This document discusses four main programming paradigms: object-oriented, imperative, functional, and logic. It defines what a programming paradigm is and how it influences language design. For each paradigm it provides a key characteristic, example use cases, and what problems it is best suited for. The object-oriented paradigm views everything as objects, the imperative views problems as sequences of steps, functional views problems as expressions and functions, and logic views problems through predicate calculus. The document emphasizes that different paradigms are suited for different problems and learning multiple allows programmers to choose the best approach. It provides an overview to introduce the basic concepts of major programming paradigms.

1. Seminar 1 : The bird’s eye viewThe ParadigmsProgramming Paradigms

2. OutlineProgramming Paradigms4 Main Programming ParadigmsLearning ObjectivePlans2

3. Solution:Find info from books Paradigm AProblem:AssignmentSolution:Copy from classmatesParadigm BParadigm - Student

4. Paradigm – The Dancer 664X 5RIGHT BRAIN(clockwise)IntuitiveImagesNon-linearBig pictureabstractLEFT BRAIN(counter –clockwise)AnalyticalNumbersLinearDetailsConcrete

5. A programming paradigm is a framework that define how the user conceptualized and interpret complex problems. Paradigm ASolution:AProblem:Create a calculator program Solution:BParadigm BProgramming Paradigm

6. Paradigms VsLanguagesProgramming Paradigm: A programming paradigm is an approach to programming a computer based on a mathematical theory or a coherent set of principles.Programming language:A programming language is a tool for developing executable models for a class of problem domains.6In general, programming paradigms influence language design.

7. Why Programming Paradigm?7Model 1Model 2ProblemsParadigm AModel 3Model 4

8. Overview of 4 Programming Paradigms8

9. View everything as an “object”

10. Key characteristic of OO

11. Data Abstraction

12. Encapsulation

13. Polymorphism

14. Inheritance

15. Best for problems with a large number of related data abstractions organized in a hierarchyObject-Oriented Paradigm9Human“Alice”Name:Gender:Size:Eue _colour:Shopping()AnimalBuilding“Bob”

16. Object-Oriented ParadigmQuestion:Is Object-Oriented the best paradigm for solving every problems?If so, there wouldn’t be a need for other paradigm…calSal()Find the payroll of the salaries for all the employee in the companyEmployee 1getSal()return amt1Company sumAll()calSal()getSal()Overheads!!return amt1Employee 10000

17. Imperative Paradigm 11Analogy:Cooking a cup noodlesOrder of Commands is Important!!View everything as “a sequence of steps to perform”Characterized By

18. Procedures

19. Functions

20. Abstract Data Types (ADTs)

21. Best for expressing algorithms and the most common paradigm in use todayFunctional Paradigm12Resulting ValueAn ExpressionAnother ExpressionUsed ByEvaluatesEvaluatesView everything as “functions”

22. Characterized by

23. Single Assignment

24. Referentially Transparent

25. Compositionality

26. Higher Order Function

27. Best for abstracting and reducing complexity in programming task with noside effectsLogic Paradigm13Object-OrientedImperativeFunctionalLogicAutomatedSearchList all programming paradigmsAnswer a question via search for a solutionView everything as “Predicate Calculus”

28. Characterized by

29. Axioms

30. Facts

31. Inference rules

32. Queries

33. Best for solving problems in artificial intelligence such as medical diagnosis, fault finding in equipment and robot controlLearning ObjectiveEach paradigm has its place

34. Learning different paradigms allow us to

35. Identify suitable paradigms for a given complex problem

36. Decide the most suitable language to implement

37. Reason for focusing on paradigms

38. Increasing number of programming languages implementing similar paradigms exists

39. 27 paradigms in total but some are in similar concept

40. Studying the 4 distinct basic paradigms allow us to easily pick up any programming languages on our own!14

41. 15

42. PlansResearch [S2]ParadigmsAdvantages & DisadvantagesCase Studies / ExamplesProject [S3 / S4]Conclusion [S4]Summary and reflections16

43. 17Summary

44. Thank you!End of Presentation

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