Process synchronization in operating systems manages processes sharing the same memory space to maintain data consistency and integrity while avoiding race conditions and inconsistent data access. A key example of this is the producer-consumer problem, which involves a producer adding items to a fixed-size buffer and a consumer removing them, necessitating mutual exclusion and proper semaphore management. Semaphores track available resources, with 'full' for filled buffer space, 'empty' for available space, and 'mutex' for mutual access control.

2. Process Synchronization
• Processes Synchronization or Synchronization is the way by which
processes that share the same memory space are managed in an operating
system.
• It helps maintain the consistency of data by using variables or hardware so
that only one process can make changes to the shared memory at a time.
• For example-
• Inconsistency of data can occur when various processes share a common
resource in a system which is why there is a need for process
synchronization in the operating system.

3. ★ How Process Synchronization in OS Works?
Let us take a look at why exactly we need Process Synchronization. For example,
If a process1 is trying to read the data present in a memory location while another
process2 is trying to change the data present at the same location, there is a high
chance that the data read by the process1 will be incorrect.
Advantages of Process Synchronization
• Ensures data consistency and integrity
• Avoids race conditions
• Prevents inconsistent data due to concurrent access
• Supports efficient and effective use of shared resources

4. PRODUCER — CONSUMER PROBLEM
→ Also known as Bounded – Buffer Problem
→ The Producer-Consumer problem is a classic
synchronization problem in operating systems.
→ There is a fixed-size buffer and a Producer
process, and a Consumer process.
→ The Producer process creates an item and adds it
to the shared buffer.
→ The Consumer process takes items out of the
shared buffer and “consumes” them.
The Problem –
1. The Producer process must not produce an item if the shared buffer is full.
2. The Consumer process must not consume an item if the shared buffer is empty.
3. Access to the shared buffer must be mutually exclusive; this means that at any given
instance, only one process should be able to access the shared buffer and make changes
to it.

5. Solution of Producer – Consumer Problem
To solve the Producer-Consumer problem three semaphores variable are used :
• Semaphores are variables used to indicate the number of resources available in
the system at a particular time. Semaphore variables are used to achieve
`Process Synchronization.
Full
The full variable is used to track the space filled in the buffer by the Producer process. It is
initialized to 0 initially as initially no space is filled by the Producer process.
Empty
The Empty variable is used to track the empty space in the buffer. The Empty variable is
initially initialized to the BUFFER-SIZE as initially, the whole buffer is empty.
Mutex
Mutex is used to achieve mutual exclusion. Mutex ensures that at any particular time only the
producer or the consumer is accessing the buffer. Mutex is a binary semaphore variable that
has a value of 0 or 1.

6. Thank You