Project in Physics IV-Thermodynamics
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Thermodynamics is the science concerned with heat and its transformation into mechanical energy. The key concepts covered include systems, internal energy, reversible and irreversible processes, the three laws of thermodynamics, heat engines, and ideal heat engines. Heat engines convert heat into mechanical work and include steam engines, gasoline engines, and diesel engines. The maximum efficiency is obtained in an ideal or Carnot engine where all processes are reversible.
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Thermodynamics notes
1. Chemical thermodynamics deals with energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and processes involving chemical substances.
2. It helps determine the feasibility and extent of chemical reactions and processes under given conditions based on fundamental laws of physical chemistry.
3. Key concepts include the various types of systems (open, closed, isolated), state functions, state variables, and different thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric).
Thermodynamics class 11
Group E of Sanskar Public School completed a physics project on thermodynamics during the 2018-2019 academic year. The project was led by Sawarni Tiwari and included group members Manjeet Kumar, Shreya Tiwari, Mahwish, and Abhishek Singh. The project covered topics such as the laws of thermodynamics, heat and internal energy, state variables, processes like isothermal and adiabatic processes, and the work done in different processes. The principal and physics teacher certified that the project was the work of Group E and praised their initiative, cooperation, and the quality of their content and analysis.
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The document discusses the first law of thermodynamics. It provides equations and explanations for how the internal energy (U) of a system can change through heat (Q) added or removed from the system or work (W) done on or by the system. The first law is expressed as ΔU = Q - W. Specific processes discussed include adiabatic (no heat transfer), isobaric (constant pressure), isochoric (constant volume), and isothermal (constant temperature). Diagrams are used to illustrate these concepts and how to calculate work from changes in pressure and volume.
2nd law of thermodynamics, entropy
The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body. It explains why certain processes are not possible, such as heat flowing from a cold object to a hot object without work being performed. The second law is described by both the Kelvin-Planck statement and the Clausius statement, which are equivalent. It introduces the concept of entropy, which measures the amount of disorder or unavailable energy in a system. Entropy always increases over time as the result of irreversible processes.
Thermodynamics
The document discusses several topics in thermodynamics:
1. It defines internal energy (U) as the total energy of a system, composed of different sources like chemical, electronic, nuclear, and kinetic energies. The first law of thermodynamics states that for an isolated system, the total internal energy remains constant.
2. It discusses heat capacity and how the heat capacity of solids approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero, following a T^3 relationship. Einstein and Debye proposed models to explain this using quantized vibrational motions of atoms in the crystal lattice.
3. It covers the second law of thermodynamics, defining entropy change for a heat transfer and stating that the total entropy of
Thermodynamics
M.THIRUNAVUKKARASU
Sr. LECTURER
Bharathiyar college of Engineering and Technology at karaikal
Tamil Nadu
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This document discusses spontaneous processes and the driving forces behind them in thermodynamics. It explains that spontaneous processes are driven by a decrease in enthalpy or an increase in entropy. While enthalpy change alone cannot predict spontaneity, the introduction of entropy and Gibbs free energy allows better determination of spontaneous processes. The document also discusses how temperature, entropy change, and the relationship between Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant can be used to analyze spontaneity.
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Thermodynamics notes
1. Chemical thermodynamics deals with energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and processes involving chemical substances.
2. It helps determine the feasibility and extent of chemical reactions and processes under given conditions based on fundamental laws of physical chemistry.
3. Key concepts include the various types of systems (open, closed, isolated), state functions, state variables, and different thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric).
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Group E of Sanskar Public School completed a physics project on thermodynamics during the 2018-2019 academic year. The project was led by Sawarni Tiwari and included group members Manjeet Kumar, Shreya Tiwari, Mahwish, and Abhishek Singh. The project covered topics such as the laws of thermodynamics, heat and internal energy, state variables, processes like isothermal and adiabatic processes, and the work done in different processes. The principal and physics teacher certified that the project was the work of Group E and praised their initiative, cooperation, and the quality of their content and analysis.
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The document discusses the first law of thermodynamics. It provides equations and explanations for how the internal energy (U) of a system can change through heat (Q) added or removed from the system or work (W) done on or by the system. The first law is expressed as ΔU = Q - W. Specific processes discussed include adiabatic (no heat transfer), isobaric (constant pressure), isochoric (constant volume), and isothermal (constant temperature). Diagrams are used to illustrate these concepts and how to calculate work from changes in pressure and volume.
2nd law of thermodynamics, entropy
The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body. It explains why certain processes are not possible, such as heat flowing from a cold object to a hot object without work being performed. The second law is described by both the Kelvin-Planck statement and the Clausius statement, which are equivalent. It introduces the concept of entropy, which measures the amount of disorder or unavailable energy in a system. Entropy always increases over time as the result of irreversible processes.
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The document discusses several topics in thermodynamics:
1. It defines internal energy (U) as the total energy of a system, composed of different sources like chemical, electronic, nuclear, and kinetic energies. The first law of thermodynamics states that for an isolated system, the total internal energy remains constant.
2. It discusses heat capacity and how the heat capacity of solids approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero, following a T^3 relationship. Einstein and Debye proposed models to explain this using quantized vibrational motions of atoms in the crystal lattice.
3. It covers the second law of thermodynamics, defining entropy change for a heat transfer and stating that the total entropy of
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M.THIRUNAVUKKARASU
Sr. LECTURER
Bharathiyar college of Engineering and Technology at karaikal
Tamil Nadu
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This document discusses spontaneous processes and the driving forces behind them in thermodynamics. It explains that spontaneous processes are driven by a decrease in enthalpy or an increase in entropy. While enthalpy change alone cannot predict spontaneity, the introduction of entropy and Gibbs free energy allows better determination of spontaneous processes. The document also discusses how temperature, entropy change, and the relationship between Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant can be used to analyze spontaneity.
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In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
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3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
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Thermodynamics is the science concerned with heat and its transformation into mechanical energy. The three laws of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a hotter body, and the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Thermodynamics describes the efficiency of converting heat into work using heat engines based on concepts such as internal energy, reversible and irreversible processes, and thermal equilibrium. The maximum theoretical efficiency is obtained by Carnot's ideal heat engine undergoing fully reversible processes.
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This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
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Laws of thermodynamics and their significance
The document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The Zeroth Law establishes that temperature is a fundamental property and bodies in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
2) The First Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, and the change in internal energy of a system equals heat added minus work done.
3) The Second Law explains that efficiency is always less than 100% due to wasted heat, and isolated systems progress towards disorder over time.
4) The Third Law establishes that entropy approaches a constant, minimum value as temperature approaches absolute zero.
Thermal Engineering - Perpetual Machines (2).pptx
The document discusses violations of the laws of thermodynamics through perpetual motion machines. It defines the three laws of thermodynamics and explains that perpetual motion machines would violate the first and/or second law. There are three types of perpetual motion machines described: type 1 produces work without energy input, type 2 converts heat spontaneously to work without cooling a reservoir, and type 3 aims to eliminate all friction to maintain motion indefinitely through inertia. The document also provides examples of problems calculating thermal efficiencies of heat engines.
thermal2n.ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that studies heat and work. It describes the state of a system using temperature, pressure, and volume.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus the work done.
- The second law of thermodynamics establishes that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler body to a hotter body without an external work being performed on the system.
- Carnot's principle defines the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine as dependent on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs used by the engine.
THERMAL POWER PLANT .ppt
Chemical energy stored by molecules can be released as heat
during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking
gas or coal burns in air. The chemical energy may also be
used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine
or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell like
dry cell. Thus, various forms of energy are interrelated and
under certain conditions, these may be transformed from
one form into another. The study of these energy
transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics.
The laws of thermodynamics deal with energy changes of
macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules
rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules.
Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what
rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is
based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the
change. Laws of thermodynamics apply only when a system
is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to
another equilibrium state.Chemical energy stored by molecules can be released as heat
during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking
gas or coal burns in air. The chemical energy may also be
used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine
or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell like
dry cell. Thus, various forms of energy are interrelated and
under certain conditions, these may be transformed from
one form into another. The study of these energy
transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics.
The laws of thermodynamics deal with energy changes of
macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules
rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules.
Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what
rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is
based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the
change. Laws of thermodynamics apply only when a system
is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to
another equilibrium state.Chemical energy stored by molecules can be released as heat
during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking
gas or coal burns in air. The chemical energy may also be
used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine
or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell like
dry cell. Thus, various forms of energy are interrelated and
under certain conditions, these may be transformed from
one form into another. The study of these energy
transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics.
The laws of thermodynamics deal with energy changes of
macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules
rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules.
Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what
rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is
based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the
change.
thermodynamic chemistry-heat engine
This document provides an overview of the four laws of thermodynamics and relates them to a car engine. It discusses the zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium. The first law is demonstrated through the Carnot cycle that occurs in the engine, showing the conservation of energy. The second law is shown by the direction of heat flow from the hot to cold regions of the engine. The third law is applied when discussing the entropy of a perfect crystal approaching absolute zero.
Applied Thermodynamic (1).pptx
This document provides information on thermodynamics and related concepts. It begins by defining thermodynamics as the study of how heat is transformed into work. It then discusses the four laws of thermodynamics and provides examples. Additional concepts covered include thermodynamic systems and their properties, different modes of heat transfer, the ideal gas law, and applications of thermodynamics such as heat engines. Common thermodynamic cycles for engines like the Otto and Diesel cycles are described. The document also discusses concepts such as enthalpy, steam properties, steam boilers, turbines, and internal combustion engines.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics.pptx
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It begins by describing some limitations of the first law, such as not predicting whether processes are possible or specifying direction. It then defines the second law as "heat cannot flow itself from a colder body to a hotter body." The second law introduces the concept of entropy as a measure of system disorder. It also helps determine the preferred direction of processes and states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes in closed systems. The document provides examples of reversible and irreversible processes.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics.pptx
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It begins by describing some limitations of the first law, such as not predicting whether processes are possible or specifying direction. It then defines the second law as "heat cannot flow itself from a colder body to a hotter body." The second law introduces the concept of entropy as a measure of system disorder. It also helps determine the preferred direction of processes and states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes in closed systems. The document provides examples of reversible and irreversible processes.
THERMODYNAMICS GOOD PPT.pptx
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemical thermodynamics, including:
1. Systems, surroundings, boundaries, open vs closed vs isolated systems, and extensive vs intensive properties are introduced.
2. The three laws of thermodynamics - first law regarding energy conservation, second law regarding entropy, and third law regarding unattainability of zero kelvin - are briefly outlined.
3. Key thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes are defined.
4. Important thermodynamic parameters like internal energy, work, heat, and enthalpy are explained. Sign conventions and the mathematical statement of the first law relating these parameters
Laws of thermodynamics
The document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics: (1) the zeroth law which underlies the definition of temperature, (2) the first law which mandates conservation of energy and states that heat is a form of energy, (3) the second law which states that entropy of the universe always increases, and (4) the third law which concerns entropy at absolute zero temperature. It also defines key thermodynamic concepts like internal energy, heat, and work.
Laws Of Thermodynamics
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
2) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a minimum, zero, as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) There is no universally accepted fourth law, but some proposals include the Onsager reciprocal relations regarding heat and matter flow parameters.
Energy Conversion and Rural Electrification
Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy into another, a fundamental capability that enables modern civilization to function. It can occur in various ways, from converting the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical power through windmills to transforming solar energy into electrical energy in solar panels. This transformation is essential not just for daily usage but also for harnessing and utilizing natural resources more efficiently. In the context of rural electrification, this process plays a critical role. By converting available local energy resources into electricity, rural communities can access a stable and reliable power supply. This not only improves the quality of life but also supports economic development by powering homes, schools, businesses, and healthcare facilities. Consequently, energy conversion facilitates the broader goal of rural electrification, demonstrating the interconnection between technological innovation and societal advancement.
Thermal Engineering
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, close, and isolated), Thermodynamic Properties:
Definition and Units of -Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute and gauge). Volume. Internal
energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical work, Thermodynamics Laws with example- Zeroth Law, First
Law, Limitations of first law. Concept of heat Sink. Source, heat engine, heat pump,
refrigeration engine. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics statements (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical
on 2" law only.
Measurement: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple - Type according to temperature range
and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon pressure gauge, Simple U tube
Manometer with numerical).
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Project in Physics IV-Thermodynamics
- 2. THERMODYNAMICS literally means “moving or evolving heat.” The science of thermodynamics is concerned with heat and its transformation to mechanical energy.
- 3. SYSTEM - object or collection of objects under study. Everything else is referred to as surroundings The system and the surroundings constitute the universe. INTERNAL ENERGY- refers to the sum of the kinetics energies of the molecules of a body and the potential energy to intermolecular forces
- 4. REVERSIBLE PROCESS – one in which the system and its surroundings can be returned to their initial state before the process occurs
- 5. IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS - one in which the system and its surroundings cannot be returned to their initial state before the process occurs. Also known as the natural process.
- 7. ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS A B C “If object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B and object A is in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then object B must be in equilibrium with object C”
- 8. Thermal Equilibrium- the main concern of the zeroth law, two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium if they have the same temperature.
- 9. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS “When heat is added to a system, some of it remains in the system increasing its internal energy, while the rest leaves the system as the system does work.”
- 10. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Three versions of the second law of thermodynamics: KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT – no heat engine can completely convert heat energy to work . In other words, there is no 100% efficient heat engine. CLAUSIUS STATEMENT – heat flows naturally from hot to cold objects . ENTROPY STATEMENT – when a reversible process occurs, the total entropy of the universe remains the same. When an irreversible process occurs, the total entropy of the universe increases.
- 11. Entropy is an abstract or theoretical quantity. It is used to predict the direction of natural events and to predict whether a given chemical or physical process is possible. If the process is found to be impossible, additional data may tell scientist what can be done to make the process possible.
- 12. THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS “The entropy of a perfect crystal of a substance at the absolute zero temperature is zero.”
- 14. HEAT ENGINES a device that converts heat energy to mechanical work
- 15. TYPES OF HEAT ENGINES INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE – burns the fuel inside the engine. EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE - burns the fuel outside the engine.
- 16. STEAM ENGINES HERO OF ALEXANDRIA – invented the oldest heat engine since 200 B. C. called Aeolipile in which steam was conducted through pipes from a boiler.
- 17. Aeolipile
- 18. THOMAS SAVERY – developed the first commercial steam engine in 1968.
- 19. Savery Engine
- 20. THOMAS NEWCOMEN – came up with a modified engine using steam at atmospheric pressure in 1712.
- 21. Newcomen Engine
- 22. JAMES WATT – introduced a greatly improved steam engine with a separate condenser in 1769. This invention triggered the so called “Industrial Revolution” and stimulated the inventions of other types of engine.
- 24. GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES The gasoline engine and diesel engine are internal combustion engines. These engines operate on four different stokes: intake, compression, power and exhaust.
- 26. IDEAL HEAT ENGINE Maximum efficiency is obtained if all processes undergone by the working substance of a heat engine are reversible. This statement is called Carnot principle, named after French engineer Sadi Carnot. The Carnot engine is a hypothetical heat engine undergoing all reversible process.
- 27. WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW: • You should know that efficiency is a comparison of the useful work energy provided by a machine or system to the work energy applied to the machine or system. • You should know that the formula for efficiency is: input work efficiency= x 100% output work • You should know that the parts of a machine or system and how they are connected together will affect the machine's or system's efficiency. • You should know that other forces such as friction will affect an object's movement. • You should know that velocity ratio is a comparison of the distance a load moves to the distance travelled by the force needed to move it.