Etching is an intaglio printmaking technique that uses acid or mordant to cut into a metal plate to create designs. It is one of the oldest printmaking forms dating back 500 years. The process involves covering a metal plate in wax or resin, using an etching needle to cut an image, then dipping the plate in acid which bites into the exposed metal. Etching allows for detailed images but is very time consuming.
Linocut is a variant of woodcut printing where a linoleum sheet is carved into instead of wood. The carved areas will print in black while the remaining areas will be blank. It provides a precise image and is well suited for printing multiples like cards or posters in a
Art Appreciation: Intro to Printmaking Paige Prater
Covers a variety of relief and intaglio printmaking processes, with examples of student work and pieces by Adam Palmer, Josh Banks, Christopher Wallace (UNT grads), and more well-known printmakers. Relief and intaglio processes such as linocut, woodcut relief, lithography, and screenprinting are introduced.
Art Appreciation: Intro to Printmaking Paige Prater
Covers a variety of relief and intaglio printmaking processes, with examples of student work and pieces by Adam Palmer, Josh Banks, Christopher Wallace (UNT grads), and more well-known printmakers. Relief and intaglio processes such as linocut, woodcut relief, lithography, and screenprinting are introduced.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. Etching
Definition: Etching is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the
unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal (the
original process—in modern manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other
types of material). As an intaglio method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the
most important technique for old master prints, and remains widely used today.
Etching
Etching is one of the oldest known forms of print making and dates
back to around 500 years ago, The process of etching consists of
using sheets of metal, usually made of copper or zinc, and acid
used to etch the print onto the metal. When creating this type of
print the artist can use complicated methods to create different
effects, but always relies on acid to etch the plate .
Etching is usually a complicated method. The more detailed the
etching is the more time consuming and expensive it becomes.
Etching is a dated method and was more popular in historic times.
There are now different types of making print which is easier and
less time consuming which has made etching more dated. Etching by Jacques
Bellange, Gardener
with basket c1612
4. Intaglio
Intaglio is a family of printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a
surface, known as the matrix or plate. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a
surface, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, dry point, aquatint or
mezzotint. Collographs may also be printed as intaglio plates.
History
Intaglio was invented in Germany around the 1430’s well after the woodcut
print, although intaglio is similar to woodcut it is the method of engraving and making
prints. Intaglio uses the art of engraving which had been used by goldsmiths to
decorate metalwork such as; armour and musical instruments.
Process
The process of etching consists of a plate being covered in resin or an acid-resistant
wax, once you have prepared the plate you will then use a etching needle to etch the
image into the ground, revealing the plate underneath. The plate is the dipped into acid.
The acid bites into the plate where it was exposed from etching.
Intaglio is a dated process of print making, this would usually be used to when
someone is creating a fine piece of detailed art work, this is usually a very time
consuming process.
5. Linocut
Linocut is a printmaking technique, a variant of woodcut in which a sheet of
linoleum (sometimes mounted on a wooden block) is used for the relief surface.
A design is cut into the linoleum surface with a sharp knife, V-shaped chisel or
gouge, with the raised areas representing a reversal (mirror image) of the parts
Processprinted.
to show
Lino printing is the process where the printing is cut into
linoleum(Floor covering). The lino is then inked and a piece
of paper is placed over it, once this part is completed it is
then run through a printing press or pressure is applied by
hand to transfer the ink to the paper.
Linocut may be used to make simple pictures as the more
detailed the linocut is the more difficult it would be to cut out.
People may use the method of lino cut when they are
creating a large amount of the same picture for example;
Christmas cards. People may find it easier to cut one picture
and use it various times rather then re-drawing the same
picture as it saves time, it also gives a more neat a precise
look.
6. Screen Print
Screen Printing is a form of print media which uses a woven mesh to support as
ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink
or other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp-
edged image onto a substrate. A roller is then placed on the area forcing the ink out,
the ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing surface. It is also known as
silkscreen, serigraphy, and serigraph printing.
Coating and printing process
Coating and printing processes involve the
application of a thin film of functional material to a
substrate, such as paper, fabric, film, foil or sheet
stock. This article discusses what is frequently
termed 'roll-to-roll' or 'web-based' coating. A roll of
substrate, when wound through the coating
machine, is typically called a web.
7. Woodcut
Woodcut occasionally known as xylography—is a relief printing artistic technique in
printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the
printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed,
typically with gouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife or chisel,
leaving the characters or image to show in 'black' at the original surface level.
Process
A plank of wood with a flat parallel is usually selected. Originally wood was
only available to cut along the grain or cut across it. The plank of wood is
then cut along the grain, the grain will have hard and soft areas related to the
growth of the tree, this makes it less predictable to cut into. The direction of
the grain plays an important part in the type of mark that can be made for
example cutting across the grain causes a splintered edge to the line.
8. lithography
Lithography is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal
plate with a completely smooth surface. Invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois
Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works, lithography can be used
to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material
Lithography was originally used as an image drawn into a coating of wax or an oily
substance applied to a plate of lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to a
blank paper sheet, and so produce a printed page. In modern lithography, the image is
made of a polymer coating applied to a flexible aluminium plate.
As a printing technology, lithography is different from intaglio printing, where a plate is
either engraved, etched, or stippled to score cavities to contain the printing ink; and
woodblock printing, and letterpress printing, in which ink is applied to the raised surfaces
of letters or images.
10. Letterpress
Letter press is the form of print which is used with a tool called the ‘type high
bed’, this tool is reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet
of paper to obtain a positive right-reading image.
Letter press is most commonly used when writing
out in hand, this makes it easier and more
efficient when re-creating the same piece of work
various times. People may use Letter press when
creating invites, as they still want the invite to
look personal they would like it to look hand
written, with letter press they are able to achieve
this look and also have a less time consuming
way of creating something which has to be done
a number of times.
People that choose to use letter press may
choose it because it is quite a simple way of
creating something which also looks detailed due
to the imprints, they may also choose it as it is a
quick and easy way of creating something and is
relatively cheap.
11. Gravure
Definition: With gravure printing an image is etched on the surface of a metal plate,
the etched area is filled with ink, then the plate is rotated on a cylinder that transfers the
image to the paper or other material.
The process of gravure printing, is where the
image printed consists of depressions or
recesses on the surface of the printing plate.
The process is the reverse of relief
printing, this is where the image is raised
from the surface of the plate. The printer
forms the image by cutting into the plate by
hand or by using acids or other chemicals to
etch the plate along the lines of the desired
image. The printer then covers the plate with
ink and wipes the ink from the higher
surface, leaving the depressions, or intaglio
areas, filled with ink. Paper pressed to the
plate then absorbs ink from the depressed
areas.
13. Photocopying
A photocopier is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual
images quickly and cheaply. Most current photocopiers use a technology called
xerography, a dry process using heat. (Copiers can also use other technologies such
as ink jet.
Photocopying is a recently developed way of copying
pieces of work. By using a self-service photocopier
machine people are able to take a single piece of work and
copy it into many more pieces, this has become the most
popular way of creating copies of work, the reason it has
become so popular is because it is a simple machine
which does all the work, the machine scans the piece of
work then prints out the number of copies needed. On
most machines people need to type in the number of
copies and the machine does the rest of the work. It is
more efficient and creates it in a small amount of time.
14. Laser Printing
laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality
text and graphics on plain paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction
printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process
A laser printer is a printer powered by an electrically charged rotating drum coated with
selenium, this is more commonly used in modern printers. This printers use a process
called photoconductivity which removes charge from the areas exposed to light. Dry ink
particles are then electrostratically picked up by the drums charged area. The drum then
prints the image onto paper by direct contact and heat, this fuses the ink onto the paper.
15. Ink Jet
Ink jet printer is a printer which works through spraying iornized ink at a sheet of
paper, by using magnetized plats in the ink’s path direct the ink onto the paper in
desired shapes.
Alike laser printers, ink-jet printers can also produce high quality print. A typical ink-
jet printer provides a resolution of 300 dots per inch.
The benefits of having an ink jet printer is that the price of having the ink-jet is lower
than that of laser printer. Although they may be cheaper, they are also considerably
slower.
Another drawback of ink-jet printers is that they require a special type of ink that is
apt to smudge on inexpensive copier paper.
Because ink-jet printers require smaller mechanical parts than laser printers, they
are especially popular as portable printers.
16. Desktop publishing(DTP)
Desktop publishing (DTP) is the creation of documents using page layout software
on a personal computer.
Desktop publishing is a term used to describe the development of a specific type of
software. Its about using that software to join and rearrange text and images as well as
creating digital files.
Before the innovation of desktop publishing software, the tasks involved in desktop
publishing were done manually, by a variety of people and involved both graphic design
and prepress tasks is the use of the computer confusion about create visual publishing
Desktop publishing which sometimes leads to and software to what desktop
is and how ideas and information. Desktop publishing documents may be for
displays of it is done
desktop or commercial printing or electronic distribution including PDF, slide
shows, email newsletters, and the Web.