Assemblers Elements of Assembly Language Programming, Design of the Assembler, Assembler Design Criteria, Types of Assemblers, Two-Pass Assemblers, One-Pass Assemblers, Single pass Assembler for Intel x86 , Algorithm of Single Pass Assembler, Multi-Pass Assemblers, Advanced Assembly Process, Variants of Assemblers Design of two pass assembler
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
Assemblers Elements of Assembly Language Programming, Design of the Assembler, Assembler Design Criteria, Types of Assemblers, Two-Pass Assemblers, One-Pass Assemblers, Single pass Assembler for Intel x86 , Algorithm of Single Pass Assembler, Multi-Pass Assemblers, Advanced Assembly Process, Variants of Assemblers Design of two pass assembler
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
In this slide you will explore more about how to make derivations ,design parse tree ,what is ambiguity and how to remove ambiguity ,left recursion ,left factoring .
The purpose of types:
To define what the program should do.
e.g. read an array of integers and return a double
To guarantee that the program is meaningful.
that it does not add a string to an integer
that variables are declared before they are used
To document the programmer's intentions.
better than comments, which are not checked by the compiler
To optimize the use of hardware.
reserve the minimal amount of memory, but not more
use the most appropriate machine instructions.
Syntax-Directed Translation: Syntax-Directed Definitions, Evaluation Orders for SDD's, Applications of Syntax-Directed Translation, Syntax-Directed Translation Schemes, and Implementing L-Attributed SDD's. Intermediate-Code Generation: Variants of Syntax Trees, Three-Address Code, Types and Declarations, Type Checking, Control Flow, Back patching, Switch-Statements
In this slide you will explore more about how to make derivations ,design parse tree ,what is ambiguity and how to remove ambiguity ,left recursion ,left factoring .
The purpose of types:
To define what the program should do.
e.g. read an array of integers and return a double
To guarantee that the program is meaningful.
that it does not add a string to an integer
that variables are declared before they are used
To document the programmer's intentions.
better than comments, which are not checked by the compiler
To optimize the use of hardware.
reserve the minimal amount of memory, but not more
use the most appropriate machine instructions.
Syntax-Directed Translation: Syntax-Directed Definitions, Evaluation Orders for SDD's, Applications of Syntax-Directed Translation, Syntax-Directed Translation Schemes, and Implementing L-Attributed SDD's. Intermediate-Code Generation: Variants of Syntax Trees, Three-Address Code, Types and Declarations, Type Checking, Control Flow, Back patching, Switch-Statements
Intermediate code can translate the source program into the machine program. Intermediate code is generated because the compiler can’t generate machine code directly in one pass. Therefore, first, it converts the source program into intermediate code, which performs efficient generation of machine code further. The intermediate code can be represented in the form of postfix notation, syntax tree, directed acyclic graph, three address codes, Quadruples, and triples.
Three address code
Three-address code is an intermediate code. It is used by the optimizing compilers.
In three-address code, the given expression is broken down into several separate instructions. These instructions can easily translate into assembly language.
Each Three address code instruction has at most three operands. It is a combination of assignment and a binary operator.
Three address code is used in compiler applications:
Optimization: Three address code is often used as an intermediate representation of code during optimization phases of the compilation process. The three address code allows the compiler to analyze the code and perform optimizations that can improve the performance of the generated code.
Code generation: Three address code can also be used as an intermediate representation of code during the code generation phase of the compilation process. The three address code allows the compiler to generate code that is specific to the target platform, while also ensuring that the generated code is correct and efficient.
Debugging: Three address code can be helpful in debugging the code generated by the compiler. Since three address code is a low-level language, it is often easier to read and understand than the final generated code.
This topic-based on Compiler Design Subject, III B.Tech-CSE Students, Intermediate Code Generation is the 3rd module of compiler design subject, these topics totally related to the second subjective assignment of Academic Writing in Swayam online course.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
3. During the translation of a source program into the object
code for a target machine, a compiler may generate a
middle-level language code, which is known
as intermediate code
What is intermediate code?What is intermediate code?
3
4. The following are commonly used intermediate code
representation :
Syntax tree
Postfix Notation
Three-Address Code
intermediate codeintermediate code
4
5. Syntax tree is nothing more than condensed form of a
parse tree. The operator and keyword nodes of the parse
tree are moved to their parents and a chain of single
productions is replaced by single link in syntax tree the
internal nodes are operators and child nodes are
operands. To form syntax tree put parentheses in the
expression, this way it's easy to recognize which operand
should come first.
Syntax treeSyntax tree
5
6. Example –
x = (a + b * c) / (a – b * c)
Syntax treeSyntax tree
6
7. • The ordinary (infix) way of writing the sum of a and b is with operator
in the middle : a + b
• The postfix notation for the same expression places the operator at
the right end as ab +. In general, if e1 and e2 are any postfix
expressions, and + is any binary operator, the result of applying + to
the values denoted by e1 and e2 is postfix notation by e1e2 +. No
parentheses are needed in postfix notation because the position and
arity (number of arguments) of the operators permit only one way to
decode a postfix expression. In postfix notation the operator follows
the operand.
Postfix NotationPostfix Notation
7
8. Example – The postfix representation of the expression (a –
b) * (c + d) + (a – b) is
ab – cd + ab -+*.
Postfix NotationPostfix Notation
8
9. A statement involving no more than three references(two for operands and one for
result) is known as three address statement. A sequence of three address
statements is known as three address code. Three address statement is of the
form x = y op z , here x, y, z will have address (memory location). Sometimes a
statement might contain less than three references but it is still called three
address statement.
For Example :a = b + c * d;
The intermediate code generator will try to divide this expression into sub-
expressions and then generate the corresponding code.
r1 = c * d;
r2 = b + r1;
a = r2
Three-Address CodeThree-Address Code
9
10. A three-address code has at most three address
locations to calculate the expression. A three-
address code can be represented in two forms :
Quadruples
Triples
Indirect Triples
Three-Address CodeThree-Address Code
10
11. Each instruction in quadruples presentation is divided into four fields: operator,
arg1, arg2, and result. The example is represented below in quadruples format:
QuadruplesQuadruples
11
12. Each instruction in triples presentation has three fields : op, arg1, and arg2.The
results of respective sub-expressions are denoted by the position of expression.
TriplesTriples
12
13. This representation is an enhancement over triples
representation. It uses pointers instead of position to store
results. This enables the optimizers to freely re-position the
sub-expression to produce an optimized code.
Indirect TriplesIndirect Triples
13
