Sampling errors occur when a sample is not truly representative of the overall population being studied. Sampling errors are more likely when samples are small, heterogeneous populations are studied without accounting for differences, or the sampling process is not well planned or executed. Factors that can contribute to sampling errors include a lack of knowledge about appropriate sampling methods, insufficient resources, lack of participation from subjects, and not having existing sampling frames for large populations. Researchers should take care to select samples that are representative of populations and employ sampling techniques appropriately based on the phenomenon being studied.

2. PRESENTED BY-PANDIT KHYATI R.
F.Y.M.SC.NURSING.
ROLL NO. 11

3. SAMPLING
ERRORS
It is the deviation of the selected
sample from the true characteristics,
traits, behaviours, qualities, or figures
of the entire population.

4. WHY IT OCCURS?
Researcher draws different subject from
the same population, but still the subjects
have individual differences.
A sample, it is only a subject of the entire
population; therefore, there may be a
differences between the sample and
population.

5. Here a sample is chosen that is not
representative of the overall population.

6. SAMPLE SIZE AND
SAMPLING ERROR
Given two exactly the same studies, same
sampling methods, same population, the study
with a larger sample size will have less
sampling process error compared to the study
with smaller sample size.

7. LACK OF SAMPLE
REPRESENTATIVENESS
It become more difficult when
population under study is
heterogeneous and sampling
process is carried out in the
absence of consideration of
the nature of the population.

8. DIFFICULTY IN
ESTIMATION OF SAMPLE
SIZEStudies conducted on
undetermined sample
size do not facilitate to
generalize the findings
for the particular
population.

9. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT THE SAMPLING
PROCESS
It is generally observed that researchers
usually carry superficial knowledge
about the sampling methods and
sampling process that leads to poor
sample selection and ultimately affects
the study results.

10. LACK OF
RESOURCES
It becomes very difficult for
researcher to draw a
representative sample in
absence of adequate
resources.

11. LACK OF
COOPERATION
With simple random
sampling and found that
several subjects are not
interested to participate in
study that ultimately
disturbs the sampling
process causes an addition
burden to researcher.

12. LACK OF EXISTING
APPROPRIATE SAMPLING
FRAMES FOR LARGER
POPULATION
It is generally observed that in
developing countries including
India it is very difficult to get
existing sampling process.

13. For example, a nurse researcher is
interested in sample selection from
nurses presently participating in
Punjab, but Punjab nurses registration
council did not make provision
renewal of the registered nurses
licenses, and therefore one cannot get
a list of registered nurses presently
practicing as nurse in Punjab.

14. CALLOUS APPROCH OF THE
RESEARCHER TOWARDS
SAMPLING PROCESS
Generally it is observed that researcher pay very
little attention for appropriateness of the
sampling method for a particular phenomenon
under study. Further, they casually choose a
particular type of the sampling technique to select
a sample rather than an effective sampling
process plan.