PROFIBUS DP essentials
Typical faults which may occur
Important preparations for fault-finding
Tools and expertise needed to tackle problems
Expected PROFIBUS network quality / performance
Examples of typical analyser screen images
Preventive maintenance
What to do when the fault alarm rings!
Commissioning issues
Use test Master in place of operational PLC
Check cable connections & waveforms
Confirm slave address settings
Get slaves into data exchange : run test data
Connect PLC and confirm overall performance
This presentation will introduce the concept of profiles and in
particular the PA profile, which is mandatory for all PROFIBUS
PA devices.
The presentation will briefly explain the structure of the PA
profile and show the benefits that this can bring when working
with extensive and complex plants.
We will include a practical demonstration showing
manufacturer independent remote device access for device
which provides functions for commissioning, maintenance,
calibration and monitoring.
Introduction to PROFIBUS and associated benefits
Connection options and rules
Other cabling issues : grounding and interference
Design Considerations
Implementation issues
Essential training
Profinet is one of “Industrial Ethernet” protocols. It is the most popular automation networking solution currently. PROFINET can be fully operational on a single network cable alongside other Industrial Ethernet’s including EtherNet/IP and Modbus/TCP.
ICP DAS USA provides a variety of Profinet gateways for data communication between Profinet and other protocols as well as Profinet I/O modules for your data acquisition and automation needs.
In this Free Webinar You Will Learn About
Introduction to Profinet
Profinet Components
Interfacing with Profinet
Profinet Gateways
I/O Addressing
Profinet with SCADA Software and OPC server
Learn more: www.icpdas-usa.com?r=slideshare
Overview of PROFIBUS and PROFINET family.
Technology and applications.
A look at who needs access to the data in our control
system and how this is achieved.
A description of “Device Profiles”. Why these are
important and how they simplify life for the user.
PROFINET what it is, what it isn't and some myths.
Quick look at the support and training that are
available
This presentation will introduce the concept of profiles and in
particular the PA profile, which is mandatory for all PROFIBUS
PA devices.
The presentation will briefly explain the structure of the PA
profile and show the benefits that this can bring when working
with extensive and complex plants.
We will include a practical demonstration showing
manufacturer independent remote device access for device
which provides functions for commissioning, maintenance,
calibration and monitoring.
Introduction to PROFIBUS and associated benefits
Connection options and rules
Other cabling issues : grounding and interference
Design Considerations
Implementation issues
Essential training
Profinet is one of “Industrial Ethernet” protocols. It is the most popular automation networking solution currently. PROFINET can be fully operational on a single network cable alongside other Industrial Ethernet’s including EtherNet/IP and Modbus/TCP.
ICP DAS USA provides a variety of Profinet gateways for data communication between Profinet and other protocols as well as Profinet I/O modules for your data acquisition and automation needs.
In this Free Webinar You Will Learn About
Introduction to Profinet
Profinet Components
Interfacing with Profinet
Profinet Gateways
I/O Addressing
Profinet with SCADA Software and OPC server
Learn more: www.icpdas-usa.com?r=slideshare
Overview of PROFIBUS and PROFINET family.
Technology and applications.
A look at who needs access to the data in our control
system and how this is achieved.
A description of “Device Profiles”. Why these are
important and how they simplify life for the user.
PROFINET what it is, what it isn't and some myths.
Quick look at the support and training that are
available
This White Paper discusses the state-of-the-art of diagnosing PROFIBUS networks and provides
helpful hints for avoiding a communication breakdown and resulting unplanned production
downtimes
PROFINET is a member of a family providing industrial communications over Ethernet.
PROFINET is:
completely standard Ethernet (IEEE802.3).
High speed, operating at 100Mbit/s or faster over copper or fibre-optic cables,
makes use of existing IT standards. But, is “real-time” and deterministic,
PROFINET is very well thought out to incorporate all the requirements of automation and control systems.
PROFINET is totally compatible with PROFIBUS but is NOT PROFIBUS over Ethernet.
PROFINET wiring is quite different to PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS:
Uses multi-drop segments with many devices on one cable. Segments are separated by repeaters.
Two-core screened twisted pair cable.
Termination is in the hands of the user – many problems arise because of this.
PROFINET :
Multi-drop connection is not used; all cables connect just two devices together. Switches are used for branching to devices.
Four-core screened twisted pair cable.
Termination is provided within every Ethernet device; no longer in the hands of the user – should eliminate termination problems.
PROFINET – Commissioning Guideline
This is one of several free-to-download guidelines documents from PNO (PROFIBUS and PROFINET User Organisation).
It provides guidance on how to verify the installation aspects of the network as well as how to commission the live system.
These tests are additional to the application-specific, System Acceptance Testing that would usually be performed.
Failure to follow these guidelines puts you at risk of having your application tests pass without a detailed knowledge of the underlying performance of your network
EtherCAT - Ethernet for Control Automation Technology - is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system, invented by Beckhoff Automation. The protocol is standardized in IEC 61158 and is suitable for both hard and soft real-time requirements in automation technology. EtherCAT is a highly flexible Ethernet network protocol that is developing at a rapid rate and growing at an even faster clip. A unique principle called “processing on the fly” gives EtherCAT a handful of unique advantages. Because EtherCAT messages are passed before being processed in each node, EtherCAT operates at a high speed and efficiency. The process also creates flexibility in topology and incredible synchronization. Outside of the advantages gained from “processing on the fly,” EtherCAT benefits from superb infrastructure. EtherCAT includes, among other things, a safety protocol and multiple device profiles. EtherCAT also benefits from a strong users group. The combination of benefits means EtherCAT is poised for continued growth.
10. In order to meet customers’ needs for EtherCATdevices, we provide a variety of EtherCAT I/O devices. The ECAT-2000 is equipped with the EtherCAT protocol and installed by daisy chain connection which permits the flexibility in devices installation and reduces infrastructure and operation costs. All the modules can be deployed in the network topologies such as star, line or ring. The isolation input and output design protects the ECAT-2000 against the harmful interference and environment.
Learn more: www.icpdas-usa.com?r=slideshare
The HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a master/slave communication protocol which provides for up to two masters. The secondary master can be used to monitor/control the information of the HART bus. HART can be used in various modes such as point-to-point or multi-drop for communicating information to/from smart field instruments and central control or monitoring systems.
Learn more: http://www.icpdas-usa.com/hart_gateways.html?r=slideshare
To gain an understanding of the way in which
PROFINET devices communicate with one
another over Ethernet.
• To learn how to capture the PROFINET
Frames using Wireshark®.
• To see how Wireshark® can be used to analyse
the captured frames to gain an understanding
of the various protocols.
• This is a topic covered in more detail in the
Certified PROFINET Engineers Course
In this session you will learn:
OSI reference model
OSI layers
Modbus communication protocol
Profibus communication protocol
Fieldbus communication protocol
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
Julie Henderson (Head of Analytical Services - HSCIC) presented with Shaun Rowark (Technical Analyst, Quality Standards - NICE) at the recent "Commissioning in Healthcare show (CiH 2015) ".
Areas covered include:
· NICE quality standards: These are concise sets of prioritised statements designed to drive measurable quality improvements within a particular area of health or care. Derived from the best available evidence, they can enable commissioners to be confident that the services they are purchasing are high quality, cost effective and focused on driving up quality.
· Real life examples of how quality standards are being used by commissioners, possible barriers to implementation and advice on how to overcome these
· Data available from the HSCIC and how to use these to support the commissioning process
This White Paper discusses the state-of-the-art of diagnosing PROFIBUS networks and provides
helpful hints for avoiding a communication breakdown and resulting unplanned production
downtimes
PROFINET is a member of a family providing industrial communications over Ethernet.
PROFINET is:
completely standard Ethernet (IEEE802.3).
High speed, operating at 100Mbit/s or faster over copper or fibre-optic cables,
makes use of existing IT standards. But, is “real-time” and deterministic,
PROFINET is very well thought out to incorporate all the requirements of automation and control systems.
PROFINET is totally compatible with PROFIBUS but is NOT PROFIBUS over Ethernet.
PROFINET wiring is quite different to PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS:
Uses multi-drop segments with many devices on one cable. Segments are separated by repeaters.
Two-core screened twisted pair cable.
Termination is in the hands of the user – many problems arise because of this.
PROFINET :
Multi-drop connection is not used; all cables connect just two devices together. Switches are used for branching to devices.
Four-core screened twisted pair cable.
Termination is provided within every Ethernet device; no longer in the hands of the user – should eliminate termination problems.
PROFINET – Commissioning Guideline
This is one of several free-to-download guidelines documents from PNO (PROFIBUS and PROFINET User Organisation).
It provides guidance on how to verify the installation aspects of the network as well as how to commission the live system.
These tests are additional to the application-specific, System Acceptance Testing that would usually be performed.
Failure to follow these guidelines puts you at risk of having your application tests pass without a detailed knowledge of the underlying performance of your network
EtherCAT - Ethernet for Control Automation Technology - is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system, invented by Beckhoff Automation. The protocol is standardized in IEC 61158 and is suitable for both hard and soft real-time requirements in automation technology. EtherCAT is a highly flexible Ethernet network protocol that is developing at a rapid rate and growing at an even faster clip. A unique principle called “processing on the fly” gives EtherCAT a handful of unique advantages. Because EtherCAT messages are passed before being processed in each node, EtherCAT operates at a high speed and efficiency. The process also creates flexibility in topology and incredible synchronization. Outside of the advantages gained from “processing on the fly,” EtherCAT benefits from superb infrastructure. EtherCAT includes, among other things, a safety protocol and multiple device profiles. EtherCAT also benefits from a strong users group. The combination of benefits means EtherCAT is poised for continued growth.
10. In order to meet customers’ needs for EtherCATdevices, we provide a variety of EtherCAT I/O devices. The ECAT-2000 is equipped with the EtherCAT protocol and installed by daisy chain connection which permits the flexibility in devices installation and reduces infrastructure and operation costs. All the modules can be deployed in the network topologies such as star, line or ring. The isolation input and output design protects the ECAT-2000 against the harmful interference and environment.
Learn more: www.icpdas-usa.com?r=slideshare
The HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a master/slave communication protocol which provides for up to two masters. The secondary master can be used to monitor/control the information of the HART bus. HART can be used in various modes such as point-to-point or multi-drop for communicating information to/from smart field instruments and central control or monitoring systems.
Learn more: http://www.icpdas-usa.com/hart_gateways.html?r=slideshare
To gain an understanding of the way in which
PROFINET devices communicate with one
another over Ethernet.
• To learn how to capture the PROFINET
Frames using Wireshark®.
• To see how Wireshark® can be used to analyse
the captured frames to gain an understanding
of the various protocols.
• This is a topic covered in more detail in the
Certified PROFINET Engineers Course
In this session you will learn:
OSI reference model
OSI layers
Modbus communication protocol
Profibus communication protocol
Fieldbus communication protocol
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
Julie Henderson (Head of Analytical Services - HSCIC) presented with Shaun Rowark (Technical Analyst, Quality Standards - NICE) at the recent "Commissioning in Healthcare show (CiH 2015) ".
Areas covered include:
· NICE quality standards: These are concise sets of prioritised statements designed to drive measurable quality improvements within a particular area of health or care. Derived from the best available evidence, they can enable commissioners to be confident that the services they are purchasing are high quality, cost effective and focused on driving up quality.
· Real life examples of how quality standards are being used by commissioners, possible barriers to implementation and advice on how to overcome these
· Data available from the HSCIC and how to use these to support the commissioning process
Chris Crosby's 2013 Uptime Symposium presentation on the inherent inefficiencies (capital, land, natural resources and more) plaguing many of today's data center designs.
Organizations spend millions of dollars and many months of effort to design and build a new data center facility, yet too often planning for how that data center will actually operate is an afterthought.
The impacts of this oversight are significant:
--If the operations team isn't prepared to go live on Day 1, facilities sit idle, losing revenues by the minute.
--Single design decisions that don't factor in day-to-day operations can add hundreds of unnecessary man-hours per year to data center maintenance costs.
To ensure that the uptime and business goals of the data center are met, operations planning needs to begin early on. A "Start With The End In Mind" approach allows you to increase efficiency, avoid costly operating errors, and ensure that the large capital investments made in a facility yield the most efficient ROI.
PROFIBUS DP essentials
Typical faults which may occur
Important preparations for fault-finding
Tools and expertise needed to tackle problems
Expected PROFIBUS network quality / performance
Examples of typical analyser screen images
Preventive maintenance
What to do when the fault alarm rings!
Commissioning issues
Use test Master in place of operational PLC
Check cable connections & waveforms
Confirm slave address settings
Get slaves into data exchange : run test data
Connect PLC and confirm overall performance
Find out why PROFIBUS became the preferred water industry serial communications protocol …
Roger Marlow’s presentation starts by discussing the reasons for the initial implementation of intelligent Motor Control Centres (iMCCs) and serial communications networks in the water industry during AMP 3 and AMP 4 (2000-2010), highlighting why PROFIBUS became the preferred water industry serial communications protocol and what CAPEX savings and operational benefits were realised as a result of the implementation these technologies.
Moving forward in time, the presentation will highlight the varying extent to which different UK water utilities have embraced iMCCs/ PROFIBUS networks during the past decade and discuss the reasons for these variations. The presentation will provide examples of recent (AMP 5 (2010-2015)) projects utilising iMCCs/ PROFIBUS networks and provide details of future (AMP 6 (2015-2020)) projects using these technologies.
The presentation will conclude by describing how the increased use of iMCCs/serial comms networks in the water industry necessitated the development and management of a common specification for the design and installation of PROFIBUS networks in the UK water industry (WIMES 3.02(A)) and how this specification fits into a suite of over 70 common mechanical and electrical specifications managed by the Pump Centre for the UK water industry.
The Pump Centre and WIMES
The arrival of Intelligent Motor Control Centres (IMCCs) in the UK water industry
WIMES 3.02 (A) – a specification for the design, construction and
testing of Profibus networks in the UK water industry
The current and future use of IMCCs in the UK water industry
The requirements of the Process Automation are significantly different to the requirements of Factory Automation:
Highest availability
Operating time 24 hours per day / 365 days per year
Changes in Run
Life cycle of the plant 20 years and more
Investment protection
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Consistent diagnostic
Ease of use: „Plug and Produce“
Communication and powering of PROFINET field device
over two wires:
• Long cable length
• Applicable in hazardous area
• High availability
• Ease of use
Practical steps for a successful project, Xiu Ji. PROFIBUS Seminar at MTC, Coventry, 2013.
Basics of PROFIBUS
Considerations at the design stage
Installation
Visual Checks
A practical session that allows attendees to get hands-on with real devices on a real network.
Featuring a DP+PA network consisting of two DP segments and a PA segment with monitoring devices from several leading manufacturers including Softing, Procentec and Pepperl+Fuchs, the network will also have a wireless switch into which a number of monitoring devices will connect and there will be several laptops with wireless comms spread around the room so that people can interact with the monitors.
The Workshop will start with a general introductory presentation on communication and peripheral faults, fault diagnosis and network monitoring. This will include coverage of permanent network monitoring devices and an explanation of the physical setup so people know what they are doing.
Good quality PROFIBUS and PROFINET training has been widely available for installers, maintenance technicians and engineers for many years. Unfortunately, key decision makers – managers, system designers and system integrators are quite often less well trained than others who are involved in the engineering. Many of the mistakes that can be seen in installations are traceable to fundamental design decisions that were taken at the early stages of the project.
This presentation explores the key considerations in PROFIBUS and PROFINET system design. Aspects such as system performance and maintainability of different designs and layouts are examined together with overall project costs. The presentation will also try to shed some light on the often asked question should I use PROFIBUS or PROFINET?
Finally, an overview will be presented of proposed PROFIBUS and PROFINET System Design courses.
Essential quality criteria for planning and validation of PROFINET networks
For PROFINET devices the quality criteria that are checked within the scope of the device certification are described in published specifications, standards and test specifications. Interoperability is protected by both the specification and the test procedures in the cooperation of the devices. From practical experience in the realization of network arrangements it appears that beside the device qualities also the planning quality and the quality of the validation of a whole arrangement can have an influence on the functionality.
In the task force CB / PG3 "Installation Guidelines" the suitable planning directives and introduction directives are now integrated into the quality criteria for the planning and validation of the PROFINET networks. The methods, measuring procedures and also the background will be fully explained.
Introduction
Scope of delivery
Installation
Strategy for analyzing networks with PROFIBUS Tester 4
Stand-alone mode
The PROFIBUS Diagnostic Suite (PB-DIAG-SUITE) software
Topology Scan
Typical Network Issues in a PROFIBUS Network
Best-Practice for a stable PROFIBUS network
Facilities for health checking and fault finding on PROFIBUS
systems are essential.
Access points must be provided on every segment of every
network. (Piggy-back sockets).
Tools and accompanying training are essential.
Network layout should allow devices to be replaced without
shutting down the network or disturbing other devices on the
network.
Replacement of devices should, if possible, not require reconfiguration of the system.
Health checking should be carried out at regular intervals to
detect degradation of performance, deteriorating
communications and developing problems.
PROFIBUS System Design. PI has recently developed a Certified PROFIBUS System Design course. This presentation shows the need for such certified training and outlines the course content
PROFIBUS DP essentials
Typical faults which may occur
Important preparations for fault-finding
Tools and expertise needed to tackle problems
Expected PROFIBUS network quality / performance
Examples of typical analyser screen images
Preventive maintenance
What to do when the fault alarm rings!
Commissioning issues
Use test Master in place of operational PLC
Check cable connections & waveforms
Confirm slave address settings
Get slaves into data exchange : run test data
Connect PLC and confirm overall performance
Although PROFIBUS can provide robust, long lasting network reliability and resilience, special tools are recommended to check on the quality of each new installation and to help with the long term maintenance of the originally achieved levels of performance. In this talk we outline what can be expected of such tools, how and when they should be used and the important network performance indicators that can be checked. These tools are recommended for use during commissioning of new systems, before new system acceptance and on a regular basis thereafter in order to help ongoing reliability and successful operation. Collection and logging of comprehensive network performance reports from the test tool, at or soon after first system acceptance, can then provide an extremely valuable benchmark against which to compare all future measurements in the years ahead.
This presentation looks at the tools and techniques that are available for engineering activities such as health checking and fault finding. In particular the presentation will explore some of the devices that are now available for automated network condition monitoring. These devices can provide 24/7 remote monitoring of your networks to provide rapid reporting of network problems and provide indication of performance degradation and give pre-warning of impending failure. The presentation will include a practical demonstration of some of the available tools.
PROFINET is gradually becoming the network of choice for the automation industry in the UK. Whilst easy to set up and configure, it is essential that some form of installation and operational qualification of the network takes place to ensure a long life of trouble-free operation. This presentation will discuss the issues, the tools available and the criteria that the networks must meet.
Take a walk through the process of certifying a new PROFINET (or any other industrial Ethernet) against the standards and see how easy it can be, then look at a few gotchas that can easily be avoided by careful planning.
PROFIBUS is a very reliable and cost effective technology.
It is common to find extensive installations comprising thousands of PROFIBUS devices operating on complex networks which are connected together via industrial Ethernet.
The reliable operation of these networks is essential to maintaining plant productivity.
So, what can go wrong? And how do you find out? And avoid recurrance?
Take a walk through the process of certifying a new PROFINET (or any other industrial Ethernet) against the standards and see how easy it can be, then look at a few gotchas that can easily be avoided by careful planning. Learn how to simplify the process of testing both cabling and networks in Industrial Ethernet networks that utilise the PROFINET protocol, how to prevent network failures and resolve cable and network issues faster.
What is the internet, really? It is a network of networks which are all interconnected to various degrees. Where they interconnect is typically at an internet exchange (IX) or internet exchange point (IXP). IX are important because they make the internet (and especially their user's networks) more resilient (robust and fault tolerant), more performant (higher bandwidth & lower latency), and quite often more cost effective. It's not difficult to connect to an IX but you do need to know the basic requirements, process, and best practices. You can also use a new open-source automation platform, called PeerCtl, to make connecting over an IX even easier.
These slides are from a talk I gave on 4 May 2023 in Albuquerque, NM, USA.
The talk covers:
* What is the Internet, really?
* What is an Internet Exchange (IX)?
* Why are IX’ (and interconnection) important?
* How-To Start Interconnecting
For people responsible for the design, commissioning and support of PROFINET networks, explaining how to integrate existing PROFIBUS DP and PROFIBUS PA devices into that network. The webinar took the form of a presentation with demonstrations to aid understanding.
For people responsible for the commissioning and support of PROFIBUS networks. The webinar took the form of a presentation with demonstrations to aid understanding.
This 40-minute long webinar follows on from the PROFINET Network Design Webinar but is this time intended for people responsible for the commissioning and support of PROFINET networks. The webinar took the form of a presentation with demonstrations to aid understanding.
Particularly relevant to people responsible for the design of PROFINET networks, highlighting the common errors and assumptions made that could make on-going support of the network rather difficult.
More from PROFIBUS and PROFINET InternationaI - PI UK (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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2. Agenda
Topic 1
Topic 2
Topic 3
2
PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
PROFIBUS Commissioning & Maintenance
Introduction
PROFIBUS DP essentials
Typical faults which may occur
Important preparations for fault-finding
Tools and expertise needed to tackle problems
Expected PROFIBUS network quality / performance
Examples of typical analyser screen images
Preventive maintenance
What to do when the fault alarm rings!
Commissioning issues
Use test Master in place of operational PLC
Check cable connections & waveforms
Confirm slave address settings
Get slaves into data exchange : run test data
Connect PLC and confirm overall performance
3. High speed serial network
Bi-directional digital communications
Multi-drop cable array linking Masters & Slaves
Transferring both plant values and control signals
What is a PROFIBUS DP Network?
Master
Slave
1
Slave
2
Slave
3
Slave
4
This is called a Network Segment
3
The Master shown above is usually a semi-autonomous network
controller within a PLC, using shared memory or similar for passing
data between the two. Each is likely to operate at different cycle times
PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
3
4. Bi-directional digital communications
……but with only one device transmitting at any time…
…as directed by the Master which separately addresses each
slave, one a time, then awaits reply from that device
PROFIBUS resilience is partly derived from the fact that the
Master can cope with occasionally illegal (corrupted) or missing
replies – then asking for a second or subsequent attempt
Only when a device totally fails to reply, will it be indicated as lost
to the PLC which may then stop the operational program, but
generally the Master will continue it’s cyclic scanning of all slaves,
using a special Sync message addressed to the known missing
device in the expectation that it may be able to come back online
later
What is a PROFIBUS DP Network?
4PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
4
5. Typical faults which may occur
Failure of expected replies from one or more slaves is the most
common fault symptom
This is most likely to be due to connection network damage
One of the more common causes of connection damage is poor
installation work undertaken when the system was first built
Such poor workmanship may not become apparent or impact on
system reliability for several years, but might then gradually start
to reduce the overall communications quality until eventually
causing failure
Following photos show typical and frequently seen problems!
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
6. PROFIBUS cable installation problems
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
Wrong plug used Cable sheath not secured
Cable screen not earthed properly Poor cable preparation
Correct strip tool should be used!
7. What to do first when faults are noted
After seeing that a device or devices are no longer
communicating reliably, or at all, one should first check for
power supply to each, then look for cable breaks or wiring
damage and check for corrupted waveforms
To see which devices are still connected, the
communication reliability and waveform quality one needs
a PROFIBUS Analyser Tool
…..and test point(s) on the network to which it may be
attached!
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
8. Preparations for fault-finding
Needless to say, one also needs to know how to use any
available tools effectively and have reasonable
appreciation of PROFIBUS wiring and protocol basics!
Accurate network ‘as built’ drawings will be helpful – these
might also usefully include geographic information about
locations of each device within the site, where appropriate
(particularly in multi-level buildings or distributed networks)
And hopefully a historical bench mark report against which
you can compare currently measured performance
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
9. Test Points for PROFIBUS Analyser connection
We need at least one test point in each network segment
This will allow electrical waveform, voltage and full
message analysis
With usual 9-pin PROFIBUS connectors you will need (at
least) one with a rear PG test socket, as in following slide
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
Master
Slave
1
Slave
2
Slave
3
Slave
4
Test point here
10. 9-pin PROFIBUS DP network plug
Plug for network
cable
connection to
Slave or Master
Optional female
PG rear test
connector
10PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
8
11. Test Points for PROFIBUS Analyser connection
M S S S s
Repeater
s s
Segment 1 – up to 32 devices
11
Test Point 1
Test Point 2
Segment 2 – up to 32 more
The left hand test point will allow a connected analyser to see messages to
and from all devices, but will only faithfully show waveforms and voltages for
devices on segment 1
Although waveforms from devices in segment 2 will be ‘visible’ at Test Point 1,
these can actually show only the waveforms and voltages from the repeater
circuits – hence Test Point 2 is needed to see true values from segment 2
devices!
PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
9
12. PROFIBUS Analyser Tools
PROFIBUS Analyser Tools are available from a number of
different suppliers
But for this presentation we will show use of the Procentec
ProfiTrace tool. Broadly similar features are provided in
tools from other manufacturers
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
ProfiTrace is supplied as
a suite of computer
programs, with the test
computer connected to a
PROFIBUS network with
USB cable onto a small
ProfiCore Ultra adapter
and a short Tap Lead, as
in adjacent picture and
following slides
13. Connecting test kit to test point….
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
14. …..then start test software, and here check device
driver voltages 14
PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
15. PROFIBUS Analyser connection issues
It is vital that any test equipment connected to an
operational PROFIBUS network does not interfere with
normal operations of that network
Hence use of very short connection links and high input
impedance to the attached test device
Some analysers include local front panel display to allow
performance inspection without need for separate
computer. This can be useful, but will add to the device
size and weight loading on the test point connector
ProfiTrace uses a very small, lightweight adapter, with
scope for long USB cable to computer location
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
16. What do we want to see on the network?
Network operating speed : bit rate ?
Details of devices connected : their addresses and type ?
What do the waveforms look like : noise, spikes, ringing ?
Is the Idle Voltage correct for 2 terminators ?
Are all connected device driver voltages OK ?
Check failure statistics for lost, repeats and syncs ?
A good network should show 1 volt idle voltage, square
waveforms and no message repeats (or losts / syncs)
Following slides show typical ProfiTrace images
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
17. Initial ProfiTrace Live List display
Typical Live List view after
connection to running
network
Network speed
displayed here
Slave with address 66
- here in normal data
exchange
Master with
address shown
as red number
17
Slave with extended
diagnostic errors
PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
15
18. Oscilloscope waveform and voltage display
Double-click on the
device legends to see
associated waveforms
from each
Horizontal Time
Scale
Vertical Voltage
Scale
Display cursors
Note bit interpretation shown
hereSelected device
address
confirmed here
Check important idle
voltage level is at 1
volt as set by
terminators
18PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
16
19. 12 Mbps example waveform on large network
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
20. More usual waveform shape, but with spikes
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
21. Large network bar graph example
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
This photo shows the individual driver voltages from all connected
devices as seen at test point
22. Topology Scan : Typical result report
Start the Topology
scan
Total cable
length
Cable length between
devices
22PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
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23. Preventive Maintenance
In addition to fault-finding work, PROFIBUS Analysers, such a
ProfiTrace, should be used on a regular basis to check on
continued performance of all networks, including low level stats
This will not only help to identify any gradually degrading
network performance issues, but may also help to identify
increasing incidents of interference or device weaknesses (as
seen through increasing numbers of message repeats)
When weaknesses are identified, these may be addressed
immediately, or tracked over time to the point where they are felt
to threaten overall network reliability due to increasing numbers
Scans of this nature also help keep staff fluent and familiar with
the test tools (and network documentation) to ensure optimal
effectiveness when a major network failure occurs
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
24. High availability network maintenance
Networks which MUST be kept running safely and securely,
including those with personal safety or very high failure
costs may be fitted with automatic 24/7 performance
monitoring and fault reporting kit
For this requirement Procentec provides it’s ComBricks
range of modular repeaters which can be programmed (by
maintainers) to check, log and alert on typical network
performance issues such as redundant power supply
failures, message repeats, lost devices etc. Such reports are
logged to local microSD memory cards, but may also be
sent as email alerts to maintenance staff, then allowing dial-
in access to see both current real-time network status and
recorded information, using a browser program
Broadly equivalent devices are provided by other firms
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
25. Location of faults in distributed systems
It is worth mentioning that even with the best tools, fault-
finding in such distributed control or monitoring systems can
be very challenging!
In some cases, fault symptoms may not appear anywhere
near the fault itself
For example, failure of a terminator at the end of a segment
may lead to missing or corrupted messages from devices a
long way back down that segment, cause by reflections
Some faults may also trigger multiple different symptoms,
so it is worth realising that, with a previously reliably
network, any new failure will usually only be caused by 1
fault……….
…unlike when commissioning a new system, where multiple
faults may need to be found and sorted, one by one
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
26. Commissioning using ProfiTrace
ProfiTrace can be used in place of a PLC/Master on a new
network to confirm cable integrity, connected device
addresses and operation of these devices
In this case the ProfiCaptain Master software is arranged to
drive the network, scanning and reporting connected devices.
Although connected devices will not (at least initially) here be
operating in the usual Data Exchange, normal waveforms, bar
graphs, topology scan (diagramming) and message statistics
features of ProfiTrace will all work – and the addresses of any
software settable devices may be changed online
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
ProfiCore
Ultra
Slave
1
Slave
2
Slave
3
Slave
4
27. Commissioning using ProfiTrace
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
Step 1 : scan for connected devices,
showing addresses of each using
ProfiCaptain Stop mode. This checks
cables and device address settings
Step 2 : Run Class 2 Scan for device
Identifiers. Name details then taken
from associated GSD files for each
Step 3 : Filter GSD file list to those for these
devices only, select required options for each,
then bring devices online and into full Data
Exchange - may allow test data checks too
28. Commissioning using ProfiTrace
If GSD files are available for the connected devices,
ProfiCaptain may be used to Scan the network for
identification of all devices, replacing the device addresses
with better details in the Live List (& printable) reports
One may then automatically filter the available GSD file list to
isolate only those for connected devices and so help to quickly
set-up and bring each into full Data Exchange. This may then
allow automatically changing test patterns or fixed data values
to be output to these to help verify operation / setup
These procedures may be applied to individual cabinets or
sections of a network, without final PLC. This can be done
before shipping to site, as part of a factory acceptance test,
then again on-site once all other sections are connected
Once the final PLC is available ProfiTrace may be used to
confirm correct operation of the completed network!
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
29. Review and wrap-up
In the above slides I have attempted to highlight some of
the most important issues that need to be considered for
successful PROFIBUS DP network commissioning and
maintenance
This has been a very rapid review of a complex topic and
in no way claims to have covered all aspects. For
example, I have made no reference to PROFIBUS PA or
AS-i networks, which you may also need to understand
For more comprehensive introduction to PROFIBUS you
should look into joining a one day Certified PROFIBUS
Installer Course, which is not only intended for installers,
but also for managers, designers, bidding teams etc –
thereafter a 1 day Commissioning and Maintenance
Course is also available
For further discussions and ProfiTrace demo see our
exhibition stand here today!
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
30. Speaker contact details
For further information contact :-
Richard Needham -- Hi-Port Controls
Tel : 02392 552855 Mob : 07739 847277
richard@hiport.co.uk
Website : www.hiport.co.uk
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PROFIBUS Commissioning and Maintenance : Richard Needham - November 2016
31. What to do when the fault alarm rings!
Assuming this may be due to a PROFIBUS related issue,
find your test kit and any associated computer that may be
needed to run it!
Before you leave the office, check it works and you know
how to use it! – a few minutes here may well save lots of
embarrassment later
If ProfiTrace is used, connect the ProfiCore Ultra to your
computer and run the self check procedure. This will
confirm that your test software is working, that the
PROFIBUS to USB adapter is working and that you have
the correct licence files in place
It can also provide a useful reminder of how to run the
software before you reach the shop floor!
You’re now ready to go!
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