Infections caused by a group of viruses spread to people by the bite of infected arthropods (insects) such as mosquitoes and ticks. These infections usually occur during warm weather months, when mosquitoes and ticks are active.
Infections caused by a group of viruses spread to people by the bite of infected arthropods (insects) such as mosquitoes and ticks. These infections usually occur during warm weather months, when mosquitoes and ticks are active.
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
The slides explain history of Prion diseases, proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis, investigations and proposed treatment options. Pl watch after downloading as the slides are mostly animated.
Prepared in June 2014
Detailed description about viroid, virusoid and prions are described in a simple and detailed manner, will be very to understand about different plant pathogens
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
The slides explain history of Prion diseases, proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis, investigations and proposed treatment options. Pl watch after downloading as the slides are mostly animated.
Prepared in June 2014
Detailed description about viroid, virusoid and prions are described in a simple and detailed manner, will be very to understand about different plant pathogens
Scrapie (/ˈskreɪpi/) is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the nervous systems of sheep and goats.[1] It is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and as such it is thought to be caused by a prion.[2][3] Scrapie has been known since at least 1732 and does not appear to be transmissible to humans.[4][5] However, new studies suggest a link between scrapie and sporadic CJD.[6]
The name scrapie is derived from one of the clinical signs of the condition, wherein affected animals will compulsively scrape off their fleeces against rocks, trees or fences. The disease apparently causes an itching sensation in the animals. Other clinical signs include excessive lip smacking, altered gaits and convulsive collapse.[7]
Scrapie is infectious and transmissible among conspecifics, so one of the most common ways to contain it (since it is incurable) is to quarantine and kill those affected. However, scrapie tends to persist in flocks and can also arise apparently spontaneously in flocks that have not previously had cases of the disease. The mechanism of transmission between animals and other aspects of the biology of the disease are only poorly understood, and are active areas of research. Recent studies suggest prions may be spread through urine and persist in the environment for decade
Prion Diseases ; An overview .........
Credit goes equally to Dr Siraj Uddin, M.V.Sc Scholar, IVRI and Dr. Gazanfar Abass, M.V.Sc. Scholar, VPH, IVRI.
For Further reference contact at gazanfar0966@gmail.com
Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the neglected parasitic infections of the United States, a group of five parasitic diseases that have been targeted by CDC for public health action.Q fever is a disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. This bacteria naturally infects some animals, such as goats, sheep, and cattle. C. burnetii bacteria are found in the birth products (i.e. placenta, amniotic fluid), urine, feces, and milk of infected animals.
Scrub typhus is a growing and emerging disease grossly under-diagnosed due to its non-specific clinical presentation, limited awareness, and low index of suspicion
consider as a differential diagnosis in acute febrile illness with thrombocytopenia, renal impairment, LFT abnormalities, altered sensorium,encephalitis, pneumonitis, or ARDS
WEIL FELIX test very Specific
Early diagnosis and treatment are imperative to reduce the mortality and the complications associated with the disease
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a progressive, fatal prion disease of the nervous system and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in cattle that may be passed to humans who have eaten infected flesh.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRION
HISTORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
DISEASE IN HUMANS
DISEASE IN ANIMALS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
3. PRION
Smaller than smallest known virus
Not yet completely characterized
Most widely accepted theory
Prion = Proteinaceous infectious particle
Normal Protein
PrPC (C for cellular)
Glycoprotein normally found at cell surface inserted in plasma
membrane
4. NORMAL PRION
Secondary structure dominated by alpha helices
Easily soluble
Easily digested by proteases
Encoded by PRNP gene (in humans)
Located on human chromosome 20
5. ABNORMAL PROTIEN
PrPSc (Sc for scrapie)
Same amino acid sequence and primary structure as normal
protein
Secondary structure dominated by beta conformation
When PrPSc contacts PrPC
Converts it to the abnormal form
6. Insoluble in all but strongest solvents
Highly resistant to digestion by proteases
Survives in tissues post-mortem
Extremely resistant
Heat, normal sterilization processes, sunlight
No detectable immune response
7. HISTORY KURU
New Guinea in early 1900’s
People practicing cannibalism
1957-1968
Over 1,100 people died
Majority of deaths
Women, children and elderly
Incubation period >30 days
8. HISTORY CJD
Sporadic human encephalopathy
Worldwide 1-2 cases/million people
Different forms
Spontaneous (85%)
Genetic (10-15%)
Iatrogenic (<1%)
Average age of onset 65 years
Duration of illness, 4.5 months
9. HISTORY BSE
1986, First confirmed case in United Kingdom (UK)
1988, UK bans meat and bone meal from ruminants
in cattle feed
1989, USDA bans importation of ruminants from
countries with BSE
1993, Peak of BSE in UK
1,000 new cases reported weekly
10. HISTORY: BSE
1997, US & Canada ban ruminant products fed
back to ruminants
US importation ban extended to all of Europe
2001, European Union ordered mandatory tests on
cattle
Older than 30 months destined for slaughter
May 2003, BSE diagnosed in 6 yr. old Angus beef
cow in Alberta, Canada
Herd mates all tested negative
Single case in 1993 was cow imported from UK
11. HISTORY: BSE
December 2003, BSE diagnosed in 6½ yr old Holstein
cow in Washington State
Possibly imported from Canada
DNA testing being conducted
Complications following calving
Sent to slaughter
Brain tissue sent to NVSL–per FSIS protocol
Presumptive positive by NVSL
Definitively positive by UK lab
12. HISTORY: VCJD
Human encephalopathy due to consuming BSE
contaminated foods
1995, UK: First confirmed case
Incubation period not known
Mean age at death
28 years old
Mean duration of infection
14 months
13. HISTORY: SCRAPIE
Sheep and goat disease
Recognized 250 years ago
Great Britain and W. Europe
1947 diagnosed in the U.S.
More than 1,000 flocks; mostly Suffolk
Scrapie: Ovine Slaughter Surveillance Study (SOSS)
Overall national prevalence 0.2%
Higher in black-faced sheep
14. HISTORY: CWD
1967, Chronic “wasting” syndrome in mule deer
Northern Colorado wildlife research facility
1978, defined as TSE
Deer and elk affected
Not thought to be zoonotic
Risk, if any, is low
Concern when three hunters died of CJD
No correlation found between their deaths and CWD
15. HUMAN TRANSMISSION
Humans consuming cattle products infected with
BSE can develop vCJD
Brain and spinal tissue
Dose required not known
Genetic susceptibility
All human cases have been homozygous for methionine at
codon 129 of PrPC
16. HUMAN TRANSMISSION
Possible modes
Transmission from surgical instruments used on tonsils,
appendix or brain tissue
Growth hormone injections
Vaccines
17. HUMAN TRANSMISSION
UNLIKELY MODES
Blood transmission
Consumption of milk and milk products
Gelatin products (when manufacturing process is done
correctly)
18. ANIMAL TRANSMISSION
BSE
Cattle feed
Sheep carcasses infected with scrapie
Cattle carcasses infected with unknown TSE
Maternal transmission occurs at very low levels
SCRAPIE
Spread from ewe to offspring through placenta and placental
fluids
Genetic susceptibilities
19. FSE and exotic zoo animal forms
Feed contaminated with BSE infected cattle products
CWD: Environmental, other?
TME: Not known at this time
Number of animals infected experimentally
Hamsters, mice, rats, voles, gerbils, some species of monkeys
20. DISEASE IN HUMAN
Variant CJD Classic CJD
Average age at
Onset
26.3 years 65 years
Duration of
Illness
14.1 months 4.5 months
Transmission Eating BSE
contaminated
products
Sporadic
21. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS: VCJD
Initial symptoms
Depression and schizophrenia like psychosis
Neurological signs
Unsteadiness, difficulty walking, and involuntary muscle
movements
Progression
Become completely immobile and mute
22. DIAGNOSIS: VCJD
U.K. criteria for antemortem diagnosis
Neuropsychiatric disorder
with duration
longer than 6 months
Specific clinical signs
Abnormal EEG
Tonsilar biopsy with detection of prion protein
23. DIAGNOSIS: VCJD
Post mortem definitive diagnosis
Amyloid plaques surrounded by vacuoles
Prion protein accumulation in cerebellum
Spongiform appearance in gray matter
24. TREATMENT: VCJD
No effective treatment available
Experimental drugs under investigation
Quinicrine
Symptomatic treatment
Supportive care
25. TSE IN ANIMALS
INCUBATION PERIOD
Scrapie: Sheep 2-5 years
BSE: Cattle 2-8 years
CWD: Deer and elk 18 months
TME: Mink 7+ months
FSE: Feline unknown, most 4-9 years of age
26. CLINICAL SIGNS: BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD
INITIAL CLINICAL SIGNS SUBTLE, MAINLY BEHAVIORAL
Increased excitability, nervousness, aggressiveness, and
increased sensitivity to noise
Pruritus and rubbing
Sheep
27. CLINICAL SIGNS: BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD
Terminal state
Hypokinesis, hypermetria, falling and general paresis
Tremors and muscle fasciculations
Neck and face
Wasting despite good appetite
PU/PD in deer and elk
29. CLINICAL SIGNS: FSE
Behavioral changes, tremors, ataxia
Increased aggression
Later stages
Somnolence
Convulsions
Excessive salivation
Hyper-responsiveness to loud noise
Dilated pupils
Death in 6-8 weeks
30. DIAGNOSIS
Post mortem: detection of prion
Microscopic examination of brain tissue at necropsy
Live animal tests: USDA/APHIS
Tonsillar biopsy in deer
Time consuming and expensive
3rd eyelid test in sheep
Blood tests
31. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1989: Import restrictions
Live ruminants and ruminant products
From countries known to have BSE
1997
Import restrictions expanded to
include all European countries
FDA “animal feed rule”
Banned most mammalian proteins as food source for ruminants
32. GOVERNMENT PRECAUTIONS
Targeted surveillance
High risk animals
Adult animals with neurological signs
Non-ambulatory “downer” cows
Rabies- negative cattle
Cattle dying on farms
2003: 20,000 animals tested for BSE
47 times the number required by the OIE
2004: Enhanced surveillance
Test maximum number of animals possible
33. SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR
HUNTERS REGARDING CWD
Dress the deer/elk properly
Minimize handling of brain and spinal tissues
Wear rubber gloves when field dressing
Use strong household bleach for cleaning knifes and saws
Any suspicious elk and deer should be reported to
health officials
Testing of elk and deer available in many states
34. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Surveillance for CJD in US
CDC
Blood/plasma donation restrictions
Persons who have traveled or resided in the U.K. for 3
or more cumulative months from 1980 to 1996.