The document discusses key concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) including classes, objects, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples of classes in Python and explains OOP principles like defining classes with the class keyword, using self to reference object attributes and methods, and inheriting from base classes. The document also describes operator overloading in Python to allow operators to have different meanings based on the object types.
A class is a code template for creating objects. Objects have member variables and have behaviour associated with them. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
An object is created using the constructor of the class. This object will then be called the instance of the class.
A class is a code template for creating objects. Objects have member variables and have behaviour associated with them. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
An object is created using the constructor of the class. This object will then be called the instance of the class.
This presentation deals with pure object oriented concepts and defines basic principles of OOP's like Encapsulation , polymorphism , Inheritance and Abstraction.
oops concept in java | object oriented programming in javaCPD INDIA
object oriented programming is a key concept for the development of application in windows as well as web based application environment. oops concept maps real world through its concept of classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism which help in making a robust application.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
Command-line arguments are given after the name of the program in command-line shell of Operating Systems.
To pass command line arguments, we typically define main() with two arguments : first argument is the number of command line arguments and second is list of command-line arguments.
This presentation deals with pure object oriented concepts and defines basic principles of OOP's like Encapsulation , polymorphism , Inheritance and Abstraction.
oops concept in java | object oriented programming in javaCPD INDIA
object oriented programming is a key concept for the development of application in windows as well as web based application environment. oops concept maps real world through its concept of classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism which help in making a robust application.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
Command-line arguments are given after the name of the program in command-line shell of Operating Systems.
To pass command line arguments, we typically define main() with two arguments : first argument is the number of command line arguments and second is list of command-line arguments.
The basics of Python are rather straightforward. In a few minutes you can learn most of the syntax. There are some gotchas along the way that might appear tricky. This talk is meant to bring programmers up to speed with Python. They should be able to read and write Python.
Object-Oriented Programming in Java
Java is a well-liked programming language that may be used to create a wide range of applications, from straightforward desktop programs to intricate web programs. It is an object-oriented programming language that enables programmers to create modular, reusable code, making it simple to maintain and update.
We shall look at the fundamentals of Java object-oriented programming in this tutorial. The fundamentals of object-oriented programming in Java, oops concepts such as classes and objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation will all be covered. You will have a solid understanding of object-oriented programming in Java and how to use it to create robust and scalable programs at the end of this article.
Introduction to OOPs concept
Object-oriented programming in Java is a programming paradigm that revolves around objects. An object is a real-world entity that has a set of attributes and behaviors. In Java, even basic data types like integers and booleans are considered objects.
In OOPS, a program is designed by creating objects that interact with each other to perform tasks. Objects have attributes that define their properties and methods that define their behavior.
In Java, we create classes, which are templates that define the attributes and behaviors of objects. A class can be compared to an object creation blueprint. Once a class is defined, objects can be created based on that class.
Principles of Object-Oriented Programming
There are four main principles of object-oriented programming:
a. Abstraction
Abstraction is the process of hiding complex details and providing a simplified interface for the user. It helps developers to create simpler and more understandable models of a complex system, by just exposing only the required features and not the implementation part. In Java, abstraction can be achieved using interfaces and abstract classes.
b. Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the process of hiding the internal details of an object and providing a public interface for accessing and modifying the object. It helps in maintaining the integrity of the object and ensures that its internal state cannot be modified by external code. In Java, encapsulation can be achieved using access modifiers such as public, private, and protected.
Got confused between Abstraction and Encapsulation?
Abstraction is about simplifying the complexity of a system by focusing on its essential features, while encapsulation is about protecting the integrity of an object by hiding its internal details.
c. Inheritance
The process of creating a new class from an existing one is called Inheritance. The new class inherits the attributes and behaviors of the existing class and can add additional attributes and behaviors. This helps in reducing code duplication, promoting code reuse, and making the code more modular and maintainable. In Java, the extend keyword is useful for achieving inheritance.
d. Polymorphism
The ability of an
it describes the main concepts of object oriented programming
For more posts : http://comsciguide.blogspot.com/
For full playlist of Interview puzzles videos : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPfI4zt4ExamGJwndkvg0SFc
24 standard interview puzzles: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPefIF4nscYOobim1iRBJTjw
Aptitude training playlist link : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPfumKHa02HWjCfPvGQiPZiG
for C and C++ questions, that are asked in the interviews, go through the posts in the link : http://comsciguide.blogspot.com/
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2. Contents
> Differences Procedure vs Object Oriented Programming
> Features of OOP
> Fundamental Concepts of OOP in Python
> What is Class
> What is Object
> Methods in Classes
Instantiating objects with __init__
self
> Encapsulation
> Data Abstraction
> Public, Protected and Private Data
> Inheritance
> Polymorphism
> Operator Overloading
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 2
3. Difference between Procedure Oriented and
Object Oriented Programming
Procedural programming creates a step by step program that
guides the application through a sequence of instructions. Each
instruction is executed in order.
Procedural programming also focuses on the idea that all
algorithms are executed with functions and data that the
programmer has access to and is able to change.
Object-Oriented programming is much more similar to the way
the real world works; it is analogous to the human brain. Each
program is made up of many entities called objects.
Instead, a message must be sent requesting the data, just like
people must ask one another for information; we cannot see
inside each other’s heads.
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4. Featuers of OOP
Ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively
Code is reusable thus less code may have to be written
Data becomes active
Better able to create GUI (graphical user interface) applications
Programmers are able to produce faster, more accurate and better-
written applications
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5. Fundamental concepts of OOP in Python
The four major principles of object orientation are:
Encapsulation
Data Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism
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6. What is an Object..?
Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented
system.
They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of
data or any item that the program must handle.
When a program is executed the objects interact by sending
messages to one another.
Objects have two components:
- Data (i.e., attributes)
- Behaviors (i.e., methods)
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7. Object Attributes and Methods Example
Object Attributes Object Methods
Store the data for that object
Example (taxi):
Driver
OnDuty
NumPassengers
Location
Define the behaviors for the
object
Example (taxi):
- PickUp
- DropOff
- GoOnDuty
- GoOffDuty
- GetDriver
- SetDriver
- GetNumPassengers
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 7
8. What is a Class..?
A class is a special data type which defines how to build a certain
kind of object.
The class also stores some data items that are shared by all the
instances of this class
Instances are objects that are created which follow the definition
given inside of the class
Python doesn’t use separate class interface definitions as in some
languages
You just define the class and then use it
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 8
9. Methods in Classes
Define a method in a class by including function definitions
within the scope of the class block
There must be a special first argument self in all of method
definitions which gets bound to the calling instance
There is usually a special method called __init__ in most
classes
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10. A Simple Class def: Student
class student:
“““A class representing a student ”””
def __init__(self , n, a):
self.full_name = n
self.age = a
def get_age(self): #Method
return self.age
Define class:
Class name, begin with capital letter, by convention
object: class based on (Python built-in type)
Define a method
Like defining a function
Must have a special first parameter, self, which provides way
for a method to refer to object itself
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 10
11. Instantiating Objects with ‘__init__’
__init__ is the default constructor
__init__ serves as a constructor for the class. Usually
does some initialization work
An __init__ method can take any number of
arguments
However, the first argument self in the definition of
__init__ is special
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12. Self
The first argument of every method is a reference to the current
instance of the class
By convention, we name this argument self
In __init__, self refers to the object currently being created; so, in
other class methods, it refers to the instance whose method was
called
Similar to the keyword this in Java or C++
But Python uses self more often than Java uses this
You do not give a value for this parameter(self) when you call the
method, Python will provide it.
Continue…
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 12
13. …Continue
Although you must specify self explicitly when defining the
method, you don’t include it when calling the method.
Python passes it for you automatically
Defining a method: Calling a method:
(this code inside a class definition.)
def get_age(self, num): >>> x.get_age(23)
self.age = num
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 13
14. Deleting instances: No Need to “free”
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 14
When you are done with an object, you don’t have to delete
or free it explicitly.
Python has automatic garbage collection.
Python will automatically detect when all of the references to
a piece of memory have gone out of scope. Automatically
frees that memory.
Generally works well, few memory leaks
There’s also no “destructor” method for classes
15. Syntax for accessing attributes and methods
>>> f = student(“Python”, 14)
>>> f.full_name # Access attribute
“Python”
>>> f.get_age() # Access a method
14
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 15
16. Encapsulation
Important advantage of OOP consists in the encapsulation
of data. We can say that object-oriented programming
relies heavily on encapsulation.
The terms encapsulation and abstraction (also data hiding)
are often used as synonyms. They are nearly synonymous,
i.e. abstraction is achieved though encapsulation.
Data hiding and encapsulation are the same concept, so it's
correct to use them as synonyms
Generally speaking encapsulation is the mechanism for
restricting the access to some of an objects's components,
this means, that the internal representation of an object
can't be seen from outside of the objects definition.
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 16
17. Access to this data is typically only achieved through
special methods: Getters and Setters
By using solely get() and set() methods, we can make sure
that the internal data cannot be accidentally set into an
inconsistent or invalid state.
C++, Java, and C# rely on the public, private,
and protected keywords in order to implement variable
scoping and encapsulation
It's nearly always possible to circumvent this protection
mechanism
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 17
18. Public, Protected and Private Data
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 18
If an identifier doesn't start with an underscore character "_" it
can be accessed from outside, i.e. the value can be read and
changed
Data can be protected by making members private or protected.
Instance variable names starting with two underscore characters
cannot be accessed from outside of the class.
At least not directly, but they can be accessed through private
name mangling.
That means, private data __A can be accessed by the following
name construct: instance_name._classname__A
19. If an identifier is only preceded by one underscore character, it
is a protected member.
Protected members can be accessed like public members from
outside of class
Example:
class Encapsulation(object):
def __init__(self, a, b, c):
self.public = a
self._protected = b
self.__private = c
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20. The following interactive sessions shows the behavior of public,
protected and private members:
>>> x = Encapsulation(11,13,17)
>>> x.public
11
>>> x._protected
13
>>> x._protected = 23
>>> x._protected
23
>>> x.__private
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Encapsulation' object has no attribute '__private‘
>>>
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21. The following table shows the different behavior Public,
Protected and Private Data
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Name Notation Behavior
name Public Can be accessed from inside and
outside
_name Protected Like a public member, but they
shouldn't be directly accessed from
outside
__name Private Can't be seen and accessed from
outside
22. Inheritance
Inheritance is a powerful feature in object oriented programming
It refers to defining a new class with little or no modification to an
existing class.
The new class is called derived (or child) class and the one from which
it inherits is called the base (or parent) class.
Derived class inherits features from the base class, adding new features
to it.
This results into re-usability of code.
Syntax:
class Baseclass(Object):
body_of_base_class
class DerivedClass(BaseClass):
body_of_derived_clas
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23. 7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 23
While designing a inheritance concept, following key pointes keep it
in mind
A sub type never implements less functionality than the super type
Inheritance should never be more than two levels deep
We use inheritance when we want to avoid redundant code.
24. Two built-in functions isinstance() and issubclass() are used
to check inheritances.
Function isinstance() returns True if the object is an instance
of the class or other classes derived from it.
Each and every class in Python inherits from the base
class object.
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 24
25. Polymorphism
Polymorphism in Latin word which made up of ‘ploy’
means many and ‘morphs’ means forms
From the Greek , Polymorphism means many(poly)
shapes (morph)
This is something similar to a word having several different
meanings depending on the context
Generally speaking, polymorphism means that a method or
function is able to cope with different types of input.
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26. A simple word ‘Cut’ can have different meaning
depending where it is used
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 26
Cut
Surgeon: The Surgeon
would begin to make an
incision
Hair Stylist: The Hair
Stylist would begin to cut
someone’s hair
Actor: The actor would
abruptly stop acting out the
current scene, awaiting
directional guidance
If any body says “Cut” to these people
27. In OOP , Polymorphism is the characteristic of being able to
assign a different meaning to a particular symbol or operator in
different contexts specifically to allow an entity such as a
variable, a function or an object to have more than one form.
There are two kinds of Polymorphism
Overloading :
Two or more methods with different signatures
Overriding:
Replacing an inherited method with another having the same
signature
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28. Python operators work for built-in classes.
But same operator behaves differently with different types. For
example, the + operator will, perform arithmetic addition on
two numbers, merge two lists and concatenate two strings. This
feature in Python, that allows same operator to have different
meaning according to the context is called operator overloading
One final thing to mention about operator overloading is that
you can make your custom methods do whatever you want.
However, common practice is to follow the structure of the
built-in methods.
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 28
Operator Overloading
29. Explanation for Operator Overloading Sample Program
What actually happens is that, when you do p1 - p2, Python will
call p1.__sub__(p2) which in turn is Point.__sub__(p1,p2).
Similarly, we can overload other operators as well. The special
function that we need to implement is tabulated below.
7/26/2014 VYBHAVA TECHNOLOGIES 29
Operator Expression Internally
Addition p1 + p2 p1.__add__(p2)
Subtraction p1 – p2 p1.__sub__(p2)
Multiplication p1 * p2 p1.__mul__(p2)
Power p1 ** p2 p1.__pow__(p2)
Division p1 / p2 p1.__truediv__(p2)
Editor's Notes
Need improve difference between protected vs public/private