The document discusses solar energy and provides details on photovoltaic power plants, concentrated solar power plants, their basic components and principles of operation. It notes that photovoltaic power plants convert sunlight directly into electricity using silicon panels, while concentrated solar power plants use mirrors to convert sunlight into heat. The document also discusses factors that influence solar energy production such as location, the development of more efficient technologies, and compares solar energy use and production across different countries.

1. Solar Energy
By Matilda, Franca, Marlene, Lucie, Ida and Franzi

2. CONTENT
• General facts
• Function of Photovoltaic power plants
• Function of Concentrated power plants
• Geographical use
• Proportion
• Functioning and production
• Basic components
• Principle of operation
• Performance based on location
• Development of efficiency
• Feasibility
• Production in different countries
• Use and sustainability
• Consumption
• Advantages/ Disadvantages
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3. FUNCTIONOF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
• also named pva
• sunlight into electric energy
• more in Germany
• used on rooftops and also on free fields
• main part: 2 pieces of silicone (1 negative charged, 1 positive)
• when light particles collide electrons flow & get attracted to positive charge
• as electrons travel from silicone to silicone direct current created → energy
produced
• won electricity only possible to use for batteries, transformer exists
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4. FUNCTIONOF CONCENTRATED POWER PLANTS
• also called concentrated/concentrating solar power, (concentrated solar
thermal),CSP
• use of mirrors/lenses to concentrate sunlight
• light converted into heat → energy generated
• to find in arid regions with high solar irradiation (e.g. Sevilla )
• more effective
• but used in more large way
• higher costs for
• uses mirrors/ lenses to concentrate area of
sunlight
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5. THE GEOGRAPHICAL USE
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6. PROPORTION
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7. BASIC COMPONENTS
• n-doped silicon, p-doped silicon
• P-n junction
• anti-reflective coating
→ prevents reflecting of sunlight
• glass → protection of solar cell
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8. PRINCIPLEOF OPERATION
• sunlight shines on the cell
• Photons separate electrons of the boron molecules in the p-doped layer
• Electrons move up crossing the p-n-junction, are pushed through the cable
• The lamp lights up
• Electrons reach the metal at the bottom of the cell
• Enter the p-doped layer
• Connect with the boron
• Are separated again
circuit is created
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9. PERFORMANCE BASED ON LOCATION
• a solar cell is able to produce more if the sun is higher in the sky but will
produce less in cloudy conditions/when the sun is lower in the sky
• in northerly European latitudes, yields are significantly lower (175kWh annual
energy yield in southern England)
• in Austria, southernGermany, Switzerland about 1000Wh per year
• in general southern Europe has got better values than northern Europe
• there are high differences between north and south in winter
• Summer days: north and south more or less equal
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10. DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENCY
• Aim: make PV cells and modules cheaper so more people decide to use it
• Two approaches to increase conversion efficiency:
• 1)Select semiconductor materials with appropriate energy gaps to match solar
spectrum
• optimizes optical, electrical and structural properties
• 2)Innovative device engineering
• more effective charge collection
• better usage of solar spectrum
• Different efficiency classes and their development:
• 1) ultra high efficiency (η>30%)
• theoretical efficiency of two-junction cells: ca. 36%
• theoretical efficiency of three-junction cells: up to 45%, still in progress
• 2)high efficiency (η>20%)
• biggest development: efficiencies of 22-24%
• 3)multicrystalline silicon and thinfilm solar cells (η=12-20%)
• good opportunities for low-cost
• advances in conversion efficiency
• 4)moderate efficiency (η>12%)
• easy to fabricate
• also low-cost option
• conclusion: huge progress in each efficiency class over the last few years
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11. FEASABILITY
What you have to consider:
• panels must be in a place that receives enough sunlight to get enough
power
• land lease agreements as well as zoning laws, certificates or permits
• let solar power experts verify the profitability:
they need to review interconnections, budget projections and
estimate the return of an investment
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12. PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRYS
• production in Europe more sustainable than in China
• main producing countries of solar cells: Malaysia, China and USA
• import from these countries via ship
• production in Slovenia, no clear results
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13. Consumption
In Germany:
• 40TWh (terawatt hours) solar energy in 2017, 7.2% of all net electricity consumption
• on sunny days it provides 35% of the momentary electricity demand
• Germany doesn‘t have much solar energy, but a good subsidizing framework, can
compete on the market
 leading country for using solar energy
Average of solar energy use in all countries: 2%
Also using much solar energy: Spain
Italy
Japan
US
Czech Republic
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14. ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
• Renewable
• No pollution in the process of
generating electricity
• No smog, acid rain or contribution to
global warming
• No fuel requirement
• More sustainable than conversial
techniques
• Operates silently, no realease of
offensive smells
Disadvantages
• Initial costs
• Large areas of installation
• Efficiency relies on quality of sun
• Pollution
• installation, transportation,
manufactering process
• Rare materials are used
• Silicon, indium, platinium
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15. Thank you for
listening!
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Do you have any
questions?