1. The document discusses various topics related to product and service design including trends, factors to consider in design strategy, activities involved in design, reasons for redesign, objectives, and issues to address in design such as legal and environmental concerns.
2. It also covers topics like life cycles, standardization, mass customization, modular design, reliability, and approaches to improve reliability and design robust products. Mass customization involves producing standardized goods that allow some customization through delayed differentiation or modularity.
3. Modular design involves subdividing components into interchangeable modules for easier manufacturing, assembly, repair and customization. Reliability is the ability of a product to function as intended under specified conditions. It
This document discusses various topics related to product design including:
1. Definitions of product and product design, as well as the product development process.
2. Quality function deployment (QFD) and its tools like the house of quality, which help translate customer needs into technical requirements.
3. Other topics covered are modular function deployment, factors influencing decision changes, process selection, automation, and process flow design.
4. Emerging issues in product design like design for manufacturing and assembly, design for disassembly, design for reliability, and design for customers.
This document discusses various aspects of product design including trends, stages of the design process, reasons for redesign, and design tools and methods. It covers topics like standardization, reliability, robust design, concurrent engineering, quality function deployment, the Kano model, design thinking, and service design. The stages of the product development process are outlined as idea generation, feasibility analysis, product and process specifications, prototype development, design review, market testing, introduction, and evaluation.
Minicourse - RiPLE : The RiSE Process for Product Line EngineeringVanilson Buregio
Minicourse at III SBCARS (Simpósio Brasileiro de Componentes, Arquiteturas e Reutilização de Software), 2009, Natal, Brazil
Software Product Lines (SPL) is an important and effective way to obtain the benefits related to software reuse such as quality improvement, cost reduction, and improvements in time-to-market. However, in order to be effective and introduced in a company several issues should be considered such as tools, training, top management commitment, and, specially, a well defined process. In this tutorial, we will present the main ideas involving SPL and an initial process which involves activities related to scoping, requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution.
SBS Technologies designs and manufactures electronic computer boards and systems for industries such as telecommunications, medical, industrial automation, and defense. It has facilities around the world and has grown through acquisitions of other technology companies. SBS provides single board computers, I/O and communications products, FPGA and graphics products, and can assemble complete computer systems. It aims to meet customer needs for performance, size, cost effectiveness, and environmental requirements. SBS targets both government and commercial markets such as semiconductor manufacturing, MRI imaging, wireless networks, and network monitoring.
The document discusses various topics related to product and service design. It begins by outlining different strategies companies can use for product design such as standardization, mass customization, modular design, etc. It then discusses factors that influence design like cost, quality and time-to-market. Several trends in product design are mentioned like an increased focus on customer satisfaction and reduced time-to-market. The document also discusses concepts like the product lifecycle, robust design, concurrent engineering and computer-aided design. For service design, it outlines the service delivery system and product bundle as well as challenges and guidelines for successful service design.
stevenson9e_ch04 product and service designssuser2f61e3
This document discusses key concepts related to product and service design. It covers reasons for design/redesign, objectives of design, importance of standardization and legal/ethical issues. It describes the phases of product design from idea generation to introduction. Key issues in manufacturing and service design are discussed. Guidelines are provided for successful service design and integrating design with operations strategy.
The document outlines the agenda and key learnings from the Pack InnoTech Conference 2013 in Thailand on packaging innovation. The conference discussed how innovation can lead to cost reduction through structural packaging design changes. It provided examples of different levels of innovation from incremental to radical and how projects are classified by complexity. A case study was presented on the development of an "upside-down" roll-on deodorant which achieved cost savings and performance improvements through cross-functional collaboration and redesign of the packaging, formulation and manufacturing process. The conference concluded that packaging innovation requires balancing structural design, costs, timing and risks while delivering beauty, function and the consumer experience.
The document discusses various aspects of product and service design. It covers trends in design such as increased emphasis on customer satisfaction and environmental concerns. It describes the design process from idea generation to testing prototypes. Key aspects discussed include quality function deployment to understand customer needs, concurrent engineering, and designing for manufacturability. The document also compares differences between designing tangible products versus intangible services.
This document discusses various topics related to product design including:
1. Definitions of product and product design, as well as the product development process.
2. Quality function deployment (QFD) and its tools like the house of quality, which help translate customer needs into technical requirements.
3. Other topics covered are modular function deployment, factors influencing decision changes, process selection, automation, and process flow design.
4. Emerging issues in product design like design for manufacturing and assembly, design for disassembly, design for reliability, and design for customers.
This document discusses various aspects of product design including trends, stages of the design process, reasons for redesign, and design tools and methods. It covers topics like standardization, reliability, robust design, concurrent engineering, quality function deployment, the Kano model, design thinking, and service design. The stages of the product development process are outlined as idea generation, feasibility analysis, product and process specifications, prototype development, design review, market testing, introduction, and evaluation.
Minicourse - RiPLE : The RiSE Process for Product Line EngineeringVanilson Buregio
Minicourse at III SBCARS (Simpósio Brasileiro de Componentes, Arquiteturas e Reutilização de Software), 2009, Natal, Brazil
Software Product Lines (SPL) is an important and effective way to obtain the benefits related to software reuse such as quality improvement, cost reduction, and improvements in time-to-market. However, in order to be effective and introduced in a company several issues should be considered such as tools, training, top management commitment, and, specially, a well defined process. In this tutorial, we will present the main ideas involving SPL and an initial process which involves activities related to scoping, requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution.
SBS Technologies designs and manufactures electronic computer boards and systems for industries such as telecommunications, medical, industrial automation, and defense. It has facilities around the world and has grown through acquisitions of other technology companies. SBS provides single board computers, I/O and communications products, FPGA and graphics products, and can assemble complete computer systems. It aims to meet customer needs for performance, size, cost effectiveness, and environmental requirements. SBS targets both government and commercial markets such as semiconductor manufacturing, MRI imaging, wireless networks, and network monitoring.
The document discusses various topics related to product and service design. It begins by outlining different strategies companies can use for product design such as standardization, mass customization, modular design, etc. It then discusses factors that influence design like cost, quality and time-to-market. Several trends in product design are mentioned like an increased focus on customer satisfaction and reduced time-to-market. The document also discusses concepts like the product lifecycle, robust design, concurrent engineering and computer-aided design. For service design, it outlines the service delivery system and product bundle as well as challenges and guidelines for successful service design.
stevenson9e_ch04 product and service designssuser2f61e3
This document discusses key concepts related to product and service design. It covers reasons for design/redesign, objectives of design, importance of standardization and legal/ethical issues. It describes the phases of product design from idea generation to introduction. Key issues in manufacturing and service design are discussed. Guidelines are provided for successful service design and integrating design with operations strategy.
The document outlines the agenda and key learnings from the Pack InnoTech Conference 2013 in Thailand on packaging innovation. The conference discussed how innovation can lead to cost reduction through structural packaging design changes. It provided examples of different levels of innovation from incremental to radical and how projects are classified by complexity. A case study was presented on the development of an "upside-down" roll-on deodorant which achieved cost savings and performance improvements through cross-functional collaboration and redesign of the packaging, formulation and manufacturing process. The conference concluded that packaging innovation requires balancing structural design, costs, timing and risks while delivering beauty, function and the consumer experience.
The document discusses various aspects of product and service design. It covers trends in design such as increased emphasis on customer satisfaction and environmental concerns. It describes the design process from idea generation to testing prototypes. Key aspects discussed include quality function deployment to understand customer needs, concurrent engineering, and designing for manufacturability. The document also compares differences between designing tangible products versus intangible services.
This document provides an overview of product and service design. It discusses the importance of design and outlines the key phases in the design process. The document notes that product and service design should be closely tied to an organization's strategy and objectives. It also discusses reasons for redesigning products or services and lists the main objectives of design as customer satisfaction and meeting customer needs. The document outlines various aspects of design such as standardization, reliability, legal and environmental considerations, and phases of the design process.
The document describes various aspects of product development processes. It discusses 6 main stages of product development: planning, concept development, system level design, detail design, testing and refinement, and production ramp up. For each stage, it outlines the key activities and functions involved. It also covers different types of product development processes based on the product and discusses various design approaches such as design for manufacturing, design for assembly, design for recycling, and concurrent engineering.
Om lect 02(r0-may08)_product decision and analysis_mms_bharti_siesvideoaakash15
This document discusses various classifications and strategies related to product development and production systems. It begins by classifying products as consumer or industrial, durable or non-durable, and convenience, shopping, or specialty. It then discusses classifying products based on customization level and standardization. Key aspects of product design and development processes are outlined. The document also discusses product life cycles, different production system types including job shop, flow line, and batch production, and how the optimal production system changes over the product life cycle from a process-focused to product-focused approach. Finally, it provides a product-process matrix mapping product characteristics to the most suitable production system type.
This document outlines key concepts related to product and service design. It discusses factors to consider in design strategy such as cost, quality, and time-to-market. It also covers product and service design activities like translating customer needs into requirements. Additional topics include reasons for redesign, objectives of design, designing for operations, life cycles, standardization, mass customization, and the phases of product and service development processes. Legal, ethical and environmental issues in design are also addressed.
1. The document discusses product design and process design. It explains how the two are related and must work together to efficiently produce products that meet customer needs.
2. Key factors that influence process design are discussed, including product design, demand patterns, production quantity, customer involvement, and environmental concerns. Tools for process improvement like continuous process improvement (CPI) and problem solving methods are also covered.
3. The summary emphasizes how product and process design evolve together to deliver high quality, low cost products to customers through flexible, optimized processes. Continuous improvement is important to staying competitive.
Innovation pathway for infrastructure solutionsChris Jurewicz
The intent was to provide a high-level pathway for innovation which can be adapted for more specific purposes in different areas of civil engineering. The pathway applies equally to innovation in engineering processes, products and in design.
This presentation is a living document which will be updated as we learn more and gain experience. The main sources for this knowledge were a literature review and practitioner workshops, backed by experience on several projects.
The document discusses product and service design. It covers major factors in design strategy like cost, quality, and time-to-market. The objectives of design are mainly customer satisfaction but also include functions, costs, and quality. Legal and environmental regulations must also be considered. The design process involves steps like idea generation, prototyping, and market testing. Both standardization and modular design can help with manufacturing. Reliability is a key consideration and can be improved through techniques like redundancy and preventative maintenance.
The document discusses various topics related to product design including different forms of design, importance of product design for static and dynamic products, design projects, requirements for a good design, concurrent engineering, and computer-aided techniques. It defines concurrent engineering as a systematic approach involving cross-functional teams to concurrently design products and processes considering the entire lifecycle. The document also outlines the benefits of concurrent engineering such as reduced time to market and costs.
Chap004-Product and Service Design.pdfKhatVillados
This document outlines the key concepts and learning objectives covered in Chapter 4 of an operations management textbook on product and service design. It discusses the strategic importance of design, the design process, sources of design ideas, considerations like quality, costs and sustainability, and phases of product and service life cycles. Key aspects of design covered include standardization, mass customization, reliability, and concurrent engineering. The document provides an overview of the chapter's content at a high level.
This document discusses product design and process selection. It begins by defining product design as determining the characteristics of a company's products, such as appearance, materials and performance standards. Reasons for redesign include market changes, costs and regulations. The main objectives of design are customer satisfaction and functional requirements. The product design process involves idea generation, screening, preliminary and final design. Issues in design addressed include concurrent engineering, standardization, mass customization, and environmentally friendly design. The document then defines process as activities that transform inputs into more valuable outputs. Process selection considers type of process, integration, flexibility and resources. Process types range from intermittent to continuous production.
The document discusses product and service design. It explains that design should be closely tied to an organization's strategy and customer needs. The main objectives of design are customer satisfaction and understand customer wants. Reasons for redesign include economic, social, technological and competitive factors. Design must consider legal, ethical and environmental issues. Quality function deployment is an approach to integrate customer feedback into the design process.
The document discusses design strategies for creating longer lasting products, including design for attachment/trust, durability, standardization, maintenance/repair, upgradability, and disassembly/reassembly. It also addresses planned obsolescence and barriers to repair like limited access to spare parts. Remanufacturing is introduced as a way to give products a second life by restoring them to like-new condition. Remanufacturing provides environmental, sourcing, customer, and informational value for businesses. Product design, business models, and supply chains must work together to enable successful remanufacturing at scale.
The document discusses the product/service design process. It begins by outlining the importance of designing products/services that satisfy customer needs to ensure business success. It then describes the roles of marketing, engineering, and operations functions in the design process. The rest of the document details the steps in the design process from idea generation to production design to addressing quality and costs. It also compares characteristics of goods versus services.
Microsoft decided to outsource production of the X-Box console to Flextronics for four reasons: Flextronics had supply chain control through an industrial park strategy; a global presence; used web-based information systems; and Microsoft trusted them. As trade barriers fall, firms must decide where to locate production, whether to own foreign sites, and how to manage globally dispersed supply chains and logistics. Production and logistics aim to lower costs and improve quality through strategies like total quality management and Six Sigma. Location decisions consider country, technological, and product factors to determine a centralized or decentralized production strategy.
1. Mechanical engineer with over 15 years of experience in air conditioning product development, marketing, technical support, and sales for multinational manufacturers in Europe, Middle East, and GCC regions.
2. Current role involves product technical marketing, application and sales support, and development for chillers, air handling units, fan coil units, rooftop packages, and ducted split systems at Refrigeration Industries Company in Kuwait.
3. Previous experience includes product engineering roles at Trane S.A.E. in Cairo and natural gas network design engineering at National Gas S.A., with responsibilities ranging from product design, testing and validation to technical marketing, sales support, and custom engineering.
This document describes the services provided by Sunbeam Packaging Services, which include supporting the new product development process from concept creation through commercialization. Some key services mentioned are concept design, patent/trademark coordination, prototype development, tooling/equipment procurement, product qualification, and training in the new product development process. The company presents itself as a source of expertise that can serve as an extension of a client's team on an as-needed basis.
This document summarizes a presentation about designing products for logistics efficiency. It discusses how design significantly impacts a company's ability to deliver products on time. Key aspects of design for logistics (DFL) include reducing product variability, designing products for multi-applications to minimize variety, and using a time-to-market design strategy with focused resources. The document provides an example of a consumer electronics company that designed an excellent product that was a failure due to logistical inefficiencies, and recommends developing design architectures that incorporate logistics considerations.
Organizations exist to provide goods or services to society. Top organizations focus on core products that provide customer satisfaction rather than just physical goods. Goods and services selection involves constantly developing new products to generate substantial revenue and replace products with limited lifecycles. The product development process includes identifying customer and market needs, conducting feasibility studies, advancing the design, developing and engineering the product, evaluating and improving the product, and providing product use and support. Organizations must design operations and products in a way that achieves competitive advantage through differentiation, response to customer needs, or low cost.
The document discusses product design engineering and reverse engineering. It defines products, triggers for new product development, and the product design process. The product design process involves concept development, feasibility studies including market research and product specifications, and consideration of user, manufacturer, and maintenance needs. It describes the stages of product development from concept to launch. Reverse engineering is defined as the process of analyzing and duplicating a product without documentation to understand its design and operation. Reasons for reverse engineering include updating old products or competing with former manufacturers. The reverse engineering process involves predicting function, observing, disassembling, analyzing subsystems, and documenting findings.
The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ. Its exocrine function involves secreting enzymes to aid digestion. Its endocrine function involves producing hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. The document discusses pancreatic anatomy, functions, and diseases like pancreatitis and diabetes that can arise from pancreatic dysfunction. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions.
This document discusses how to have difficult conversations as an engineer by acknowledging your own fears and checking your ego, recognizing the other person's fears and pride, communicating as equals focused on resolution, asking questions to understand the problem, avoiding defensiveness, and following up. Difficult conversations are made easier through practice rather than procrastination. Key tips include taking a deep breath, leaving jargon at the door, watching your body language, and building a toolbox of helpful metaphors.
This document provides an overview of product and service design. It discusses the importance of design and outlines the key phases in the design process. The document notes that product and service design should be closely tied to an organization's strategy and objectives. It also discusses reasons for redesigning products or services and lists the main objectives of design as customer satisfaction and meeting customer needs. The document outlines various aspects of design such as standardization, reliability, legal and environmental considerations, and phases of the design process.
The document describes various aspects of product development processes. It discusses 6 main stages of product development: planning, concept development, system level design, detail design, testing and refinement, and production ramp up. For each stage, it outlines the key activities and functions involved. It also covers different types of product development processes based on the product and discusses various design approaches such as design for manufacturing, design for assembly, design for recycling, and concurrent engineering.
Om lect 02(r0-may08)_product decision and analysis_mms_bharti_siesvideoaakash15
This document discusses various classifications and strategies related to product development and production systems. It begins by classifying products as consumer or industrial, durable or non-durable, and convenience, shopping, or specialty. It then discusses classifying products based on customization level and standardization. Key aspects of product design and development processes are outlined. The document also discusses product life cycles, different production system types including job shop, flow line, and batch production, and how the optimal production system changes over the product life cycle from a process-focused to product-focused approach. Finally, it provides a product-process matrix mapping product characteristics to the most suitable production system type.
This document outlines key concepts related to product and service design. It discusses factors to consider in design strategy such as cost, quality, and time-to-market. It also covers product and service design activities like translating customer needs into requirements. Additional topics include reasons for redesign, objectives of design, designing for operations, life cycles, standardization, mass customization, and the phases of product and service development processes. Legal, ethical and environmental issues in design are also addressed.
1. The document discusses product design and process design. It explains how the two are related and must work together to efficiently produce products that meet customer needs.
2. Key factors that influence process design are discussed, including product design, demand patterns, production quantity, customer involvement, and environmental concerns. Tools for process improvement like continuous process improvement (CPI) and problem solving methods are also covered.
3. The summary emphasizes how product and process design evolve together to deliver high quality, low cost products to customers through flexible, optimized processes. Continuous improvement is important to staying competitive.
Innovation pathway for infrastructure solutionsChris Jurewicz
The intent was to provide a high-level pathway for innovation which can be adapted for more specific purposes in different areas of civil engineering. The pathway applies equally to innovation in engineering processes, products and in design.
This presentation is a living document which will be updated as we learn more and gain experience. The main sources for this knowledge were a literature review and practitioner workshops, backed by experience on several projects.
The document discusses product and service design. It covers major factors in design strategy like cost, quality, and time-to-market. The objectives of design are mainly customer satisfaction but also include functions, costs, and quality. Legal and environmental regulations must also be considered. The design process involves steps like idea generation, prototyping, and market testing. Both standardization and modular design can help with manufacturing. Reliability is a key consideration and can be improved through techniques like redundancy and preventative maintenance.
The document discusses various topics related to product design including different forms of design, importance of product design for static and dynamic products, design projects, requirements for a good design, concurrent engineering, and computer-aided techniques. It defines concurrent engineering as a systematic approach involving cross-functional teams to concurrently design products and processes considering the entire lifecycle. The document also outlines the benefits of concurrent engineering such as reduced time to market and costs.
Chap004-Product and Service Design.pdfKhatVillados
This document outlines the key concepts and learning objectives covered in Chapter 4 of an operations management textbook on product and service design. It discusses the strategic importance of design, the design process, sources of design ideas, considerations like quality, costs and sustainability, and phases of product and service life cycles. Key aspects of design covered include standardization, mass customization, reliability, and concurrent engineering. The document provides an overview of the chapter's content at a high level.
This document discusses product design and process selection. It begins by defining product design as determining the characteristics of a company's products, such as appearance, materials and performance standards. Reasons for redesign include market changes, costs and regulations. The main objectives of design are customer satisfaction and functional requirements. The product design process involves idea generation, screening, preliminary and final design. Issues in design addressed include concurrent engineering, standardization, mass customization, and environmentally friendly design. The document then defines process as activities that transform inputs into more valuable outputs. Process selection considers type of process, integration, flexibility and resources. Process types range from intermittent to continuous production.
The document discusses product and service design. It explains that design should be closely tied to an organization's strategy and customer needs. The main objectives of design are customer satisfaction and understand customer wants. Reasons for redesign include economic, social, technological and competitive factors. Design must consider legal, ethical and environmental issues. Quality function deployment is an approach to integrate customer feedback into the design process.
The document discusses design strategies for creating longer lasting products, including design for attachment/trust, durability, standardization, maintenance/repair, upgradability, and disassembly/reassembly. It also addresses planned obsolescence and barriers to repair like limited access to spare parts. Remanufacturing is introduced as a way to give products a second life by restoring them to like-new condition. Remanufacturing provides environmental, sourcing, customer, and informational value for businesses. Product design, business models, and supply chains must work together to enable successful remanufacturing at scale.
The document discusses the product/service design process. It begins by outlining the importance of designing products/services that satisfy customer needs to ensure business success. It then describes the roles of marketing, engineering, and operations functions in the design process. The rest of the document details the steps in the design process from idea generation to production design to addressing quality and costs. It also compares characteristics of goods versus services.
Microsoft decided to outsource production of the X-Box console to Flextronics for four reasons: Flextronics had supply chain control through an industrial park strategy; a global presence; used web-based information systems; and Microsoft trusted them. As trade barriers fall, firms must decide where to locate production, whether to own foreign sites, and how to manage globally dispersed supply chains and logistics. Production and logistics aim to lower costs and improve quality through strategies like total quality management and Six Sigma. Location decisions consider country, technological, and product factors to determine a centralized or decentralized production strategy.
1. Mechanical engineer with over 15 years of experience in air conditioning product development, marketing, technical support, and sales for multinational manufacturers in Europe, Middle East, and GCC regions.
2. Current role involves product technical marketing, application and sales support, and development for chillers, air handling units, fan coil units, rooftop packages, and ducted split systems at Refrigeration Industries Company in Kuwait.
3. Previous experience includes product engineering roles at Trane S.A.E. in Cairo and natural gas network design engineering at National Gas S.A., with responsibilities ranging from product design, testing and validation to technical marketing, sales support, and custom engineering.
This document describes the services provided by Sunbeam Packaging Services, which include supporting the new product development process from concept creation through commercialization. Some key services mentioned are concept design, patent/trademark coordination, prototype development, tooling/equipment procurement, product qualification, and training in the new product development process. The company presents itself as a source of expertise that can serve as an extension of a client's team on an as-needed basis.
This document summarizes a presentation about designing products for logistics efficiency. It discusses how design significantly impacts a company's ability to deliver products on time. Key aspects of design for logistics (DFL) include reducing product variability, designing products for multi-applications to minimize variety, and using a time-to-market design strategy with focused resources. The document provides an example of a consumer electronics company that designed an excellent product that was a failure due to logistical inefficiencies, and recommends developing design architectures that incorporate logistics considerations.
Organizations exist to provide goods or services to society. Top organizations focus on core products that provide customer satisfaction rather than just physical goods. Goods and services selection involves constantly developing new products to generate substantial revenue and replace products with limited lifecycles. The product development process includes identifying customer and market needs, conducting feasibility studies, advancing the design, developing and engineering the product, evaluating and improving the product, and providing product use and support. Organizations must design operations and products in a way that achieves competitive advantage through differentiation, response to customer needs, or low cost.
The document discusses product design engineering and reverse engineering. It defines products, triggers for new product development, and the product design process. The product design process involves concept development, feasibility studies including market research and product specifications, and consideration of user, manufacturer, and maintenance needs. It describes the stages of product development from concept to launch. Reverse engineering is defined as the process of analyzing and duplicating a product without documentation to understand its design and operation. Reasons for reverse engineering include updating old products or competing with former manufacturers. The reverse engineering process involves predicting function, observing, disassembling, analyzing subsystems, and documenting findings.
The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ. Its exocrine function involves secreting enzymes to aid digestion. Its endocrine function involves producing hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. The document discusses pancreatic anatomy, functions, and diseases like pancreatitis and diabetes that can arise from pancreatic dysfunction. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions.
This document discusses how to have difficult conversations as an engineer by acknowledging your own fears and checking your ego, recognizing the other person's fears and pride, communicating as equals focused on resolution, asking questions to understand the problem, avoiding defensiveness, and following up. Difficult conversations are made easier through practice rather than procrastination. Key tips include taking a deep breath, leaving jargon at the door, watching your body language, and building a toolbox of helpful metaphors.
Management of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.pptssusera85eeb1
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its management. It defines diabetes as a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. It describes the two main types as type 1, where the pancreas produces little to no insulin, and type 2, where cells become resistant to insulin. Treatment involves dietary management, exercise, glucose monitoring, and insulin or oral medications. The goals of treatment are to normalize blood glucose levels and prevent complications through intensive control.
The document discusses guidelines for developing muscular endurance through circuit training, including FITT principles and exercises targeting different muscle groups to include in a circuit.
Lent is the 40 day period before Easter that commemorates Jesus fasting in the desert for 40 days. Traditionally, Christians give up luxuries like meat or indulgences like chocolate during this time to remember Jesus' sacrifice and strengthen their willpower against temptation. Lent ends with the celebration of Easter and Jesus' resurrection.
The document discusses Lent, the 40 day period before Easter. It explains that Lent begins on Ash Wednesday and is meant to commemorate the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert. Traditionally, people would give up certain foods like meat or sweets during Lent as a form of fasting and sacrifice. Now people often give up something like chocolate or complete acts of service instead. The purpose of Lent is to prepare spiritually for Easter through prayer, penance, and good works.
Sheet metal processes unit_iv_origional.pptssusera85eeb1
Sheet metal processes involve cutting, bending, and forming thin metal sheets. Common processes include shearing to cut sheets, bending using various dies, drawing to make hollow parts, and stamping using progressive dies. Other specialized processes such as roll forming, spinning, and superplastic forming provide unique shapes through techniques like continuous bending over rolls or stretching over mandrels at high temperatures. A variety of automotive, aircraft, and household goods are produced from sheet metal using these forming techniques.
This document provides an overview of manufacturing processes and engineering. It discusses key topics like process planning, industrial engineering, layout engineering, and material handling. Process planning involves defining the sequential operations and equipment needed for manufacturing. Industrial engineering activities include capacity planning, manpower planning, and recommending the type of manufacturing and layout. Layout engineering deals with arranging facilities, lines, and equipment within buildings and on the site. The document compares different types of layouts like process, product, and fixed position layouts.
Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication between interacting surfaces. There are several types of wear including adhesive wear, abrasive wear, surface fatigue, and fretting wear. Adhesive wear occurs due to direct contact and plastic deformation between surfaces, while abrasive wear involves hard particles forcing against and moving along a softer surface. Lubrication reduces wear by interposing a lubricant between surfaces to help carry the load. Different lubrication regimes exist including fluid film, boundary, and hydrodynamic lubrication. Wear measurement techniques include using the Archard equation and analyzing wear debris and worn surface characteristics.
This document provides an introduction to the basics of tribology, which is the study of friction, lubrication, and wear between surfaces in contact. It discusses how tribology encompasses many fields of engineering and industry. Surfaces in contact are not flat and have roughness at multiple scales, from nanometers to centimeters. Both the physical roughness and chemical properties of surfaces need to be considered in tribology as they influence contact area, stresses, lubrication, and compatibility. A variety of methods can characterize surface properties. Understanding surfaces is fundamental to tribology as the interaction between surface asperities dictates tribological forces.
The document discusses improvements to increase the gloss level of paint on Ashok Leyland truck cabins. It begins with identifying low gloss levels of 92% on Boss model cabins as the problem. Potential causes of low gloss are analyzed using a fishbone diagram and screening analysis identifies ED bath solvent%, robot flow rate, slow thinner, and paint viscosity as significant factors. An experiment following a Placket design evaluates these factors at different levels. The most significant factors found through a full factorial experiment are further optimized to increase the gloss level above 95%, resolving the low gloss issue.
Fettling is the process of preparing castings for use by removing unwanted material like gates, risers, fins, and imperfections. It involves several steps and techniques. First, dry sand cores are knocked out and gates and risers are removed through chipping, cutting, flame cutting, or abrasive machines depending on the material. Then fins and other projections on the casting surface are chipped off. Finally, the casting is cleaned through tumbling or modern blasting processes to produce a quality final product meeting customer standards. Fettling transforms crude castings into functional components through various removal and finishing operations.
The document discusses surface coating technologies for medical devices to prevent infections. It describes general strategies like minimizing contact through clean room conditions, sterilization to kill microbes, and surface coatings to minimize protein binding and bacterial adhesion. Specific coating methods are plasma treatment and covalent immobilization to modify surface chemistry and properties. Coatings can increase hydrophilicity and reduce protein adsorption to improve biocompatibility. Examples include heparin coatings to prevent thrombosis and phosphorylcholine coatings that mimic cell membranes. Emerging applications include coatings for imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
This document discusses heat treatment processes for metals. It covers various heat treatment methods like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. It describes processes like case hardening, through hardening, induction hardening and vacuum heat treatment. Key information covered includes different heat treatment methods for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, advantages of various processes, factors influencing heat treatment selection, and details of specific processes like carburizing and quenching methods.
The document discusses different finishing techniques for materials like wood and metals. It explains that wood can be finished through sanding and staining or varnishing. Its natural durability can also be enhanced through pressure treatment with preservatives. For metals, protective coatings like paint, plastic coatings, anodizing of aluminum, or electroplating are used to prevent corrosion. The finishing method chosen depends on factors like the material and intended environmental conditions.
This document discusses coating defects, failures, and the role of coating inspectors. It describes common coating failures such as delamination, blistering, blush, sags/runs, and others. The coating inspector works to identify defects and prevent failures by ensuring proper surface preparation and application procedures. Premature coating failures can be costly due to substrate repair, rework, and downtime.
This document provides an overview of forging processes and operations. It describes various forging techniques including open die forging, impression die forging, closed die forging, precision forging, coining, heading, piercing, hubbing, orbital forging, and isothermal forging. Equations for calculating forging forces are provided. Examples of typical forged products like bolts, gears, and hand tools are given. Diagrams illustrate the different steps in various forging processes.
This document provides an overview of quality management concepts. It discusses why quality is important, different dimensions of quality, quality control methods like control charts, the costs of quality, and statistical process control. Key points covered include defining quality from the perspectives of producers and consumers, determining optimal quality levels, setting quality standards, and using various tools like histograms, Pareto charts, and fishbone diagrams to identify quality issues. The document also distinguishes between chance and assignable causes of process variation.
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What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
2. 2
Trends in Product & Service Design
– Customer satisfaction
• Designing products & services that are “user friendly”
– User friendly software
– Reducing time to introduce/produce new product or
service
– PhD degree in 6 months
– The organization’s capabilities to produce or deliver the
right item on time
– Compaq could not deliver enough laptops in mid 90s
– Environmental concerns
• Designing products that use less material
– Toyota Prius
3. 3
• Major factors in design strategy
–Cost
–Quality
–Time-to-market
–Customer satisfaction
–Competitive advantage
Product and Service Design
Product and service design – or redesign – should be
closely tied to an organization’s strategy
4. 4
• Translate customer wants and needs into product
and service requirements
• Refine existing products and services
• Develop new products and services
• Formulate
– quality goals
– cost targets
• Construct and test prototypes
• Document specifications
Activities of Product or Service Design
5. 5
Reasons for Product or Service Design
• Economic
• Low demand, excessive warranty claims
– SUVs easily topple over and have high warranty claims
• Social and demographic
• Changing tastes, aging population
– SUVs for generation X people who age but want to stay dynamic
• Political, liability, or legal
• Safety issues, new regulations, government changes
– SUVs easily topple over and manufacturers are sued
• Competitive
• New products and services in the market, promotions
– SUV sales are increased with promotions.
– The profit margins on SUVs are huge so a lot of room for promotions
• Cost or availability
• Raw materials, components, labor
• Technological
• Components, production processes
6. 6
Objectives of Product and Service Design
• Main focus
–Customer satisfaction
• Secondary focus
–Function of product/service
–Cost/profit
–Quality
–Appearance
–Ease of production/assembly
–Ease of maintenance/service
7. 7
• Taking into account the capabilities of the
organization in designing goods and services
• Location of facilities
• Suppliers
• Transportation fleet
• Current workforce
• Current technology
• Standing contracts
– All can all limit the implementation of a new
design
Design For Operations
8. 8
• Legal
– IRS, FDA, OSHA
– Product liability: A manufacturer is liable for any injuries or
damages caused by a faulty product.
– Uniform commercial code: Products carry an implication of
merchantability and fitness
• Ethical
– Releasing products with defects
• Releasing Software with bugs
• Sending genetically altered food to nations suffering food shortages
• Environmental
– EPA
Legal, Ethical, and Environmental Issues
9. 9
Designers Adhere to Guidelines
• Produce designs that are consistent with the
goals of the company
• Give customers the value they expect
• Make health and safety a primary concern
• Consider potential harm to the environment
10. 10
Forthcoming Aspects of Product Design
• Product Life Cycles
• Standardization
• Mass Customization
• Modular Design
• Robust Design
• Concurrent Engineering
• Computer-Aided Design
11. 11
Other Issues in Product and Service Design
• Product/service life cycles
• How much standardization
• Product/service reliability
• Range of operating conditions
12. 12
Life Cycles of Products or Services
Time
Introduction
Growth
Maturity
Saturation
Decline
Deman
d
Flash memory
Compact discs
cassettes
Design
for low
volume
13. 13
Standardization
• Standardization
–Extent to which there is an absence of variety in a
product, service or process
• The degree of Standardization?
• Standardized products are immediately
available to customers
Calculators & car wash
14. 14
Advantages of Standardization
• Fewer parts to deal with in inventory &
manufacturing
– Less costly to fill orders from inventory
• Reduced training costs and time
• More routine purchasing, handling, and inspection
procedures
• Opportunities for long production runs, automation
• Need for fewer parts justifies increased
expenditures on perfecting designs and improving
quality control procedures.
15. 15
Disadvantages of Standardization
• Decreased variety results in less consumer appeal.
• Designs may be frozen with too many imperfections
remaining.
• High cost of design changes increases resistance to
improvements
– Who likes optimal Keyboards?
• Standard systems are more vulnerable to failure
– Epidemics: People with non-standard immune system stop the
plagues.
– Computer security: Computers with non-standard software stop the
dissemination of viruses.
16. 16
Mass customization:
– A strategy of producing standardized goods or
services, but incorporating some degree of
customization
– Modular design
– Delayed differentiation
Mass Customization
17. 17
Mass Customization I: Customize Services
Around Standardized Products
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION MARKETING DELIVERY
Deliver customized services as
well as standardized products
and services
Market customized services with standardized
products or services
Continue producing standardized products or services
Continue developing standardized products or services
Source: B. Joseph Pine
Warranty for contact lenses:
18. 18
Mass Customization II: Create Customizable
Products and Services
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION MARKETING DELIVERY
Deliver standard (but
customizable) products
or services
Market customizable products or services
Produce standard (but customizable) products or services
Develop customizable products or services
Gillette sensor adjusting to the contours of the face:
19. 19
Mass Customization III: Provide Quick
Response Throughout Supply Chain
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION MARKETING DELIVERY
Reduce Delivery Cycle Times
Reduce selection and order processing cycle
times
Reduce Production cycle time
Reduce development cycle time
Skiing parkas manufactured abroad vs in USA
20. 20
Mass Customization IV: Provide Point of
Delivery Customization
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION MARKETING DELIVERY
Deliver standardize portion
Market customized products or services
Produce standardized portion centrally
Develop products where point of delivery customization is feasible
Point of delivery
customization
Paint mixing:
21. 21
Delayed Differentiation
• Delayed differentiation is a postponement tactic
– Producing but not quite completing a product or service until customer
preferences or specifications are known
• Postponing the completion until customer specification are
known
• Examples: Wheeled loaders
22. 22
Postponement Case Study: Hewlett & Packard
• H&P produces printers for Europe market. Product manuals (different
languages), labels and power supplies (plugs are different for UK, Continental
EU and US) were used to be packaged along with printers in US.
• HP postpones commitment of a printer to a certain geographic market by
producing universal printers and then applying power supplies and labels (the
parts that differentiate printers for local markets) at the last stage once demand
is more certain
• Packaging was postponed to local distribution centers in each European
country. Packaging is closer to demand (in location and time) so H&P can
respond faster and redistribute the supply:
– Ireland has 1600 with demand 1100
– Portugal has 800 with demand 1000
– Send 200 from Ireland to Portugal
• For more read: H.L. Lee and C. Billington, "Evolution of Supply Chain Management
Models and Practice at Hewlett-Packard Company," Interfaces, 25, 5, 1995: 42-63.
23. 23
Delayed Differentiation=Postponement
• Postponement is delaying customization step as much as
possible. Producing but not quite completing a product
or service until customer preferences or specifications
are known.
• (Salad) + (Dressings ={1000 Islands, Vinaigrette, …})
• Need:
– Indistinguishable products before customization
– Customization step is high value added
– Unpredictable, negatively correlated demand for finished
products
– Flexible processes to allow for postponement
24. 24
Modular Design
Modular design is a form of standardization in
which component parts are subdivided into
modules that are easily replaced or
interchanged. It allows:
– easier diagnosis and remedy of failures
– easier repair and replacement
– simplification of manufacturing and assembly
Disadvantage: variety decreases
25. 25
Modular Design
Modular design is a form of standardization in which
component parts are subdivided into modules that
are easily replaced or interchanged.
– A bad example: Earlier Ford SUVs shared the lower
body with Ford cars
Due to standardization, it allows:
– easier diagnosis and remedy of failures
– easier repair and replacement
– simplification of manufacturing and assembly
26. 26
Types of Modularity for Mass Customization
Component Sharing Modularity, Dell
Cut-to-Fit Modularity,
Gutters that do not require
seams
Bus Modularity, E-books
Mix Modularity, Paints
Sectional Modularity, LEGO
+ =
27. 27
Mass Customization V: Modularize
Components to Customize End Products
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION MARKETING DELIVERY
Deliver customized product
Market customized products or services
Produce modularized components
Develop modularized products
Computer industry, Dell computers:
28. 28
Reliability
• Reliability: The ability of a product, part, or
system to perform its intended function under a
prescribed set of conditions
• Failure: Situation in which a product, part, or
system does not perform as intended
• Normal operating conditions: The set of
conditions under which an item’s reliability is
specified
– A regular car is not to be driven at 200 mph
– A bed is not to be used as a trampoline
29. 29
Improving Reliability
• Good component design improve system reliability
• Production/assembly techniques
• Testing
•To figure out defectives / weak units
•Dell tests each computer’s electric circuitry after the assembly
• Redundancy/backup
•Exactly why your car has a spare tire
• Preventive maintenance procedures
•Medical check-ups to discover potential diseases
• User education
• System design
30. 30
Design that can function over a broad range of conditions
Taguchi’s Approach:
• Design a robust product
– Insensitive to environmental factors either in manufacturing or in use.
• Columbia parkas with fleece inside
– For skiing and rainy weather: Take out the fleece use the outer shell
– For dry cold air: Wear the fleece without the outer shell
– For a snow storm: Wear the fleece with the shell
– When you put on weight: Ease the belts for a relaxed fit
– When you are sweating: Open air ducts for breathing your body
• Central feature is Parameter Design. How to set design parameters?
– Design of experiments – a Statistics concept
• Determines:
– factors that are controllable and those not controllable
– their optimal levels relative for good product performance
Robust Design
31. 31
Phases in Product Development Process
1. Idea generation
2. Feasibility analysis (Demand, cost/profit, capacity)
3. Product specifications (customer requirement)
4. Process specifications (produce in economic way)
5. Prototype development
6. Design review
7. Market test
8. Product introduction (promotion)
9. Follow-up evaluation
33. 33
• Internal
– Employees
– Marketing department
– R&D department
• External
– Customers, sometimes misleading
– Competitors
• Reverse engineering is the dismantling and inspecting
of a competitor’s product to discover product improvements.
• Benchmarking is comparing and contrasting product and process
characteristics against those of competitors
• Both can be classified as environmental scanning activity
– Suppliers & Customers,
• Ford helps its suppliers in designing components
Sources of Ideas for Products and Services
34. 34
Research & Development (R&D)
• Organized efforts to increase scientific knowledge or
product innovation & may involve:
– Basic Research advances
• Universities, IBM research centers
– Applied Research
• Motorola, Alcatel
– Development
• All companies
36. 36
Design for Manufacturing
Beyond the overall objective to achieve customer
satisfaction while making a reasonable profit is:
Design for Manufacturing (DFM) : The designers’
consideration of the organization’s manufacturing
capabilities when designing a product.
The more general term design for operations
encompasses transportation, services as well as
manufacturing
37. 37
“Over the Wall” Approach vs
Concurrent Engineering
Design
Mfg
New
Product
38. 38
Concurrent Engineering
Concurrent engineering: Bringing
engineering design and manufacturing
personnel together early in the design
phase.
• Manufacturing personnel helps to identify production capabilities,
selecting suitable materials and process, the conflicts during
production can be reduced.
• Early consideration of technical feasibility.
• Shortening the product development process.
39. 39
• Design for manufacturing (DFM)
• Design for assembly (DFA)
number of parts, methods, sequence.
• Design for recycling (DFR)
• Remanufacturing
• Design for disassembly (DFD)
Product design
40. 40
Computer-Aided Design
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is product design using
computer graphics.
• increases productivity of designers, 3 to 10 times
• creates a database for manufacturing information on product
specifications
• Simplifies communication of a design. Design teams at various
locations can work together.
• provides possibility of engineering and cost analysis on proposed
designs
• Transonic Systems Inc. manufactures customized medical devices;
pomps, blood vessel, blood pressure measurement equipment.
– Design to manufacturing was long, problematic, designers and manufacturing
engineers could not work on designs simultaneously, some of the previous
designs were lost (talking of knowledge management).
– Savior: CAD
41. 41
– Recycling: recovering materials for future use
– Recycling reasons
• Cost savings
• Environment concerns
• Environment regulations
– Remanufacturing: replacing worn out parts in
used products
• Kodak cameras
– Design for disassembly is considering ease of
disassembly while designing a product
– Reverse supply chains
Recycling-Remanufacturing
42. 42
• Quality Function Deployment
–Voice of the customer
–House of quality
Quality Function Deployment
QFD: An approach that integrates the “voice of the
customer” into the product and service development
process.
43. 43
The House of Quality
Correlation
matrix
Design
requirements
Customer
require-
ments
Competitive
assessment
Relationship
matrix
Specifications
or
target values
44. 44
A structured and disciplined process that provides a means to
identify and carry the voice of the customer through each stage
of product or service development and implementation
QFD is for:
•Communication
•Documentation
•Analysis
•Prioritization breakthroughs
Quality Function Deployment
45. 45
Customer
Requirements
Easy to close
Stays open on a hill
Easy to open
Doesn’t leak in rain
No road noise
Importance weighting
Engineering
Characteristics
Energy
needed
to
close
door
Check
force
on
level
ground
Energy
needed
to
open
door
Water
resistance
63 63 45 27 6 27
7
5
3
3
2
X
X
X
X
X
Correlation:
Strong positive
Positive
Negative
Strong negative
X
*
Competitive evaluation
X = Us
A = Comp. A
B = Comp. B
(5 is best)
1 2 3 4 5
X AB
X AB
XAB
A X B
X A B
Relationships:
Strong = 9
Medium = 3
Small = 1
Target values
Reduce
energy
level
to
7.5
ft/lb
Reduce
force
to
9
lb.
Reduce
energy
to
7.5
ft/lb.
Maintain
current
level
Technical evaluation
(5 is best)
5
4
3
2
1
B
A
X
BA
X B
A
X
B
X
A
BXA
BA
X
Door
seal
resistance
Accoust.
Trans.
Window
Maintain
current
level
Maintain
current
level
House of Quality Example for a Car Door
46. 46
The QFD and Kano Model
Japanese QFD Results
– Design time reduced by ¼ to ½
– Problems with initial quality decreased
– Comparison and analysis of competitive products became possible
– Communication between divisions improved
The Kano Model
• Product Characteristics:
– Must have = Order qualifiers
– Expected = Order qualifiers, winners
– Excitement = Order winners
1. Make sure that you have the order qualifiers
2. Determine the level of order winners with a cost/benefit analysis
47. 47
Service Design
• Service is an act
• Service delivery system
– Facilities
– Processes
– Skills
• Explicit services
– Core of the service: Hair styling
• Implicit services
– Excitement characteristics: Courtesy
• Many services are bundled with products
– Maintenance services
– Conecpt of selling solutions: Products and Services
• E.g. IBM
48. 48
Phases in Service Design
1.Conceptualize
2.Identify service components
3.Determine performance specifications
4.Translate performance specifications into
design specifications
5.Translate design specifications into delivery
specifications
49. 49
Service Blueprinting
• Service blueprinting: A method used in service
design to describe and analyze a proposed service
• A useful tool for conceptualizing a service delivery
system
• Major Steps in Service Blueprinting
1. Establish boundaries
2. Identify steps involved
3. Prepare a flowchart, see the next page, source in justice-flowchart.pdf
4. Identify potential failure points
5. Establish a time frame
6. Analyze profitability
51. 51
Characteristics of Well Designed
Service Systems
1. Consistent with the organization mission
2. User friendly: Do we understand it?
3. Robust: Can it function under various conditions?
4. Easy to sustain: Requires to much effort?
5. Cost effective: Does it cost too much?
6. Value to customers: Who are the customers?
7. Effective linkages between back-office operations
8. Single unifying theme: What does the justice system do?
9. Ensure reliability and high quality
10. Consistency.
11. Up-to-date: Does it evolve?
You be the judge for
the justice system
How do you rate the
system in terms of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
52. 52
Challenges of Service Design
• Variable requirements
– Criminals and the cases are different
• Difficult to describe
– How do you describe a criminal action?
– We need the court system.
• Descriptions are not exact because they are based on words.
• This is exactly why lawyers make a living; or perhaps more.
• High customer contact
– Service cannot be inventoried
• Service – customer encounter
53. 53
Most often product and services are provided together.
Products vs. Services are
• Tangible – intangible
• Services created and delivered at the same time
• Services cannot be inventoried
• Services highly visible to customers
• Services have low barrier to entry
• Location important to service
– Ambiance
– Convenience
Differences Between Product
and Service Design
54. 54
Service Variability & Customer
Influence Service Design
Variability
in
Service
Require-
ments
Figure 4-3
Degree of Contact with
Customer
High
Moderate
Low
None
None Low Moderate High
Telephone
Purchase
Dept. Store
Purchase
Customized
Clothing
Internet
Purchase
Where are medical services, internet law consultants?
55. 55
• Shorten time-to-market
• Package products and services
– Sell “solutions” not products
• Increase emphasis on component commonality
• Use multiple-use platforms
• Consider tactics for mass customization
• Look for continual improvement
Operations Strategy
56. 56
• Remanufacturing-recycling
• Robust design
• Design for manufacturing (DFM)
• Design for assembly (DFA)
• Design for disassembly (DFD)
• Design for recycling (DFR)
• Reliability
Summary: Product design
57. 57
Practice Questions
• True/ False:
• 1.One of the main advantages of standardization is
that it increases the potential variety of products.
• 2. Product failures can be easier to remedy with
modular design.
• 3. Quality function deployment (QFD) is based on
a set of standards which relate customer
requirements to company capabilities.
1.Answer: False Page: 127
2.Answer: True Page: 129
3.Answer: False Page: 143
58. 58
Practice Question
• Multiple-Choice:
• 4. The term standardization is closely associated
with:
• A) customization
• B) high cost
• C) longer lead times
• D) variety
• E) interchangeability
Answer: E Page: 127
59. 59
Practice Question
• 4. A formal way to document customer
requirements is:
• A) consumer surveys
• B) quality function deployment (QFD)
• C) focus groups
• D) Delphi technique
• E) sales/marketing matrix
Answer: B Page: 142
60. 60
Practice Question
• 6. The stage in a product or service life cycle
where some firms adopt a defensive research
posture is:
• A) incubation
• B) growth
• C) maturity
• D) saturation
• E) decline
Answer: E Page: 126
61. 61
Reliability
• Reliability: The ability of a product, part, or system to perform its intended
function under a prescribed set of conditions
• Failure: Situation in which a product, part, or system does not perform as
intended
• Normal operating conditions: The set of conditions under which an item’s
reliability is specified
• Reliability is a Probability, that the product or system will:
– Function when activated
– Function for a given length of time
• Independent events
• Redundancy; Why to have spare tires on the car?
62. 62
Parallel vs Serial Components
A product is composed of several components. Suppose components fail/work
independently.
If all components must function for the product to function, components are
serial. Example: Laptop and projector.
If at least one component must function for the
product to function, components are parallel.
Example: Two batteries of a laptop.
P(System fails)=P(A fails) P(B fails)
A B
Water flowing from left to right analogy. P(System works)=P(A works) P(B works)
A
B
64. 64
Example
The system can be reduced to a series of three components
By collapsing parallel components
0.98 1-(0.10)(0.10) 1-(0.05)(0.08)
0.98 x 0.99 x 0.996
65. 65
Failure Rate:
Personal life expectancy – Strike life expectancy
Few (random) failures
Infant
mortality
Failures due
to wear-out
Time, T
Figure 4S-1
66. 66
Exponential Distribution for Life X
T
x
e
T
X
P
MTBF
X
E
e
x
f
Expo
X
)
(
,
/
1
)
(
,
)
(
),
(
~
T Time
Reliability=P(x>T)=1-F(T)
pdf f(x)
cdf F(T)=P(X<T)
67. 67
Use Exponential Distribution
to Model Lifetime
• Exponential distribution is a simple density
used to model lifetimes
• Its failure rate is constant
– So does not apply to human life. Insurers use more
complicated densities.
• The reliability of each part in a system
Reliability=P(Part works at T)=1-F(T)
• Once reliabilities are computed for all parts,
combine parts according to whether serial or
parallel
68. 68
Improving Reliability
• Component design
• Production/assembly techniques
• Testing
• Redundancy/backup
• Preventive maintenance procedures
• User education
• System design
How much of reliability is good? Cost-benefit analysis.