Pre-War Era Dbq

Pre-War Era Dbq
The Pre Civil War Era was a Pax Romana a time of peace before the war.The Financial Panic of
1819 was the country's first major economic depressions. It was the beginning of the Pre Civil War
Era. November 6 of 1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected as president of the United States. In office
Abraham receives the first transcontinental telegraph message. A few important people during the
Pre Civil War Era were, John Quincy Adams,Susan B. Anthony,and Andrew Jackson. John Quincy
Adams helped secure the Treaty of 1818. Susan B. Anthony was an activist for women's rights. A
hero of the Battle of New Orleans and the Greek War was Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson ran for
President in 1828 and won. The Pre Civil War Era brought about many Revolutionary
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The Cold War Era During World War II
The Cold War Era that followed the end of World War II was unlike any Americans had seen before.
After defeating Germany and its allies in the war, the United States faced a change on the home
front: young Americans rushed into marriage and parenthood in unprecedented numbers. In
Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, Elaine Tyler May describes these
changes from the end of the war through the early 1960s. The author makes a compelling range of
arguments about the changes that affected Americans during this period. Mainly, May argues that
the "domestic containment" that arose after World War II promoted the new dynamic of a suburban
lifestyle, in part because of the increasing fright of looming communism during the Cold War Era.
May coins the term "domestic containment" as the center of her argument in her book Homeward
Bound. "Domestic containment" refers to the happy American suburban lifestyle home that was
reinforced by popular culture because of the scare of communism. All of May's other arguments in
the book hinge on her larger focus on "domestic containment" being Americans' overriding ideology
during the early Cold War. May states, "The self–contained home held out the promise of security in
insecure world. It also offered a vision of abundance and fulfillment. As the cold war began, young
postwar Americans were homeward bound." It had become evident to Americans that the world
outside the natural boundaries of the country was unstable. The

The Civil War: The Reconstruction Era
The Reconstruction Era, between the years of 1865–1877, was the difficult time because of post–
war problems. The plan for the reconstruction of the South for Lincoln was to do so during the Civil
War and form as Union soldiers. The Civil War was a time of anger between the north and the south.
Although the war only lasted for four years, it was concluded as the bloodiest war and most
importantly the result would affect the United States as a country forever. The outcome lasted in the
Union winning, which was the north.
Reconstruction Era was a time period in which the war had ended and around four million slaves
finally got their freedom. People were not celebrating that victory, but worrying about all the
problems of the South and what

The During The Civil War Era
Between the 1900s and 1975 the United States experiences growth in many areas of higher
education (HE). Various publications, people, acts and legislation influenced change in thought,
access, policy, practice, and assessment of HE. From the Civil War Era to the Mass Education Era
we witnessed the struggle of African Americans that influenced important legislation, the
Progressive Movement and the birth of the Wisconsin Idea, the publication and revision of the
Student Personnel Point of View, the President's Commission on Higher Education, and the passing
of the Higher Education Act. All of which contributed to the growth of HE during this time period.
Very few free Blacks had the opportunity to attend college during the Civil War Era. ... Show more
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As the Reconstruction Era ended so did the market for professional job opportunities for African
Americans. An area for work opportunity for African Americans was seen in the industrial labor
markets. Booker T. Washington, a freedman and graduate of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural
Institute, was one of the biggest advocated for the pursuit of practical training and manual labor for
African Americans. He was a teacher and later elected president at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
(now the Tuskegee University). There he trained Black students to become teachers, farmers, and
construction workers. Many students were apart of a work–study program and helped construct
buildings at the Tuskegee Institute. Around the same time, another freedman, W.E.D Du Bois had
his own ideas about African American education. He was a Harvard graduate; the first African
American to received a doctorate degree, and a co–founder of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He criticized Washington's vocational style of
education and argued that it promoted submission to White Southern rule. He gained followers and
led student protests at Hampton, Howard, and Fisk in the 1920s. As a result of the protests, the first
Black president at Howard was elected in 1926 (Allen & Jewell 2002). Today, more than 100 HBCU
still remain in the U.S. and have

Civil War During The Reconstruction Era
During the Reconstruction Era, Congress passed many laws to provide equal rights to people of
color. But at the local level, specifically in the South, many Democrats took the law into their own
hands. They supported the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) hoping to restore the pre–Civil War social
hierarchy. The texts in Going to the Source illustrates two groups of individuals who opposed the
KKK. In testimonies given by white witnesses, Republicans from the North felt the KKK posed a
political and social danger in the South, but did not feel intimidated. The testimonies given by black
witnesses were people who had experience of the Klan's violence, and felt their lives were
threatened. The Klan's attacks on whites were more inclined towards social harassment, while their
attacks on blacks, which consisted of voting intimidation and night rides, were violent and abusive
because the KKK's main goal was white supremacy. After the Civil War, many white Republicans
from the North moved down South in order to develop more economic opportunities. But this meant
that white Republicans brought their own political beliefs. For example, many Northerners that
moved down South encouraged economic developments models such as a free labor market.
According to David Hardin, a post–Civil War historian, Northerners "play a central role in shaping
new southern governments during Reconstruction" (18). The KKK viewed these white Northerners
as moral threat to their political views, so they "would write

The Era Of 1915 After The Civil War
Freedom and the way it is seen is always changing, even in today's time. When new presidents are
elected for example, this gives significant power to whoever is elected. Their views on things like
color or restrictions on people can impact everyone. Even the word itself has many meanings to it
that vary. Many times, laws get passed by the government that we think is helping the nation
expand, this is not always the case. From the Post–Civil War, up to the twenty–first century there
has been plenty of examples that have expanded but have also limited freedom. In the beginning of
1865 after the Civil War was the Reconstruction Era, this was the time were America was described
as free and a new nation. Although the abolishment of slavery raised the question of what freedom
truly meant. Later, in the Progressive Era of 1915 freedom was identified politically and
economically rather than identified by race. Having looked at freedom from both the Reconstruction
Era and the Progressive Era, the Reconstruction Era expanded freedom and the Progressive Era
restricted freedom. In the beginning of the Reconstruction Era African Americans saw freedom as
escaping the biases that came from slavery. Also, escaping denial of access to an education,
punishments by the lash, separation of families, etc. as described in chapter 15 of Give Me Liberty!
An American History Novel. Now, African Americans escaped the control of white Americans. They
created churches of their own, also African

During the Vietnam War Era
During the Vietnam War era, the United States and other democratic and free nations were fearful of
communism spreading to more parts of the world. They fought two world wars to protect freedom,
and to contain the communist movements. The foreign policy of the United States evolved to that of
a pre–emptive type strike on the possibility of communism surfacing and threatening free countries.
Harry S. Truman began to theorize that if a communist nation took over a non–communist state,
then neighboring countries would also fall. This became known as the "domino effect," and was the
foreign policy that Dwight D. Eisenhower applied to countries in South East Asia in the 1950s. The
United States' role in Vietnam spanned from 1955 to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There began riots and demonstrations, many of which were on the campuses of American education
institutions, such as the Kent State protests, ending in bloodshed on United States' soil. By 1967,
less than half of the population agreed with the war and wanted American forces out of the conflict.
By 1968, the Tet Offensive occurred, in which dozens of populous South Vietnam cities were
severely attacked by Viet Cong and NVA offenses, even penetrating the American Embassy. This
shocked the American public, who were told victory was near. The disgust with the war grew more
day by day in the hearts of the American public. By this time, Richard Nixon entered the office of
president. Coupled with growing sentiment for a war some thought would never end, Nixon began
drawing down American troops on the suggestions of his advisors who said at best, America could
achieve an honorable settlement so that the South Vietnamese could survive. Nixon withdrew troops
down in a process called "Vietnamization", which included training and providing weapons and
resources to the South Vietnamese to hold their ground with less and less American troop
intervention.
On March 29th, 1973 the last American military unit left Vietnam. Fighting in the country
continued, but American forces were no longer involved. With advisors feeling like it was a war that
would never see

Vietnam War : A Cold War Era Conflict
Vietnam Conflict
The Vietnam War was a Cold War–era conflict that started in 1946 and ended in 1974, taking nearly
30 years to resolve. The war was fundamentally a conflict between North Vietnam and South
Vietnam, where the North was communist and South was not. The United States, France, the United
Kingdom and other non–communist allies supported the non–communist South Vietnam. China,
Russia (USSR), Cuba, Cambodia and other Communist allies supported the regime in the north.
North Vietnam saw the United States involvement in the North as foreign aggression, so they fought
guerilla wars against the anti–communist forces in the region. Guerilla forces (the Viet Cong) and
the regular North Vietnamese Army were responsible for fighting the anticommunist forces. The
conflict mainly consisted of small battles until the onset of air attacks –– part of an overall strategy
of massive bombing and search–and–destroy operations, which South Vietnam and the Americans
hoped would win the war.
During the 1950s, US advisors were sent to French Indochina or what is South Vietnam (Eckhardt,
1991:6). Because of many internal conflicts with the North trying to take over the South, U.S.
increased their involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s, nearly quadrupling the number of American
troops in South Vietnam during 1961 and in 1962 (Hayes, 2014). The US continued to deepen its
involvement, so that by the end of 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin resolution gave the President the
authority to assign massive

The Various Eras Of The Civil War
The civil war was a grave cause of many events. Many people may see the results of the war as a
chain reaction to many following eras. One of the most prominent eras that emerged from the civil
war was the reconstruction era. The reconstruction era emerged around 1865 and continued until
1877. This time period generally refers to the time in United States history in which the federal
government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union.
The States were divided into the Union (North) and Confederacy (South).
The Division of Nation
It was in 1860 when the United states was divided. The states were divided into free states,
confederate states, and slaves states that supported the union. The ... Show more content on
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Many things were put into play to ensure true reconstruction for both the states and Blacks. Leading
up to the Reconstruction Lincoln put into play a couple of things. Pre reconstruction was created just
before the reconstruction era to some plans into place to ensure full usage of the reconstruction era.
some plans put into place to consisted of the Emancipation Proclamation and the ten percent plan.
Programs and place that were put into place during the Reconstruction era included the forty acres,
Freedmen 's bureau was established, freedmen 's savings bank was created, the pardons policy was
created, the 13th amendment is ratified. It was the 1st of December in the year of 1865 that
President Andrew Johnson declares the reconstruction act complete. Although Johnson declared it to
be the end of reconstruction many movements followed ensuring the best outcome for the era, there
also movements that were created in resistance to what the civil war stood for, The end of the war
resulted in the the growth of the south, the founding of Ku Klux Klan, the civil rights bill was
passed, racial violence increases, state 's returned to the union, and many more.
Before reconstruction Lincoln implemented the ten percent rule. The ten percent rule asserted that
the rebel states would be able to be readmitted into the Union only under the condition that ten
percent of its

The Cold War Era
After the end of World War II, Europe was in ruins. Between bomb damage, economic downturn,
and natural disasters such as droughts and blizzards it seemed nearly impossible to restore Europe to
its prior greatness. America facilitated the recovery of Europe with military and financial aid and
helped prevent the spread of communism, which is proven to overtake even the strongest countries
in times of distress. This aid crushed the Soviet dream of a communist Europe, which set off the
Cold War. Over the next 45 years, the United States and the Soviet Union would resemble two angry
women, avoiding each other at all costs and exploding into a furious rage at the first sight of the
other. Many events contributed to and were derived from the Cold War such as the Truman Doctrine
and Marshall Plan, the Civil Rights movement, the Space Race, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the
Kennedy Assassination, and the hippie movement. Some of the most important questions that could
be asked of these events are these: of what significance were they to the Cold War and where would
the world be today if they had never happened? Lessons learned from the past affect everything
about the future, and without these events, America, and even the world, would not be where it is
today. The Cold War was largely characterized by how the United States treated the struggling
European nations. Addressing a joint session of Congress, Harry S Truman requested $400 million
in military and economic aid for Greece

Civil War And The Era Of Slavery
Throughout the history of America, the "civilization" of slaves has been a complex issue that is often
not looked at nor discussed enough in society. In its general definition, most people would think
civilization is the process in which a person or animal is adapted to fit into a society. While this
definition is technically correct, this is a simple example of what the word truly means. In the
context of slavery, this term means the systematic dehumanization of people who were abused or
imprisoned as slaves. It is the utter torture and excruciating pain that these people, who were not
even considered humans, faced everyday until death. This was the justification that politicians and
slave owners alike used as justification for slavery; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could include the right to vote, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press. To this day what
seem to be reasonable protections are constantly challenged by people in government and power.
But an example from the past would be Martin Luther King Jr. and his fight for civil rights during
the 1960's. This man spent most of his life up until he was assassinated non–violently protesting for
the equal rights for all Americans. In his "Letter From Birmingham Jail", Dr. King explains how the
lack of economic and educational resources are killing his communities: "One is a force of
complacency, made up in part of Negroes who, as a result of long years of oppression, are so
drained of self–respect and a sense of "somebodiness" that they have adjusted to segregation; and in
part of a few middle class Negroes who, because of a degree of academic and economic security and
because in some ways they profit by segregation, have become insensitive to the problems of the
masses" (King Jr). Dr. King was explaining that if basic legal rights such as voting, education, and
economic security were not safeguarded, the government was failing to do its job. He also
mentioned that "long years of oppression", which includes slavery, has been a major blow to the
humanity of African Americans. His words still affect us today due to discrimination in the criminal
justice system and well as economic inequality

US and the Cold War Era
While the U.S. maintained a relatively confusing agenda regarding foreign policies during the Cold
War era, its attitudes are clearer in the present as globalization has strengthened connections
between all international actors and made it more difficult for some to focus on maintaining hostile
outlooks. The U.S. has had a long history with Syria and Israel, as the superpower has struggled to
keep the two countries from abusing each–other and has, at times, provided the latter with
significant financial and military support. However, U.S. involvement in Israel–Syrian relations has
declined significantly in the recent decades, only to emerge in the last few years as a consequence of
the fact that the Middle East currently experiences a serious political crisis.
The U.S. has focused on strengthening relations with Israel ever since the end of the Cold War. In
contrast, the superpower has come to consider that Syria is not necessarily an important actor when
taking into account international affairs and did not invest a great deal of resources in securing a
strong connection with the country. The Clinton Administration picked up foreign relations
consequent to the end of the Cold War and acknowledged that Syria was an actor that needed to be
provided with significant attention by an international body. George W. Bush, however, did
understand the U.S. role in keeping Syrians from expressing interest in extremist ideas. "The Bush
Administration's overall policy toward Syria

Women In The Civil War Era
Women in the civil war era
Women cannot fight, perform manual labor and certainly cannot handle the rigors of war. This fact
has been handed down to us since the beginning of time, so it must be true, right? The Civil War and
the years leading up to it are very much like other times of war. Men are the dominate force in
policy, finance and rights. Women are fighting for justice, equality and a say in the country that they
call home. Women are regularly oppressed and looked down upon, yet when the country is in
turmoil they rise to the challenge.
Women's rights movements are in full force leading up to the war. Elizabeth Stanton dominates the
Seneca Falls Convention, but falls short of reforms she is passionate about as reporters dismiss the
meetings in their local papers. The National Woman's Rights Convention is meeting the years prior
up to the Civil War; women did not gain the power they fight for. The times are changing and
women will once again be called on to save the country from a downward spiral. ... Show more
In the North women arose to the challenge. They drew on their history of charity work and
volunteerism to organize the procurement and distribution of supplies. Uniforms, sock and
undergarments are among the many things women made for the soldiers. Many crucial items
supplied by women's charities are not supplied by the government in quantities needed to maintain
even minimal protection for soldiers. Without the help of women, many soldiers would go without.
Changing the war from home was only one of the ways women helped in the Civil War

The World War II Era
The ideology that a specific religious, political, or ethnic group is superior to others, a key trait of
totalitarianism, played a role in World War II–era atrocities such as the pogroms against the Jewish
community in Germany, the killing of dissidents in the USSR, and the brutal treatment and
massacres of the Chinese by the Japanese army.
The Nazi ideation espoused by Adolf Hitler, for instance, led to the implementation of various
pogroms in Germany attacking those seen as inferior. The ideology, or set of beliefs used to justify
the goals of and actions taken by the government, promoted by Hitler was that all "pure" Germans
formed a master race called the "Aryan race". This belief manifested itself in discrimination against
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those in the concentration camps faced brutal treatment from Nazi officials stationed there, abused
for even asking questions or speaking out ("Night" reading), and were fed little to no food (Textbook
pg. 504). Others were gassed, with so many dead bodies having accumulated after a certain point
that the Nazis began incinerating the bodies to create space. By the end of this Holocaust, the
population of Jews in Europe had diminished by millions, especially in Poland, where only 15
percent of the population remained (Holocaust Lecture, 3/9). Overall, the horrifying drop in the
Jewish population that was caused by the genocide carried out by Adolf Hitler was allowed to
unfold thanks to the growing popularity of the ideology that claimed Jews were inferior and that the
"Aryan master race" needed to stay pure and in power. With this ideology used to justify the
massacring of the "genetically unfit", it was clearly the root of the atrocities that took place in Nazi
Germany.
The fervent propagation of Communist Party ideologies such as willingness to share property and
total loyalty to the government also led to atrocities being committed under Joseph Stalin in the
Soviet Union. While a communist government as conceived by Karl Marx involved a "dictatorship
of the proletariat", in which everyone shared power and wealth, by the time Stalin came to power in
the

The Eruption Of The Korean War Era
The eruption of the Korean War brought the abrupt requirement for the expansion of aviation.
Helicopters and the Army were very limited in their capabilities, acquisitions of aircraft, laws in
place, and industry could not keep up with the demand. These limitations ultimately were overcome
because the need was required during the war. Army Aviation saw expansions of their force structure
and how operations were conducted on the battlefield. The Aviation Center at Fort Rucker, Alabama
was created to train Army aviators in flight training as well as develop a standard for Aviation a
cross the force. Bureaucracy was overcome by Aviation leaders who saw the potential of what the
helicopter could deliver to the ground force commanders. The ... Show more content on
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With the acquisition of new aircraft, the training requirements increase as well. The Aviation Center
at Fort Rucker, Alabama was created to train Army aviators in flight training as well as develop a
standard for Aviation a cross the force. Through all of these challenges, the foundation was set for
Army Aviation to grow into the fighting force we know now.
Helicopter Advancement
The Korean War forced many changes on the way helicopters were used. Most importantly, the
medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) function was a pivotal function Army Aviation could provide to
the ground commanders. The potential of helicopters on the battle field were huge, but there were
some hurdles that needed to be overcome. The Army largely depended on the Marine Corps
experiences in Korea to develop programs of their own (Kreisher, 2011). This inspired the Army to
field the Bell YH–13 as a replacement for the light, fixed–wing, observation aircraft. In 1950, less
than two months before the Korean War, the Army approved five transportation rotary–wing
companies to begin producing aircraft.
Limitations of Army Helicopters In September, 1950, General J. Lawton Collins asked the Air Force
to remove weight restrictions of 3,500 pounds, limiting what the Army could do with their
helicopters. After a year of debates and meetings, a formal agreement between the Air Force and the
Army removed the weight limitations. The United

The Elizabethan Era And The Great War
The Elizabethan era and the Great War era were both times of profound change and struggle and this
is reflection through the fashion of both eras. The Elizabethan Era began in 1558 when Elizabeth I
ascended to the throne, switching England from Catholicism under Queen Mary to Protestant. The
era ended in 1603 with the death of Elizabeth. A little over 3 centuries later, the Great War broke out
after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. After four years of fighting, the Great War
ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. The outbreak of war in 1914 and the ongoing
conflict in Elizabethan England between the Catholics and Protestants meant that fashion was
constantly changing in response to the political and social turmoil of the times. Whilst Elizabethan
fashion restricted spontaneous fashion as well as being a status of status and wealth, Great War
fashion liberated women by allowing them to wear pants and the cut of garments were more natural
to allow for ease of movement. Both eras utilized fabrics such as silk, cotton and wool in the fashion
world. However due to fabric shortages in World War I, synthetic fabrics such as rayon, were used
as a cheaper and more readily available alternative. Both the Elizabethan and World ... Show more
The extreme and distorted silhouettes of the Elizabethan Era are in stark contrast to the pared back
fashion of the war years. Furthermore, Queen Elizabeth's intelligence and ruthlessness made her a
formidable political force (Fischel, 2012) and due to portraiture being the main artistic genre of the
time we can see the way Elizabeth influenced and dictated the fashions of her day. On the other
hand, fashion during the war years was dictated by fabric rationing and the need for more practical
and comfortable clothing was apparent especially in women's

Civil War And The Era Of Reconstruction
Between 1860 and 1877, the era of reconstruction in America had been ineffably prominent with
societal and constitutional change. Between achievements such as the Freedmen's Bureau of 1865,
helping recently freed slaves, to the 14th amendment establishing a set equal rights, multiple
advancements to the country had been created. While the dilemmas of the reconstruction period
were often caused by the Northern versus Southern ideals after fighting a bloody Civil War, or
tackling racial inequality, the question of constitutionality of the era's laws were regarded as the
essential piece to the time's strife. Moreover, there was often argument if whether the federal
government, morally and constitutionality, was privileged to decide on laws not explicitly stated in
the Constitution. Supporters of federal government heavy ruling often debated with those in support
of sovereign states, leading to deeper issues then who was creating rules. Important topics of the era
like allowing state government to decide on race issues such as black suffrage, or the enforcement of
the Black Codes started at the root of power. With these adverse differences in who should first hold
and manifest the power of the nation, great revolutionary debates, ideals, and attacks transpired.
These various constitutional and social evolutions catalyzed into a revolution regarding the state and
federal power in the nation.
A large cause to revolution was the argument as to why a federal and central government

The Vietnam War Era Of American History
Stanley Karnow describes the Vietnam War era of American history as "...a tragedy of epic
dimensions..."1 and it is fair to postulate that this is no understatement. One of the more pertinent
ramifications of the Vietnam War was the deconstruction of fundamental, if somewhat illusory,
American conceptions and ideals. The war shattered America's hitherto unshakeable "confidence"2
in its political hegemony, military prowess and assumed authority in world order, i.e. "...its moral
exclusivity, its military invincibility and manifest destiny..."3 The war that was never officially
declared is one that American society and culture would rather unofficially forget. Karnow argues:
"...in human terms...the war in Vietnam was a war that nobody won – a struggle between
victims..."4, moreover to augment this standpoint, I would argue that another significant and
concurrent victim of the Vietnam War was, and still is, the truth. Memory is an intrinsic and integral
facet of human existence, crucially affecting every aspect of our character, actions, emotions and
experiences. Furthermore, as Marita Sturken suggests, "...memory establishes life's continuity...and
provides the very core of identity...."5, furthermore cultural memory is "...memory shared outside
the avenues of formal historical discourse yet is entangled with cultural products and imbued with
cultural meaning..."6 Therefore, it would be logical to assume that American cultural memory
innately presupposes American cultural identity. In the

The Cold War Era
Cold War The cold war started in 1945 and ended in 1989. It was a war between the United States
and the Soviet Union. This war took place right after WWII and it is called the cold war because
there were no real battles such as with tanks and bombs. The history on the United States in war is
that before the cold war the United States had fought in 24 battles and they won 17 of them. The
strength and the courage that the United States has when they go to war are unbelievable. Their win
to loss ratio on wars is so incredible and the weapons that they got to use weren't as accurate as
todays weapons are now. The United States and the Soviet Union both liked to make bombs. They
both did everything they could to perfect them and to train guys how to use them so they could use
them for military purposes. The cold war got started by the erection of the Berlin Wall which was
used to stop people from escaping the country. When the wall got put up the Americans started
flying spy planes and found out that Soviets had nuclear missiles capable of going off and heading
straight for places in the United States. When the United States found out about the missiles they got
a navy Rhea 2
Blockade around Cuba so that the Soviets couldn't send war materials in and out. (Theodorous II)
During the middle of the cold war there was not really any one winning. The Americans and the
Soviet Union were just talking back and forth telling each other to put down their weapons and no

The Reconstruction Era During The Civil War
The Reconstruction Era beginning in 1865 marked the period where white men and recently freed
African Americans quarreled over the concept of equality on the basis of race as well as where
freedom extended to. After the Civil War, there was a power struggle between the Republican and
Democratic parties as they had extremely distinct ideas on whether African Americans should be
free and hold citizen rights. African Americans were able to achieve citizenship as well as have
"equality" through the 14th amendment, however the struggle did not finish here, tensions between
races remained throughout the decades and the actual use of the amendment was not widespread.
During this time, two influential men were able to experience each side of this political spectrum.
Robert Smalls was a former slave who was able to gain positions in congress and advocated for
political equality throughout the southern states. Wade Hampton, was a highly educated southern
planter, war leader and senator who never accepted racial equality, always seeking to end all
attempts of reform alongside the Democratic Party. The Reconstruction proposed by congress was
meant to abolish slavery and enforce fair labor laws. As this sounds ideal, both Smalls and Hampton
were bitterly disappointed with it and would agree that Reconstruction was a failure despite their
contrasting political views. In a speech in 1876 Robert Smalls advocates against the removal of
federal troops located in the South to enforce the new

The Era Of Reconstruction During The Civil War
The Era of Reconstruction started in 1855. After the Civil war ended the South was left in shambles.
Southern states were left in economic and politic distress and faced renewed social issues. The
objective of Reconstruction in the South was to restore the South economically, award freed African
Americans the rights to be equal citizens in the eyes of the law, and repair the breakage in the
Union. Though the people worked to restore the South they were unable to get over the differences
and realities needed to become whole again. The South was left in ruins after the war. Homes and
families were displaced, Railroads and industry were damaged, farms once full of cotton and
tobacco were stripped down to nothing. In aspirations that it ... Show more content on
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Without anywhere to go, freedmen returned to the lands and became a part of a system of labor
called "sharecropping". Freedmen were never able to make enough to support themselves and fell
further into debt. Not to mention the major drop in prices of major cash crops that once fueled the
South 's economy. Though the whole idea was to entrust freedmen with their independence and
allow the ability to build wealth, but the freedmen were practically remaining slaves but to the land
rather than the landowners. Even those who migrated to cities in order to leave the plantations were
unable to create a standard life. Many freedmen in the city were unable to get substantial wages and
lived a hard life. In an interview with a black labor it is explained, "He admitted to a journalist in
1870 that he had difficulties making ends meet on $1.50 a day" (457). It was common that laborers
working in factories or as maids/laundresses could barely afford to live. Reconstruction was to help
these people and help the economy but it never quite succeeded. In the same case, though given the
so called "freedoms" and "rights" freedmen struggled to achieve what was promised. Though the
goals of reconstruction were somewhat reached, the ideas of equality were not completely fulfilled.
In order to help the freedmen the Freedmen's Bureau was created. The agency did strive to help with
schools and education, but it lacked in some departments. The bureau just did not have the personnel
or

The Cold War Era Essay
Since World War II ended, the United States has been involved in several other conflicts, all of
which were much further from total war than was the Second World War. Many of these were "small
wars." During the Cold War, the military's goal was preparedness to fight two simultaneous major
contingency operations. Once the Soviet Union disintegrated, and the United States emerged as the
lone superpower, there appeared to be a period of peace on the horizon. The peace dividend never
fully materialized, due to the rise of new powers, influence of non–state actors, spread of weapons
of mass destruction and other challenges to international order. The United States today is leaving
Afghanistan, but faces concerns in several areas of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Defense Strategic Guidance states that in this current fiscal environment the armed forces will
no longer be sized to conduct prolonged stability operations. While this document says that the
forces will be sized based on the requirements of missions listed therein, which includes countering
terrorism and irregular warfare at the top of the list, it further states that versatility across the range
of missions will be maintained. In order to keep enough capability and capacity for high intensity
regular warfare as well as money to pay for training for this type of warfare, irregular warfare
programs and training will necessarily be less funded. The National Security Strategy and
Quadrennial Defense Review of 2010 set the National Military Objectives as countering violent
extremism, deterring and defeating aggression, strengthening international and regional security, and
shaping the future force. Just a few years later, after legislators caused massive cuts to defense
budgets due to sequestration and as the nation began to draw down its commitment in Afghanistan,
the Quadrennial Defense Review of 2014 outlined the Department of Defense's strategy as
emphasizing three pillars. The first, protecting the homeland, includes deterring and defeating
attacks on the nation and supporting civil authorities. The second, building security globally, focuses
on

The Era Of Reconstruction During The Civil War
The freedmen fought hard for their freedom and even though they got their freedom it was followed
by a brutal contraction, which was imposed by the white people. This contradiction is emblematic of
the African–American experience. The era of reconstruction was a short–term success, a medium–
term failure, and a foundation for the long–term successes of the civil rights movement in terms of
black freedom. The era of reconstruction exposed the radical limits of freedom for natural born
citizens in the post–civil war United States. The idea of freedom changed in a tremendous way for
the blacks.
I would like to begin by asking the same question James A. Garfield had asked in 1865, "What is
freedom", is it a bare privilege of not being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His story "Twelve Years a slave" has been made into a movie and is very heart touching. In his story
he described what it was like to be treated as human property.
Background
Africans Americans were enslaved since the 17th century. By the time of the American revolution
and the adoption of the the new constitution in 1787, the founder agreed to end the importation of
slaves. But soon slavery was once again thriving in the southern United States. This was due to the
introduction of the cotton mill.
The outbreak of the civil war changed the future of the American nation, it determined what kind of
a nation America would become. The main cause of the civil war was the uncompromising
differences between the free and the so called slave states. After Lincoln was elected president in
1860, the southern states broke away from the federal union believing that Lincoln would restrict
their right to own slaves. Slaves were treated very cruelly and many families were separated due to
this. In 1857 Dred Scott ruled that slaves are subhuman property with no right of citizenship. The
south defended their slave institutions by saying that the blacks are like children's and were
incapable of caring for themselves and slavery is what keeps them fed, clothed and occupied. Slaves
worked all sorts of jobs but the majority worked in plantations.
The civil war was one of the bitterest war in the American history. Many Americans died and many
were left

Civil War And The Reconstruction Era
The Civil War had ended and the Reconstruction era had given African American's a much–needed
voice in the electoral process. They were finally able to have rights in the way that business matters
were being organized. Unfortunately, this was short–lived. White domination took over every aspect
of life, particularly in the south. Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state was involved in
constitutional provisions and passing laws that were meant to completely wipe out the black vote
altogether. There were a few ways in which they did this. One was by charging a poll tax. If you
couldn't pay the tax, you couldn't vote. Although, this tax was waived for the equally poor white
voters. A handful of the southern states issued what was called

The War Of 1812 : The Causes Of The Era Of Good Feelings
The name "Era of Good Feelings" is partially valid because there was a lot of unity between the
people even though sectionalism would spring up during that era under President Monroe's
presidency as well. Under President Monroe's presidency, the War of 1812 broke out and was ended
through the Treaty of Ghent in 1812. News of the end of the war didn't reach America until 2 weeks
later so the Battle of New Orleans occurred and it consisted of Andrew Jackson defending New
Orleans because the British was intending to snatch the city and hopefully divide Louisiana from the
US. Jackson's army would end up killing 2,000 British soldiers including the chief. Jackson's army
didn't have many casualties as only 8 of his soldiers died. This victory caused Americans to be
happy and proud since throughout the War of 1812 there was just disappointments occurring. This
victory would therefore start the Era of Good Feelings as people would be proud and would show it
through things such establishing the National flag with stars resembling the states and the stripes
that would resemble the original 13 colonies.
The name of the events after the War of 1812, "The Era of Good Feelings" is partially valid because
there actually were moments of unity within the people of America. In Document B it basically says
that in order to keep the republic together they should do so by building a proper system of roads
and canals that could literally connect the people because the roads would lead to

The Cold War Era Analysis
The End of an Era Nothing lasts forever. With the end of World War II, Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
ruins, and America and the USSR vying for nuclear dominance; tension between these two super
powers increased setting the stage for a new and different kind of warfare. (USHistory.org) 1945, the
war had ended, Europe lay in tatters, and the Soviet Union loomed overhead ready to jump at the
chance to advance both its communist ideology and geological influence. (Friedman) On the other
hand the U.S.A. had wholly different plans for rebuilding. As Michael Friedman, a political
historian, says,
"American leaders now believed that U.S. political isolation from Europe after the First World War
had been a huge mistake, ...Now, with Soviet forces ensconced in half the continent, and with
communists strong in France, Italy, and, most important of all, Germany, U.S. policymakers again
had reason to be wary."
Suddenly, war did not seem so far away after all. Relations between America and the USSR had
always been somewhat strained, and as what would soon be known as the Cold War escalated, the
path to peace began to slip farther and farther away. From threats of nuclear warfare, to the disasters
of communist regimes, the Cold War sparked uncertainty and fear in American hearts. Never
officially declared, the exact dates of the Cold War remain a disputed mystery, however, most
historians will agree it did not end until the fall of the USSR in 1991. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the 1940s and 1950s, people started to realize the Soviet Union not only threatened them in
nuclear terms, but, also in its expansion of communism. (Bodden 7) Since they had strongly situated
themselves in Eastern Europe at the end of WWII, the USSR had not been idle. Carefully, the
Soviets had wheedled their way into Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungry and Czechoslovakia. Each
one of these countries held strongly to communist governments thanks to the Soviet

The Cold War And Postmodern Eras
America is often said to envelop in "culture of fear." American elites have established this
supremacy by the means of propaganda. From the Cold War to the War on Terror, these elites have
maintained power along with the American
Government to make sure they have control of their consumers. This has been accomplished with
the establishment of an American foreign policy that has helped create a bipolar world. It allows
America to focus on its interest and create a myth that the American people have a destiny to fulfill
in the world. Thus understanding the implications of a foreign policy and use of propaganda as a
way to inject fear into the American society is the tool that would be used during the Cold War and
Postmodern eras. It is then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Cold War was established after World War 2, where tensions between American and the Soviet
Union had created two sides. On March 12, 1947, the Truman Doctrine would establish the set of
ideas for a bipolar world. The Truman Doctrine was America 's foreign policy that would be the
building block for America 's foreign interests from 1947 – 1991 (Donaldson pg.35). According to
Andrew Bacevich, an American historian specializing in international relations, security studies,
American foreign policy, and American diplomatic and military history, wrote, "Foreign policy has,
for decades, provided an outward manifestation of American domestic ambitions, urges, and fears"
(Bacevich pg.5). Foreign policy would be the underlining factor that would direct America in its
conflicts against the Soviet Union. The doctrine was a speech given by Truman, asking congress for
the funding to stop the Communist expansion. Truman wanted to prevent the domino theory where
if one country fell to Communism, the others around it would soon follow. The Red Scare was
already forming even before World War 2 but did not catch on until the late 40s. The first Red Scare
was formed under the bipolar world, which sought to rid communism from America through
labeling. The civil rights movement in 1947 was cut short by the first Red Scare, as they were
labeled as communists (Donaldson pg.17). The elitists would take

The Era Of Civil War Essay
Times of Civil War
Ayanna Franks
Central High School
November 9, 2015
3rd Period
Abstract This historical event is very important to American People. This is how we as citizens
received our freedom. This event also helped the nation to progressed over the past years, to become
a better nation. I feel like if this event didn't occur than we as nation would not be able to
accomplish the things we had accomplished today.
The Times of the Civil War
The American Civil War (1861–1865), the nation could not resolve their differences between the
north and the south. The issue was freeing the slaves from captivity! President Lincoln was faced
with the issue of freeing the slaves. He knew with signing this declaration it will cause controversy
between the nation. He also knew that he has to do the right thing for the people but others felt he
only wanted to sign this declaration to win the votes of the minority. Even though, people had their
own opinions about his decision, they didn't agree with his decisions regarding this matter. On the
other hand, many other activist did agree with the actions of the president.
One activist that comes to mind with this historical event was Dr.Martin Luther King. He believed
that all people we created equal and that everyone should have the rights as others. One thing that
we did not learn in history that not all slaves were African American there were others who were in
captivity along with them. These activist fought for

The War Era Of Hawaii
War era in Hawaii was a historical time that Hawaii will never forget. Hawaii being in the middle of
the Pacific Ocean, made every country wanted to own Hawaii as it would be a great place to land
military and naval bases. Military bases started as early as 1898 but real use of the military was not
used until the attack on Pearl Harbor. By 1939 Pearl Harbor became the largest base in the Hawaiian
Islands, which hosted "one battleship dry–dock, two above ground oil tank farms, a hospital, Navy
and Army airfields, a submarine base, and many other facilities" (Chen, par. 2). United States was
the first to land naval bases, air corps and military first to be prepared of an attack from the
Philippines, but it was planned wrong when Japan did ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prewitt never gives up on his fellow soldiers and never gives up on protecting the islands.
The plan to protect Hawaii was when sugar and pineapple plantation was still big and making
Hawaii's economy stronger. During this time "the United States made Hawaii its "Pacific Gibraltar"
through the establishment and fortification of naval and army bases thought the islands, most
notably (and consequentially) Pearl Harbor on the island of Oʻahu" (Tengan, pg. 43). With the new
naval and army bases, Hawaiians started to dominate the law enforcements even though they only
made up fifteen percent of the population in the islands. This created more jobs for Hawaiians in the
city, like, road workers, teamsters and in the country. Education became a great benefactor to the
military. Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop provided in her will for the creation of two schools, one for
boys and one for girls. At Kamehameha School for Boys the school implemented for "military drills
and uniforms and organized the boys into companies with student officers" (Tengan, pg. 46). With
the overtake of military in schools it created alumni to serve as colonist for United States. The film
"From Here to Eternity" shows what it is like to prepare for the war, the difficulties that are to be in
the military. Originally Hawaii was not preparing war with Japan but with the Philippines which had
the War Department create "naval base at Pearl Harbor, Air Corps units were charged with

Essay Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era
The Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union forced its biologists to support the theory of the inheritance
of acquired characteristics, which opposed the conventional theory of genetics accepted by the
scientists in America and most of the world. This theory that environmentally induced changes to an
organism's physical or biochemical traits could be passed on to its offspring was the main tenet in
Lamarck's work during the early 1800s. It was accepted by most biologists during Lamarck's time,
until the work of Darwin on evolution by natural selection in the mid–1800s and the discovery of
Mendel's work on heredity in the early 1900s lead most biologists to discount Lamarck's theory.
However, in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Soviet scientist, Medvedev, argues that the dominance of Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union was
caused by "the classification of science as bourgeois or proletarian, the government's aim to increase
agricultural production, the censorship in the press, the isolation of Soviet scientists, and the Soviet's
centralization of science" (247–252). Joravsky, an American scholar, discounts Medvedev's
argument on the influence of Marxist theory and emphasizes Lysenko's appeal to improving
collectivized agriculture (The Lysenko Affair 228). Soyfer, a recent Russian scientist, adds that
Lysenko's appeal to Stalin's personal interests and views may have caused his popularity with the
state (Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science 202). However, these scholars focus on the forces
operating within the Soviet Union, and give little consideration to the larger Cold War climate. The
rhetoric of Lysenko's speech and other texts produced during the time shows that the Cold War had a
profound influence on how ideas were interpreted. The Cold War environment may have motivated
the Soviet state to support Lysenko's theory because it conflicted at a fundamental level with the
biological theory accepted in America and promised to propagate nationalist pride by

The Cold War Era Essay example
The Cold War Era
Works Cited Missing
The late 1940s to the mid 1980s the American society saw what could quite possibly be titled the
biggest technological effect on society. This era, The Cold War, was a period in which fear of attack
or invasion and a need to be superior reigned in the American society. It led to the development of
space technology, during the Space Race, communication systems, and military technology in what
has been appropriately deemed the Arms Race.
On October 4, 1957 [1] a huge change concerning technology in society occurred. On this date, the
United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) launched Sputnik into outer space. The launch of Sputnik
instilled a fear in the American society and an urgent call ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
NASA was not engineering in a new field; the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA) and other government organizations had been working on the idea of space flight. These
organizations were subsequently pulled into NASA upon its creation. [3] The main focus became
developing technology that was steady enough and strong enough to support human life in space.
The act of simply launching a rocket into space had been achieved over ten years before when Nazi
Germany launched its first successful V–2 rocket in October 1942. The V–2 (Vengeance Weapon 2)
rocket was built to shoot warheads at targets from a long range. [4]
With the disastrous ability of the V–2 in mind, when Sputnik was launched, the fear of ICBMs
(Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) became a very prevalent part of American society. Families built
bomb shelters in their backyards and stocked them with non–perishable goods to help them sustain
life if they were ever attacked. Students and employees practiced air raid drills by crawling under
desks and tables. An imminent fear of attack hung heavily in the air causing such historical events as
the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The entire era of the Cold War was spurred by a fear
of the technology that the opposing country (either Russia or America) possessed; thus, the obvious
effect of technology on the society of the times.
The Cold War Era was not an era that revolved entirely around fear

The Post War Era
The zeitgeist of the post war era was change, encompassing both personal, social and political
transformation explored by composer's experimentation with form and subject matter. The dominant
discourse of power during the Cold War was the ideological conflict between Capitalism and
Communism. The dominant ways of thinking were profoundly challenged by the emergence of an
alternative, youth–driven culture. A composer's disillusionment with the world in the 'After the
Bomb' period acted as a catalyst for them to not only challenge ways of thinking but also the
traditional form of literature. The era saw widespread criticism of government systems and of the
military–industrial complex as hegemonic ideas about "America" were being questioned. There was
a widespread perception that society had lost touch with the cornerstone of American values and
pillars of democracy and it was the role of the writers, filmmakers and poets to recapture its
emphasis on idealism rights and liberty and challenge the world that rejected these ideals. The texts
which challenged the values and ways of thinking of the time coupled with their exploration of
universal themes and the victims perspective enables these texts to continue to hold enormous
significance and influence in today's society. Accordingly a sense of discomfort pervades
confronting texts of the era as composers experiment with subject matter by amplifying humanity's
growing dissension with towards the values and ideas that shaped

Anti Vietnam War Era Essay
Anti–Vietnam War Era
The SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) gave perspective into the mindset of Washington
University students during the late 1960's and early 1970's. These students would provide
demonstrations and opinions that would impact the social environment and activities of a time of
confusion and political un–justification. Many returning Vietnam Veterans and students would take
action during the anti–war era. As the war had continued, the public had changed their views of the
war becoming aggressive and unsupportive to what they felt was a lost cause. After reviewing
several leaflets and newspapers written by students of Washington University, demonstrations of
their ideas and involvement during the anti–Vietnam War movement would give considerable detail
to this era. "Peace on Earth" "G.I Movement Past and Present," and "A US Infantry Squad Just
Came through Here," all provided evidence that civilians and military would not continue to support
the war and take action regarding it. "Peace on Earth," was an itinerary written by Jon Birch (C.O
National Office) in 1971 to announce events taking place by the Vietnam Veterans against the War.
Over 8 days, and four locations, these events would demonstrate the anti–war ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The speakers are to demonstrate the impact of G.I's support in the war. It is noted that for the 1st
time in history would G.I's demonstrate against a war that is in progress. Many current soldiers felt
the war needed to end, and were only there because they had to. The antiwar movement would put
much pressure on Presidential decisions regarding the war. Without the backing of the public and
majority of active duty soldiers, the morale and engagement of active soldiers would be greatly
affected. This flyer would illustrate a seminar which was common during this era in the anti–war

Civil War And Reconstruction Era
Cause of Exoduster Migration to the West
In the late nineteenth century, as the civil war and reconstruction era drew to an end, newly freed
African Americans were still faced with many problems. Slavery had taken up most if their lives and
now that they were free with no jobs. Most resorted in being farmers to former slave owners to
make a living. The whites, however, who did not agree with African Americans being free created
"black codes." These were designed to force freed blacks to work on plantations. These codes also
denied blacks the right to purchase or even rent land. The Freedmen 's Bureau was issued in an
effort to bring freed people to full citizenship. This would help with getting the African Americans
jobs, houses, education, land, and anything necessary to start their new lives. By 1879, Benjamin
"Pap" Singleton, a former slave from Tennessee, became known as the leader of the "Exoduster
Movement." Benjamin Singleton urged blacks to leave the south to move westward. Kansas, at the
time being a free state became appealing to Singleton and he put advertisements up to show blacks
what opportunities awaited them in the west. Those who agreed with him and who moved west to
Kansas called themselves "Exodusters." Some believed that this was their promise land. A small
town by the name of Nicodemus, Graham County, Kansas, was home to 75 Americans by the year
1876. When the Exodus movement brought African Americans westward, the small town became
known as the center

The Cold War: An End To The Era Of Communism
The fall of the Soviet following the victory of capitalism over the Cold War brought an end to the
era of legitimized communist government. Although there were states remaining in communist
ideologies, these states found themselves converting to a more capitalistic society or completely
cutting themselves off from the world, as seen with North Korea.
The Cold War was more than just a fight between two countries, it was a war of ideologies. Like the
space race, the cold war was a contest to see who can globalize the fastest and the most efficiently.
Communism and Capitalism, the only contenders, never fought one another directly, but instead
participated in proxy wars, by supplying various nations with their support. These proxy wars
allowed each super power to flex their economic muscles as to show the other side that their ideals
were the correct ones. The end of the USSR brought a stop to these proxy wars and was the end of
the Cold War. The inability of the USSR to continue in this battle discredited communism as an
ideal form of government, allowing capitalism to take stand as the number one contender. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
North Korea is a prime example of this occurrence. After Japan surrendered during World War II,
the United States and Russia encroached upon what is now North and South Korea. North Korea
became a puppet communist government under the control of the USSR. They were able to do
somewhat well for themselves until the USSR collapsed. When this occurred North Korea isolated
themselves from the world choosing to stay communist. Consequently, those who live within North
Korea are impoverished, and remain in very low living standards. The lack of supplies and
modernization has been detrimental to their growth. This paints a failing picture of communism.
When the government is in complete control of the economy, growth is unable to occur at a
sustainable

Cold War Era Movie Assignment
Cold War Era Movie Assignment
The movie/TV clips that we watched in class were all made between the years 1954 and 1964.
World War II and The Cold War between The Soviet Union and the United States became the
subject of many TV shows and movies of the time period. The paranoia and fear of communism and
nuclear war was very real in the 1950's/1960's and it shaped the cultures of both the United States
and the Soviet Union.
You will be asked questions not only about the clips you will view but how they relate to World War
II and The Cold War. You must use the historical events and facts that we have covered in class in
your answers.
Guiding Question:
What do you think the attitude of Americans was towards Germans and Russians during this period
of time? How did movies and television affect their opinions?
"Gojira" (Godzilla) 1954 and "Them!" (1954)
1) What is the Japanese film "Gojira" trying to warn the world about? What happened in 1945 that
influenced this film?
The Japanese film "Gojira" was made in the early 1950's, shortly after WW2 and the 2 atomic
bombs dropped on Japan. The nuclear bombs American forces dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
left a sore spot in Japanese society. It reminded and allowed Japanese citizens to relive the horrible
horrors that occurred after the blast.
2) What do you think the Japanese opinion of nuclear war was in the aftermath of World War II?
Why?
Japanese citizens were not too keen as they had witnessed the devastating power a nuclear

The World War II Era
It is striking how much our world has changed in the last 75 years; our technology as well as our
knowledge has advanced by leaps and bounds. The World War II era was a time of rampant
progression for America on many levels. Women entered the workforce out of necessity, and as a
result women became a driving force in the economy: they made money, and they spent it.
Marketing agencies understood this and they began tailoring their advertisements toward women.
When war broke out and we began shipping our men off to battle, marketing agencies used the
American people's sympathies toward our soldiers to sell more products. With the limited
knowledge about the products they were selling, advertisements from this era focused more on how
the item made them "cool", how it was "good for you", and how it was the better than the rest – all
without truly understanding the product, or the long – term effects it might create. Modern
advertising has changed dramatically, with the advancement of so many fields; we have more
information about the products that are being sold, and there are many more regulations about truth
in advertising. It's a completely different playing field for marketing firms today, they have to
employ far more creativity to hook an audience and get their message across than our counterparts
in the WWII era. Advertising has a powerful role in shaping the culture of a nation, and has the
power to change self–perception. Cigarette advertisements are one of the best

Post-World War Eras
The post–World War eras, as described in Norton, were transformational times for the United States.
U.S. engagement in the world opened up the country to new ideas, advancements in technology and
forced the country into a time of self–reflection. Engagement in the world had opened up new roles
for the individual and shifted the boundaries of how people interacted with each other, and shifted
the boundaries of how people viewed themselves. These new roles and boundaries would go on to
affect culture, art, and science, and would usher in the era of Modernism. The post–World War eras
were especially fluid times for women and African–Americans. Out of necessity, women and
African–Americans were allowed into roles in society that were not open to

War in the Nuclear Era
Addressing the question of whether war is a rational decision or a mistake is important to understand
the causes of war and explain the reduction in the number of wars fought among countries in today's
nuclear era. The argument, under which war is a mistake, is a normative claim about what action
states should have chosen, based on the outcomes that have been produced. That is, for a decision to
be good, it needs to have produced the actor's preferred outcome. However, the mistake perspective
is problematic under the uncertainty and competitiveness of the anarchic international political
system.
The rational theory provides a better alternative. In this paper, the rational theory of war will unfold
by beginning with an understanding of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
States pay attention to the long term as well as the immediate consequences of their actions.
Therefore, the value of going to war is the outcome for which a state would settle through
bargaining. Thus, for any deal to prevent war, each state must decide that they prefer the deal to
fighting a war. Mistake advocators will be quick to point out that the utility–maximizing perspective
might be problematic since the theory does not include uncertainty in its evaluation of costs and
benefits. However, accepting this criticism will not undermine the rational perspective. The utility–
maximizing theory is only the simplified first step in assessing the rationality of a state decision to
fight a war.
That being said, this vision of rationality accounts in part for the reduction in the number of wars
fought between countries now compared to the past. Nuclear technology and mutually assured
destruction have elevated the cost of war to such an extent that it is now almost impossible for the
benefits to outweigh the costs of nuclear warfare. Thus, the main interest in security has shifted the
rational utility–maximizing states' policy from winning to avoiding wars.
Rationality and relative power: Balance, stability and security
Today's 'balanced multi polarity', stabilized by nuclear technology, makes international relations
more secure

Pre-War Era Dbq

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