This document discusses programming languages, including their definition, types, paradigms, and generations. It defines programming languages as artificial languages that control computer behavior through syntactic and semantic rules. It describes the main types of programming languages as procedural, functional, object-oriented, and scripting. It also discusses common and uncommon language constructs, different programming paradigms, and generations of languages from machine code to artificial intelligence languages.

1. By
Harsha Batra
Assistant Professor
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2.  This presentation would let know about the
programming, programming languages, it’s
types, difference between programming
languages, paradigms and generations.
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3.  A Series of instructions given to a computer
to accomplish a task.
 Instructions must be written in a way the
computer can understand.
 Programming languages are used to write
programs (group of instructions).
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4.  A programming language is an artificial language that can be
used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a
computer
 Programming languages, like human languages, are defined
through the use of syntactic and semantic rules, to determine
structure and meaning respectively.
 Programming languages are used to facilitate communication
about the task of organizing and manipulating information,
and to express algorithms precisely.
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5.  Once the code (language) of a program has
been written, it must be executed (run,
started).
 You may need to type the name of the
program to start it, or use a word like RUN
and the name of the program (in the old days,
anyway).
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6.  Procedural Programming Language
The procedural programming language is used to execute a sequence of
statements which lead to a result. Typically, this type of programming
language uses multiple variables, heavy loops and other elements, which
separates them from functional programming languages.
 Functional Programming Language
Functional programming language typically uses stored data, frequently
avoiding loops in favor of recursive functions. The functional
programing’s primary focus is on the return values of functions, and side
effects and different suggests that storing state are powerfully discouraged.
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7.  Object-oriented Programming Language
This programming language views the world as a group of objects
that have internal data and external accessing parts of that data.
The aim this programming language is to think about the fault by
separating it into a collection of objects that offer services which can
be used to solve a specific problem.
 Scripting Programming Language
These programming languages are often procedural and may
comprise object-oriented language elements, but they fall into their
own category as they are normally not full-fledged programming
languages with support for development of large systems.
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8. Common Constructs:
 basic data types (numbers, etc.); variables;
expressions; statements; keywords; control
constructs; procedures; comments; errors ...
Uncommon Constructs:
 type declarations; special types (strings, arrays,
matrices, ...); sequential execution; concurrency
constructs; packages/modules; objects; general
functions; generics; modifiable state; ...
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9.  A programming language is a problem-solving tool.
 Imperative style:
program = algorithms + data
good for decomposition
 Functional style:
program = functions o functions
good for reasoning
 Logic programming style:
program = facts + rules
good for searching
 Object-oriented style:
program = objects + messages
good for modeling(!)
Other styles and paradigms: blackboard, pipes and filters, constraints,
lists, ...
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10. 1GL: machine codes
2GL: symbolic assemblers
3GL: (machine-independent) imperative languages
(FORTRAN, Pascal, C ...)
4GL: domain specific application generators
(Problem Oriented)
5GL: AI language (Natural language)…
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11.  Non-computational languages, such as
markup languages like HTML or formal
grammars like BNF, are usually not
considered programming languages.
 Often a programming language is embedded
in the non-computational language.
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