
3. Abbreviations used in topographic surveying like UTM.
4. Concepts of accuracy and precision.
5. Instruments used like EDM and GPS.
6. Calculations involving point coordinates, distances, azimuths, and elevations.
7. Determining areas of polygons defined by point coordinates.
The Buckingham Pi Theorem provides a theoretical basis for dimensional analysis by expressing physical relationships as dimensionless pi groups. It states that for n dimensional variables related by k fundamental dimensions, there will be k primary variables and n - k dimensionless pi groups that the relationship can be expressed in terms of. This more compact representation using independent pi groups allows experimental data to be non-dimensionalized and compared more easily. The theorem is applied by defining the problem variables, expressing them in terms of fundamental dimensions, determining the number of pi groups, forming the independent dimensionless groups, and comparing the results to experimental data.
The document summarizes the Buckingham π theorem, which states that any physically meaningful equation relating physical variables can be rewritten in terms of dimensionless parameters constructed from the original variables. The theorem provides a method to determine these dimensionless parameters even if the exact form of the equation is unknown. It allows identifying equivalent systems that can be compared experimentally based on having the same set of dimensionless parameters. The theorem is proved using concepts from linear algebra by representing physical dimensions as a vector space and finding the dimensionless parameters as the null space of a dimensional matrix constructed from the variables. Two examples are provided to illustrate applying the theorem.
The transboundary basin of the Teesta River encompasses 12,159 square kilometers, of which 10,155 are in India and 2,004 are in Bangladesh. Approximately 8,051 square kilometers of the river basin lie in hilly parts of Sikkim (6,930 square kilometers) and West Bengal (1,121 square kilometers). Approximately 4,108 square kilometers of the basin lie in the plains of West Bengal (2,104 square kilometers) and Bangladesh (2,004 square kilometers).
Historically, the Teesta was part of the Ganges river system, flowing south from Jalpaiguri in West Bengal in three separate channels: the Karatoya, the Purnabhaba, and the Atrai. It is speculated that the three channels led to the name “Trisrota” (“possessed of three streams”) and subsequently to “Teesta.” Following a flood in 1787, the Teesta changed its course southeast to join the Brahmaputra.
In 2013 the Government of India established the East Asia Summit Earthquake Risk Reduction Centre. The centre aims to consolidate and strengthen the network of disaster information among EAS Member Countries. As part of this objective, a country report of every member country was written. The report covers the national profile, disaster risk profile, the institutional setup, and the initiatives of the member countries.
Sustainable management of the bay of the bay of bengal large marine ecosystemLashio University
This document provides an overview of Myanmar's coastal and marine environments and resources. It describes the three main coastal zones - Rakhine Coast, Ayeyarwady Delta, and Tanintharyi Coast. These zones contain various ecosystems like mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and seaweed forests that support important fisheries. However, these environments face threats such as overexploitation, pollution, and development activities. The report identifies priority actions needed to promote sustainable management, including monitoring programs, environmental impact assessments, and conservation of coastal habitats and fisheries.
Sustainable management of the bay of the bay of bengal large marine ecosystemLashio University
Myanmar as coastal country of the Bay of Bengal is fully aware of the trans-boundary effects on the health of the coastal and marine environment, its living resources and realizes that the problem must be solved by a regional cooperation effort.
Water is essential for all life on Earth. It supports daily human activities like agriculture, manufacturing, and power generation. However, fresh water only makes up a small portion of the total water on Earth. Japan faces challenges in ensuring adequate water resources due to its climate and geography. Through developing infrastructure like dams, channels, and groundwater systems, Japan has worked to effectively manage and distribute its limited water supply to support its population and economy.
Transboundary issues and iwrm concepts by watt botkosalWatt Botkosal
The document discusses transboundary water issues in the Mekong River Basin. The Mekong River flows through 6 countries and is a critical resource for over 60 million people. Key transboundary challenges include uncoordinated management, pressure on resources from development, and impacts of hydropower development. Effective cooperation is needed to jointly manage water resources and address issues like flooding and drought across borders. The document advocates for cooperative regional assessments to identify optimal levels of transboundary cooperation in shared river basins.
1. The document is a feasibility study and design for upgrading the Tuul and Selbe rivers in Mongolia to address environmental issues.
2. It outlines the scope of the project along the Tuul river basin and its tributaries. Key issues addressed are surface water pollution, drinking water access, and flood risks.
3. The proposed measures include improving wastewater treatment, creating parks and recreation areas along the rivers, installing flood protections, and ensuring a sustainable long-term water supply for communities.
This document describes three hydrological models developed to analyze flooding in the Mekong Delta region of Cambodia: 1) A combined deterministic and stochastic model using a "3*4+1-type" tank model coupled with an ARMA time series model to forecast river flows. 2) A Tonle Sap Lake storage model to estimate inflows and outflows. 3) A delta water balance model to calculate water levels in four divided zones based on inflows and outflows between rivers and flooded areas. The models provide a framework for simulating the inundation process and flow patterns in the Mekong Delta.
This is the 9th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Grain size analysis report on karnaphuli river bank sediments. md. yousuf gaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
This document summarizes a study of the grain size analysis of sediments from the banks of the Karnaphuli River in Bangladesh. Key points:
- The Karnaphuli River drains the Sitapahar anticline region and flows through varied geology before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
- Sediment samples from the river banks were analyzed to determine their grain size distribution.
- The sediments consist of sandstone, siltstone, and shale derived from the erosion of the Miocene age rocks like the Bhuban, Bokabil, and Alluvium Formations that make up the local geology.
- The grain size analysis provides insight into the depositional environment and tect
The document discusses development in China and examines whether it is evenly spread across the country. It notes that China's development has primarily benefited coastal regions in the south and east of the country. Areas in the north and west face greater challenges due to harsher climates, more difficult terrain, lower population densities and less government support. While China has experienced rapid economic growth overall, development remains unevenly distributed on a regional level within the nation.
IRJET - Tidal Characteristics of Selected Stretch of Hugli Estuary, Related w...IRJET Journal
- The document analyzes tidal characteristics and suspended sediment concentration along the Hugli Estuary in India at three locations: Kulpi, Raichak, and Achipur.
- Tide monitoring and water sampling was conducted over 9 hours during high and low tide conditions in the monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons.
- Results showed differences in tidal behavior between seasons, with tidal asymmetry and lag times between high tides at locations. Suspended sediment concentration also varied with the tidal cycle.
The document provides background on assessing the surface water potential of the Omo-Gibe River Basin in Ethiopia. It discusses:
1) Ethiopia has significant water resources but little has been developed for agriculture, industry, and hydropower due to lack of research and management. The Omo-Gibe Basin faces water scarcity and competition between sectors.
2) Accurate assessment of surface water potential and demands is needed to address water problems. Previous studies of the basin were limited.
3) The study aims to assess the basin's surface water potential by dividing it into watersheds and using the SWAT model, in order to inform management of water resources for development.
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Project Of Irrigation at Stoeung Chhinit, Kg.Thom, KHmer
1. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING
1) THA Theara
2) THEAV Bunthorng
3) THENG Tith
Academic year: 2015-2016
Lecturer: Dr. OEURNG Chantha
Group: I4B
Prepared by:
4) THIM Mengly
5) THOEURN Thean
6) THOL Thaileng
7) TOUCH Tharo
8) YEM Sarith
9) YUN Sereyvung
2. Content
Page
I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
1. Background................................................................................................................1
2. Problem statement .....................................................................................................3
3. Objective....................................................................................................................3
II. Study area.......................................................................................................................3
1. Location.....................................................................................................................3
2. Climate.......................................................................................................................5
3. Population..................................................................................................................5
III. Scope of work.................................................................................................................5
IV. Methodology .................................................................................................................6
1. Data collection...........................................................................................................6
2. Establishment of water management committee and management of water fees .....6
V. Irrigation water need.......................................................................................................7
1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)..................................................................7
2. Crop factor Kc ...........................................................................................................9
3. Crop water need ETcrop............................................................................................10
4. Effective rainfall Pe ...................................................................................................10
5. Irrigation water needs ................................................................................................11
VI. Discharge for canal design .............................................................................................12
1. Discharge for main canal...........................................................................................12
2. Discharge for sub canal .............................................................................................13
VII. Canal design ...................................................................................................................13
1. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel .................................................13
2. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel ..................................................14
VIII. Cost estimation ............................................................................................................15
1. Main and sub-canal ...................................................................................................15
2. Foundation layer .......................................................................................................16
3. Summary of cost estimation ......................................................................................17
IX. References .....................................................................................................................17
3. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 1
Canal Design at Stung Chinit, Kampong Thom Province
I. Introduction
1. Background
Kampong Thom is a province located at the central point of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The
province has a total land area of 15,061 square kilometers divided into 8 districts, 81 communes
and 737 villages. The province is divided into two parts:
Eastern and Northern part of National Road 6: Covers 70% surface consisting of forests and
plateaus, which are rich in natural resources for a good and profitable agriculture, forestry and
animal husbandry.
Western part of National Road 6: Covers 30% surface consisting of plain area extending to the
famous Tonle Sap Lake. This area is one of the best areas in Cambodia for rice cultivation and
fishing to support the needs of the province and to additionally export them to other areas or
countries.
General information about the provincial climate:
Dry season: early November – late April (30c -35c)
Rainy season: early May – late October (23-30c, with humidity up to 90%)
Chinit River (Stung Chinit) is a river of Cambodia located in Kampong Thom Province. It is a
major tributary of the Tonlé Sap Lake "Great Lake", which joins the Tonlé Sap River at the
downstream end in the larger Mekong basin. Chinit River flows down from the great lake to the
northeast direction at 12°31′38″N 104°27′31″E, in central Cambodia. It reenters the Tonlé Sap
system in the river at 13°32′N 105°47′E. The river's length is approximately 264 kilometers and
loops out and into the Tonlé Sap system. Its width varies in the range of 60–90 meters over a total
river stretch of 110 kilometers.
The annual precipitation of Stung Chinit is around 2,000 mm. The river drains a catchment
area of 5,649 km2
including the catchment of 1,145 km2 of its tributary, the Stung Tang Krasaing,
up to its outflow into Tonlé Sap Lake. Based on flow measurements carried out at the Chinit River's
Kampong Thmar station, where the catchment area measured is 4,130 square kilometers, the
maximum and minimum flows recorded are 329 cubic meters per second and 3.34 cubic meters
per second respectively with an average flow rate of 44.1 cubic meters per second.
5. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 3
2. Problem statement
Food demand is increasing day by day and the rice production is declined due to the lack of
water for cultivation. Farmer in Taing Krasaing commune still practice rain fed cultivation. They
grow rice and other crop depending on rainfall which is not secure for them. Their crop could be
failed to grow due water shortage which caused by drought. This is a major problem that lead to
poverty and migration. However this problem can be solved since there is a water source (180 m
from Stung Chinit) near the cultivated area.
3. Objectives
Main objectives of this project are:
To design the canal for conveying the water from Stung Chinit source to irrigate crop areas.
To enlarge irrigated areas by construction sub-canal along the main canal
To ensure the sustainable water in the regional area
To increase agricultural productivity
Easily to access, manage and control the available water from the source to irrigated area
Reduce poverty and migration of people in Taing Krasaing commune.
II. Study area
1. Location
The location of study area is located in Chambak village, Taing krasaing commune, Sontuk
district, Kampong Thom province. The canal is designed for irrigated area of 200 hectares. It
consists of one main canal and 6 sub canal. All canal is design with rectangular section and made
of concrete. Main canal is 1850 meter long and 6 sub canal have a total length of 3450 m.
7. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 5
2. Climate
The climate in Stung Chinit catchment mirrors Cambodia’s overall climate pattern, dominated
by tropical monsoons, with pronounced wet and dry seasons. Rainfall in the catchment increases
with elevation. The spatial distribution of annual average rainfall ranges from 1200 to 1500 mm;
maximum annual monthly rainfall has been as low as 20 mm in the dry season and up to 530 mm
in the wet season, and minimum monthly rainfall has dropped to zero over the dry season and as
low as 50 mm during the wet season.
Over 90 percent of the catchment’s annual rainfall is received during the wet season, from May
to October, and the highest rainfall occurs in August. Daily temperatures vary from a maximum
of 35 °C during the hottest months of April and May to 20°C in the coolest months of December-
January. The Stung Chinit River is regulated by a weir about 5 km upstream from the gauging
station. An area 3-5 km downstream of the Stung Chinit irrigation scheme is inundated to a depth
of 1 to 5 m annually by the Tonle Sap flood pulse. The average annual evaporation rate is 1,455
millimeters with a standard deviation of 133 millimeters per month. The average annual
precipitation recorded is 1,590 millimeters (63 in) with heavy rains recorded from April to
October. The sunshine hours as 7.3 hours per day and the solar radiation at an annual average of
19.5 MJ/m2
per day.
3. Population
The Stung Chinit catchment embraces 16 districts across six provinces and has a total
population of 515,183, with an average annual population growth rate of 0.2 percent (CNMC
2012). Most people live in the lower part of the catchment and along National Road 6. The farmers
of Stung Chinit and Taing Krasaing mainly cultivate traditional wet season rice and some dry
season rice; they also fish and raise livestock.
III. Scope of work
The objective of the work is to figure out the details report with preliminary design, our project
then will can run smoothly and all the criteria will satisfied to proceed our irrigation system. Along
with the scope of work it was the execution of sufficient data collection, any topography surveys
and other surveys necessary to define design criteria and details design information and provide
adequate mapping of the system to enable a study of the project.
8. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 6
The outcome of the study will be a project document, which illustrates how to determine the
irrigation water need for paddy rice, how to design main or sub canals, and the bill quantities of
the work. It is expected to carry out the necessary studies to develop the plan and associated
alternative for improvement, and propose a design at feasibility level of the planned interventions
and respective project facilities. In the general, the scope of work is considered such as:
Conduct the investigation works and analysis preliminary the existing reservoirs and
transport facilities.
Conduct the survey and analysis site data for the water resource availabilities and the
topography needed for the detail design.
Design the detailed engineering of the proposed irrigation scheme and estimate the project
cost.
Prepare a work schedule.
IV. Methodology
1. Data collection
The rainfall data used to determine effective rainfall (Blaney-Criddle formula), wind speed,
solar radiation, and daily temperature are obtained from “Global Water Data for SWAT”. The data
is collected by the nearest station to the cultivated area. We use 14 years (2000 to 2014) data of
rainfall in our project. Soil type is obtain from soil map taken from “Open Development
Cambodia”. The soil type in that area is Lacustrine Alluvial Soil.
Some other data such as Kc, grown stage, percent of daily time, efficiency of canal are taken
from FAO. SAT, WL, and PERC are assume according to soil type.
2. Establishment of water management committee and management of water fees
Water resources management is a key element of our strategy to promote sustainable growth
and a more equitable and inclusive society. Two challenges in water resources management stand
out for their enormous social impacts, unreliable access to water with a strong adverse impact on
the living and health standards of the rural populations.
9. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 7
A water management committee and sub-committee were set up after an election by the
community forestry. The water management committee consist chief of committee, deputy chief
of committee, sub-committee. The tasks and responsibilities of the management committee can
be seen below:
Overall management & coordination
Planning & financial management
Meetings & communication
Conflict resolution
Water fee collection
Operation & maintenance
The committee played an important role ensuring the management and maintenance of the
reservoir and piped water system, including water meters, during and at the end of the project.
They also had to ensure fair water distribution to community members and sustainable water use
for one year in the village. Their tasks include operating the reservoir, monitoring the piped water
network and collecting water fees from the community beneficiaries.
V. Irrigation water need
1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)
ETo is the rate of evapotranspiration from a large area, covered by green grass, 8 to 15cm tall,
which grows actively, completely shades the ground and which is not short of water.
There are several methods to determine the ETo:
Experimental, using an evapotranspiration pan
- Formula: ETo=Kpan × Epan
- ETo: reference crop evapotranspiration
- K pan: pan coefficient
- E pan: pan evaporation
Theoretical, using measured climatic data
The Blaney-Criddle formula
- ETo = P×(0.46 Tmean + 8)
- ETo = reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day) as average for a period of 1 month
- T mean = mean daily temperature (o
C)
- P= mean daily percentage of annual daytime hours
10. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 8
Table 1. Mean daily percentage (p) of annual daytime hours for different latitudes can be
determine by table below. (Source: FAO)
Latitude
N Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
S July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
60° 0.15 0.2 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.41 0.4 0.34 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.13
55 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.18 0.16
50 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.2 0.18
45 0.2 0.23 0.27 0.3 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.2
40 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.21
35 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.3 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.22
30 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.3 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23
25 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24
20 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.3 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.25
15 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25
10 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26
5 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27
0 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
Table 2. The average monthly data of precipitation from 2000 to 2014
Month
Max
temperature(o
C)
Min
temperature (o
C)
Precipitation
(mm)
wind speed
(m/s)
Relative
humidity
Solar
Jan 32.7 20.3 17.2 2.4 0.6 19.5
Feb 36.1 22.5 18.6 2.3 0.5 21.4
Mar 37.7 24.7 74.8 2.1 0.5 20.4
Apr 37.4 25.6 167.3 1.9 0.6 19.3
May 35.0 24.9 215.4 1.7 0.7 19.9
Jun 33.4 24.2 190.0 1.7 0.8 19.5
Jul 31.8 23.7 194.3 1.7 0.8 19.0
Aug 31.2 23.7 264.8 1.6 0.9 19.2
Sep 30.6 23.7 326.8 1.5 0.9 18.1
Oct 30.8 22.9 309.1 1.5 0.9 18.7
Nov 30.8 21.5 116.2 2.0 0.8 18.5
Dec 30.7 20.3 35.6 2.4 0.7 18.0
11. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 9
Using available data from table1 and table 2 we can determine ETo
Table 3. Reference evapotranspiration ETo
Month
Max
temperature
(o
C)
Min
temperature
(o
C)
Mean
Temperature
(o
C)
p
ETo
(mm/day)
Jan 32.7 20.3 26.5 0.26 5.3
Feb 36.1 22.5 29.3 0.27 5.8
Mar 37.7 24.7 31.2 0.27 6.0
Apr 37.4 25.6 31.5 0.28 6.3
May 35.0 24.9 29.9 0.28 6.1
Jun 33.4 24.2 28.8 0.29 6.2
Jul 31.8 23.7 27.8 0.29 6.0
Aug 31.2 23.7 27.4 0.28 5.8
Sep 30.6 23.7 27.2 0.28 5.7
Oct 30.8 22.9 26.8 0.27 5.5
Nov 30.8 21.5 26.2 0.26 5.2
Dec 30.7 20.3 25.5 0.26 5.1
2. Crop factor Kc
The crop factor Kc depends on type of crop, the growth stage of the crop and the climate. We
also have to determine the total growing period in days, the period from sowing or transplanting
to the last day of the harvest. This mainly depend on the type of crop, the climate and the planting
date. For our crop, the paddy rice, its total growing period of is 120 days.
Table 4: Crop development stage
Crop type
Total growing
period
Vegetative growth
stage
Reproductive
stage
Ripening
stage
Paddy rice (IR8) 120 60 30 30
12. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 10
3. Crop water need ETcrop
Table 5: Crop water need from February to May
Crop: Paddy Rice Planning date: 1 May
Months Feb Mar Apr May
ETo(mm/day) 5.8 6 6.3 6.1
Growth Stage Vegetative growth stage Reproductive stage Ripening stage
Kc per Gr.St 1.1 1.3 1
Kc per month 1.1 1.1 1.3 1
ET crop(mm/day) 6.38 6.6 8.19 6.1
ET crop(mm/m) 191.4 198 245.7 183
Hence, we have determined the crop water need for the whole growing season of paddy rice
is 818 mm.
4. Effective rainfall Pe
Effective rainfall is a part of rain that remain from Deep percolation and Run-off. The factors
which influence which part is effective and which part is not effective include the climate, the soil
texture, the soil structure and the depth of the root zone. In many countries, formulae have been
developed locally to determine the effective precipitation. Such formulae take into account factors
like rainfall reliability, topography, prevailing soil type etc. If such formulae or other local data
are available, they should be used. If such data are not available, formulas below can estimate the
effective rainfall.
Pe = 0.8P-25 if P>75 mm/month
Pe = 0.6P-10 if P<75 mm/month
Table 6: Average effective rainfall from January to February.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Precipitation
(mm)
17.2 18.6 74.8 167.3 215.4 190.0 194.3 264.8 326.8 309.1 116.2 35.6
Effective
rainfall(mm)
0.3 1.2 34.9 108.8 147.3 127.0 130.4 186.8 236.4 222.3 68.0 11.4
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5. Irrigation water needs
Paddy rice, growing with "its feet in the water", is an exception. Not only has the crop water
need (ET crop) to be supplied by irrigation or rainfall, but also water is needed for: saturation of
the soil before planting, percolation and seepage losses and establishment of a water layer.
The determination of the irrigation water need for paddy rice requires the following steps:
- Determine the reference crop evapotranspiration: ETo
- Determine the crop factors: Kc
- Calculate the crop water need: ET crop = ETo×Kc
- Determine the amount of water needed to saturate the soil for land preparation: SAT
- Determine the amount of percolation and seepage losses: PERC
- Determine the amount of water needed to establish a water layer: WL
- Determine the effective rainfall: Pe
- Calculate the irrigation water need:
IN = ET crop + SAT + PERC + WL –Pe
- In the month before sowing or transplanting, water is needed to saturate the root zone. The
amount of water needed depends on the soil type and rooting depth. For the purpose of this
manual it is however assumed that the amount of water needed to saturate the root zone is
200 mm.
- The percolation and seepage losses depend on the type of soil. They will be low in very
heavy-well-puddled clay soils and high in the case of sandy soils. The percolation and
seepage losses vary between 4 and 8 mm/day and we chose PERC=6 mm/day for average.
- A water layer is established during transplanting or sowing and maintained throughout the
growing season. The amount of water needed for maintaining the water layer has already
been taken into account with the determination of the percolation and seepage losses. The
amount of water needed to establish the water layer, however, still has to be considered. For
the purpose of this manual it is assumed that a water layer of 100 mm is established.
14. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
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Table 7: Irrigation water need
Month Feb Mar Apr May
ETo (mm/month) 191.4 198 245.7 183
SAT(mm/month) 200 200 200 200
PERC(mm/month) 6 6 6 6
WL(mm/month) 100 100 100 100
Pe (mm/month) 1.16 34.88 108.84 147.32
IN (mm/month) 496.24 469.12 442.86 341.68
IN (mm/day) 16.54 15.64 14.76 11.39
From table 7, the maximum irrigation need is in February. Thus we use it to design the
canal cross section.
VI. Discharge for canal design
1. Discharge for main canal
4
16.54 10
IN 16.54 / 1.9 l/s/ha
3600 24
Sin Area × IN 200 1.9 380 l/s
net
net net
mm day
Field scheme irrigation efficiency
100
c ae e
e
Where ec conveyance efficiency and ea is field application efficiency
Table 8: values of the conveyance efficiency for adequately maintained canal (ec)
Earthen canals Lined
canalSoil type Sand Loam Clay
Canal length
Long (> 2000m) 60% 70% 80% 95%
Medium (200-2000m) 70% 75% 85% 95%
Short (< 200m) 80% 85% 90% 95%
Table 9: indicate values of the field application efficiency (ea)
Irrigation methods Field application efficiency
Surface irrigation (border, furrow, basin) 60%
Sprinkler irrigation 75%
Drip irrigation 90%
15. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 13
Our canal is concrete line canal so ec=95% and we apply surface irrigation, thus ea=60%
95 60
57%
100
e
Gross Irrigation need
gross net
100 100
Sin Sin 380 667 l/s
57e
Operation scheme irrigation need
Sin
Sin
T
Where T =d/7×h/24
gross
op
op
op
Since we operate 7 days per week and 8 hours per day so Top=7/7×8/24=1/3
Sin 667
Sin 2000 / 2 ³ /
T 1/ 3
gross
op
op
l s m s
So design discharge for main canal is 2 m³/s
2. Discharge for sub canal
There are 6 sub canals. Canal 1 serve for 27 ha, canal 2 serve for 33ha and canal 3,4,5,6
serve for 35 ha per canal. So we design all sub canal with the same section using irrigated area
of 35ha.
Sin Area × IN 35 1.9 66.5 l/snet net
100 100
Sin Sin 66.5 116.66 l/s
57
gross net
e
Assume that operation time is the same as main canal
Then
Sin 116.66
Sin 350 / 0.35 ³ /
T 1/ 3
gross
op
op
l s m s
VII. Canal design
1. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel
3
2 /Q m s
We choose rectangular CANAL
Where 2 2
A
A by b
y
A
P b y P y
y
16. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 14
Find maximum of P(y)
2
2
2
2 0
2
2
1
, 2
2
dP A
dx y
y by
b
y
A b P b
By equation of manning
2 1
3 2
2
2
3
2
×A×R ×S
Where 0.013 (concrete)
S 0.002
0.5 1
1,
2 4
1 1 1
2 0.002
0.013 2 4
1.496
0.75 , take freeboard 0.1m
we take 1.5 and 8.5 for design
m
h e
e
m h
k
Q
n
n
Take
A b
K R b
P b
b b
b m
y m
Thus b m y m
2. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel
3
0.35 /Q m s
We choose rectangular canal
Where 2 2
A
A by b
y
A
P b y P y
y
Find maximum of P(y)
2
2
2
2 0
2
2
1
, 2
2
dP A
dx y
y by
b
y
A b P b
17. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
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By Manning equation
2 1
3 2
2
2
3
2
×A×R ×S
Where 0.013 (concrete)
S 0.002
0.5 1
1,
2 4
1 1 1
0.35 0.002
0.013 2 4
0.778 , take 0.8m
0.4 , take freeboard 0.1m
we take 0.8 and 0.5 for d
m
h e
e
m h
k
Q
n
n
Take
A b
K R b
P b
b b
b m
y m
Thus b m y m
esign
VIII. Cost estimation
1. Main and sub-canal
The volume of concrete required
2
2 3
Sub-
Section of main canal
1.5 0.1 2 0.1 (0.85 0.1 ) 0.79
of main canal
of main canal 1.85 1850
0.79 1850 1461.5Channel
A m m m m m m
Volume
Total Length L km m
V A L m m m
2
2 3
3
Section of main canal
0.8 0.1 2 0.1 (0.5 0.1 ) 0.41
of main canal
of sub-canal 3.45 3450
0.41 3450 1414.5
Total volume of canal 4161.5 14
main Channel
Total
A m m m m m m
Volume
Total Length L km m
V A L m m m
V m
3 3
14.5 2876m m
It is advisable to add 10% to the volume to cater for waste and uneven concrete thickness
in excess of the 5 cm, thus, the concrete volume will be: 3 3
(1 0.1) 2876 3163.6m m
Different structure require different types of the concrete grades, as discussed in Module
13. For a good concrete mix is 1:2:3 by volume batching. The materials required for such
a mix per m3
of concrete are calculated as following:
For mixture of 1:2:3 is means that: 1×cement + 2×sand + 3×stone
It can be assumed that a 50 kg bag of cement is equivalent to 0.04 m3
of loose volume
18. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
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The yield of the mix is 60% of the loose volume of cement, aggregate (sand) and coarse
aggregate (stone).
Thus, the mixture of loose volume is:
1×0.04 (cement) + 2×0.04 (sand) + 3×0.04 (stone) = 0.24 m3
Thus, the yield is: 0.6×0.24 = 0.144 m3
. This gives the following qualities:
Cement: 1 m3
/0.144 = 6.94 = 7 bags
Sand : 7×0.04×2 = 0.56 m3
Stone : 7×0.04×3 = 0.84 m3
Thus, for design canal, requiring 3163.6 m3
of concrete, the material requirements are:
Cement : 3163.6×7 = 22146 bags
Coarse sand : 3163.6× 0.56 = 1771.6 m3
Stone 10 mm × 20 mm : 3163.6×0.84 = 2657.4 m3
2. Foundation layer
Volume for main canal: 3
main canal 1850 0.1 1.5 277.5V m m m m
Volume for main canal: 3
Sub-canal 3450 0.1 0.8 276V m m m m
Total volume: 3
277.5 276 553.5TotalV m
Thus, for foundation layer 553.5 m3
of concrete of concrete, the material requirements are:
Cement : 553.5×7 = 3875 bags
Coarse sand : 553.5× 0.56 = 309.96 m3
Stone 40m×60mm : 553.5×0.84 = 464.94 m3
Steel bar 10 mm
1 m =0.63 Kg
Total length = 1850×35 + 1850×0.75/0.1+ 3450×21 + 0.4×3450/0.1 = 152387.5 m
Total weigh = 152387.5×0.63 = 96000 Kg
Total cement = 22146 bags + 3875 bags = 26021 bags
Total coarse sand = 1771.6 + 309.96 = 2081.56 m3
Total stone 10 mm × 20 mm = 2657.4 m3
Total stone 40 m × 60 mm = 464.94 m3
19. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
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3. Summary of cost estimation
Table 10: Cost estimation
Item Quality Unit cost Total cost
Material:
- Cement
- Coarse sand
- Stone 10 mm×20 mm
- Stone 40 mm×60 mm
- Steel bar 10 mm
26021 bags
2081.56 m3
2657.4 m3
464.94 m3
96000 kg
5.2$ /bag
11.53$/m3
21.31$/m3
18.6$/m3
0.81$/kg
135309$
24000$
56629$
8648$
77760$
Transport 14000 tons 4$/ton 56000$
Labor: (Time 3 month)
- Engineer
- Skilled
- Unskilled
5 person
20 person
50 person
500$/month
12.2$/day
7.3$/day
7500$
21960$
32850$
Land preparation
- Excavating
- Compaction
3717 m3
3717 m3
0.64$/m3
0.83$/m3
2388$
3085$
Equipment: - 73871$
Total 500000$
IX. References
- IISc. Irrigation Engineering Principles Module3 “Lesson 3: Estimating Irrigation
Demand”. By: IISc and NPTEL.
- FAO 2002. Irrigation Manuel “Planting, Development Monitoring and Evaluation of
Irrigation Agriculture with farmer Participation, volume II, Module 7. By: Andeas P.
SAVVA, Karen FREKEN 2002.
- www.fao.org
- www.wikipedia.org
- List of standard price for infrastructure project 2016. By: Phnom Penh Capital Hall.