The document discusses promising business models for photovoltaics (PV) in a post-incentive environment. It analyzes experiences from 7 countries and focuses on the primary PV market. New models combine self-consumption for energy savings with PV electricity supply through power purchase agreements and more active consumer involvement. While high self-consumption models are feasible, legislation must not hinder these new approaches. The document provides examples of viable PV projects for multi-family housing, public buildings, commercial facilities, and industrial sites. It also discusses the potential impact of legislative changes on project profitability.
Solar District Heating best-practice examples from Italy Riccardo Battisti
Presentation held on November 21, 2018, within the webinar 'Solar District Heating: a look into a state of the art technology' jointly organised by Euroheat and Power and Solar Heat Europe (https://www.euroheat.org/events/solar-district-heating-look-state-art-technology/).
COGEN Europe presentation: Micro-CHP overview at EU levelCOGEN Europe
COGEN Europe had the pleasure to present latest micro-CHP developments at the Micro-CHP Workshop organized by The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform on 12 February 2016.
The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform (PTE HPC) and the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI) are organising a double event comprising the FCH JU Call2016 national InfoDay and a Workshop on m-CHP.
An energy efficient latest technology that gives more power then conventional energy sources from less input with no pollution...yes its a MICRO COMBINED HEAT & POWER
Développement de la cogénération en europeCOGEN Europe
Presentation by COGEN Europe on the development of cogeneration and micro-cogeneration in Europe at Journée de la micro et mini-cogénération ATEE in Paris
Solar District Heating best-practice examples from Italy Riccardo Battisti
Presentation held on November 21, 2018, within the webinar 'Solar District Heating: a look into a state of the art technology' jointly organised by Euroheat and Power and Solar Heat Europe (https://www.euroheat.org/events/solar-district-heating-look-state-art-technology/).
COGEN Europe presentation: Micro-CHP overview at EU levelCOGEN Europe
COGEN Europe had the pleasure to present latest micro-CHP developments at the Micro-CHP Workshop organized by The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform on 12 February 2016.
The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform (PTE HPC) and the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI) are organising a double event comprising the FCH JU Call2016 national InfoDay and a Workshop on m-CHP.
An energy efficient latest technology that gives more power then conventional energy sources from less input with no pollution...yes its a MICRO COMBINED HEAT & POWER
Développement de la cogénération en europeCOGEN Europe
Presentation by COGEN Europe on the development of cogeneration and micro-cogeneration in Europe at Journée de la micro et mini-cogénération ATEE in Paris
Delivered by Roberto Francia, MD of COGEN Europe, at the COGEN Vlaanderen annual conference "15 jaar COGEN: Tijd om vooruit te blikken!". Leuven, 17 May 2016.
Aalto Global Impact organized together with the New Global an event called Co-creating Business Ecosystems in Emerging Markets on 17th of June. The event was hosted by Fortum.
Kostas STAMATIS
Directorate-General for Energy
European Commission
WORKSHOP: “DEFINING SMART GRIDS: CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION”
Session 1: Technical and regulatory aspects and recommendations for effective smart grids deployment under the provisions of the winter package
Barcelona, 9th February 2017
Organised by TR@NSENER Consortium.
TR@NSENER - European cooperation Network on Energy Transition in Electricity
GRID FLEXIBILITY: an antidote to relieve pain in a changing energy systemIRIS Smart Cities
While creating the sustainable energy system some changes required will be so drastic they will lead to situations where the existing rules and system control will become insufficient
- the system will experience ‘pain’
This presentation provides insights into the DSO’s position in the future electricity system
Heating without the hot air: Principles for smart heat electrificationLeonardo ENERGY
Heating in buildings is responsible for almost a third of total EU energy demand. And most of that heat is met by burning fossil fuels. In order to decarbonise heating, electrification is seen by many as a key strategy. The transformative challenge of the electrification of heating should not be underestimated. It will require strategic, ongoing policy and governance support. It requires a well-coordinated approach that cuts across several areas — buildings, individual and district heating systems, the power sector and existing heating fuel supply infrastructure. In this webinar, Dr. Jan Rosenow and Dr. Richard Lowes present pragmatic principles and policies for smart electrification of heating in Europe.
The webinar will be based on a recent RAP report which can be freely downloaded at https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/heating-without-hot-air-principles-smart-heat-electrification/
Delivered by Roberto Francia, MD of COGEN Europe, at the COGEN Vlaanderen annual conference "15 jaar COGEN: Tijd om vooruit te blikken!". Leuven, 17 May 2016.
Aalto Global Impact organized together with the New Global an event called Co-creating Business Ecosystems in Emerging Markets on 17th of June. The event was hosted by Fortum.
Kostas STAMATIS
Directorate-General for Energy
European Commission
WORKSHOP: “DEFINING SMART GRIDS: CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION”
Session 1: Technical and regulatory aspects and recommendations for effective smart grids deployment under the provisions of the winter package
Barcelona, 9th February 2017
Organised by TR@NSENER Consortium.
TR@NSENER - European cooperation Network on Energy Transition in Electricity
GRID FLEXIBILITY: an antidote to relieve pain in a changing energy systemIRIS Smart Cities
While creating the sustainable energy system some changes required will be so drastic they will lead to situations where the existing rules and system control will become insufficient
- the system will experience ‘pain’
This presentation provides insights into the DSO’s position in the future electricity system
Heating without the hot air: Principles for smart heat electrificationLeonardo ENERGY
Heating in buildings is responsible for almost a third of total EU energy demand. And most of that heat is met by burning fossil fuels. In order to decarbonise heating, electrification is seen by many as a key strategy. The transformative challenge of the electrification of heating should not be underestimated. It will require strategic, ongoing policy and governance support. It requires a well-coordinated approach that cuts across several areas — buildings, individual and district heating systems, the power sector and existing heating fuel supply infrastructure. In this webinar, Dr. Jan Rosenow and Dr. Richard Lowes present pragmatic principles and policies for smart electrification of heating in Europe.
The webinar will be based on a recent RAP report which can be freely downloaded at https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/heating-without-hot-air-principles-smart-heat-electrification/
Direct wire PPAs in Italy: Legislation and case studiesRiccardo Battisti
Presentation of PPAs with photovoltaic in Italy.
Presented in the workshop ”SOLAR: Helping consumers and businesses control their energy costs“, Brussels, May 2, 2017 in the framework of the 'PV Financing' project (www.pv-financing.eu).
Philipp Steinberg - La transición energética en Europa y el cambio climáticoFundación Ramón Areces
Entre el 30 de junio y el 2 de julio de 2014 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces (C/ Vitruvio, 5, en Madrid) un curso de verano en colaboración con la Universidad Complutense de Madrid sobre los retos energéticos de Europa ante el cambio climático. En estas jornadas, diferentes expertos analizaron la transición energética en Europa para cumplir las exigencias de los compromisos internacionales en materia de emisiones de CO2.
The past was marked by a central generation of energy. For example, by nuclear power or coal-fired power. The lifecycle costs of nuclear power are very high and the technology is not always manageable. The coal-fired power significantly damages the world's climate. The purpose of this presentation is to show that local renewable electricity generation is a very good alternative.
NanoGrids for Home Application in a Power Cloud Framework Alessandro Burgio
Thanks to recent innovations driven by European Union and national policies, lately it has been possible to see the realization of effective renewable energy technologies, for both large and small-scale use, alongside considerable cost reductions for customers. As a result, businesses and households can increasingly produce and consume, some or all, their own electricity, either instantaneously or in a deferred manner through decentralized storage, behind the connection point with the grid (i.e. the meter). In such a way, it is possible to maximize self-consumption in order to increase their efficiency of energy use and reduce their exposure to electricity prices. In the paper, the use of the so-called Nanogrid for Home Application is proposed to achieve the result of the self-consumption maximization. Moreover, a framework of exchanging energy among Prosumers (Power Cloud) is illustrated to promote the use of Nanogrids for Home Applications.
Cambridge | Jan-16 | Business models in practice: off-grid RE success stories...Smart Villages
David Lecoque
The Business and Financial Models Workshop was held in Cambridge in January 2016. The workshop invited participants from business, academia and NGOs to address the following questions:
o It is generally considered that private enterprises and independent power producers have a key role to play in bringing sustainable energy-enabled businesses to un-served rural communities.
o What are the main opportunities and challenges in establishing viable business and financial models for these organisations, and what innovative approaches are emerging to meet these challenges?
o What support can governments and development agencies usefully provide?
More info: http://e4sv.org/events/smart-villages-in-developing-countries-business-and-financial-models-workshop/
IndustRE - Renewables and Industrial Demand Side ManagementLeonardo ENERGY
IndustRE is a H2020 project with two aims within two timeframes.
Project Aims
The flexibility potential of large industrial users’ electricity demand presents an opportunity to deal simultaneously with two issues at the top of the European energy policy agenda:
Cost-effective integration of variable renewable electricity
into the power systems of Europe
The rising cost of electricity and its effects on the
competitiveness of European industry
Within the IndustRE project, the electricity-intensive industries of Europe work closely with the renewable energy sector in order to promote innovative business models and regulatory improvements that create win-win situations. The project aims to:
Present suitable business models and facilitate their
adoption
Formulate policy recommendations
Quantify the potential benefits for the power system
Move industry and variable renewable energy plant operators into action
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session...Leonardo ENERGY
This session is devoted to the design of feed-in tariff schemes for the large-scale dissemination of on-grid renewable energy technologies in developing countries. More than 50 countries have adopted a feed-in tariff both in developed and developing countries.
Designed carefully, feed-in tariff laws are considered to be one the most cost-effective measure to support renewable energy technologies. In the case of developing countries, there is a need to balance conflicting priorities, especially when it comes to national development objectives such as health, education, employment etc, whereby environmental issues can often be considered as secondary. Therefore the complementary benefits that renewables can bring and the cost of mechanisms to support renewable energy technologies needs to be weighed; renewable energy policies need to be linked to development policies.
After a brief introduction on the motivations to introduce renewable energy policies in developing countries, the session 3 examines the way to design and implement effective feed-in tariff: how to determine the eligible producer and technologies, how to calculated support levels, how to differentiate tariff payment, when to revise tariffs and plan tariff degression, etc.
Il settore residenziale in Italia e le policy: l’esperienza REbuilding network al Thermoss di Bruxelles del 27 Febbraio 2020. La crescita nei prossimi anni sarà ancora legata alle riqualificazioni, con una sempre più crescente sensibilità all’efficienza energetica, al comfort e alla sostenibilità, spinta da market driver come le agevolazioni fiscali e le norme sull’efficienza energetica.
L’aspettativa è che il nuovo Smart Readiness Indicator, sollecitato dall’EPBD 2018 e in elaborazione anche in Italia, darà un ulteriore contributo agli Smart Building e alla riqualificazione in chiave sostenibile.
Da questa consapevolezza prende forza il modello di REbuilding network che ha l’intento di rispondere in modo integrato alle esigenze del mercato, per dare più valore agli edifici.
www.rebuildingnetwork.it
Presented by John Parsons Project Coordinator European Smart Metering Alliance at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Brugge, Belgium on 10 October 2007.
How To Apply Energy Storage Technologies In Commercial And Industrial Applica...Davide Bonomi
This presentation was presented at the masterclass session during 11th Energy Storage World Forum in 2018, Berlin.
How To Apply Energy Storage Technologies In Commercial And Industrial Applications – by ENEA explains two reasons why facilities should be interested in storage projects:
1. Market & value for C&I energy storage is finally booming in numerous locations
2. Startups and large utilities now compete to provide C&I facilities with turnkey solutions
If you’d like to get a deep industry insights and learn in person from energy storage professionals, join our next masterclass at https://energystorageforum.com/register
Similar to The Post-FIT reality: promising business models for photovoltaic (20)
Le Comunità Energetiche Rinnovabili (CER) possono distribuire non solo elettricità ma anche calore.
In questa presentazione si riassumono i principali benefici delle 'CER termiche', introducendo anche il progetto europeo ConnectHeat (2022-2025), finanziato nell'ambito del bando LIFE-CET-ENERCOM.
Il progetto include 10 partner da 7 diversi Paesi europei ed è coordinato dalla società Ambiente Italia (www.ambienteitalia.it).
Teleriscaldamento da rinnovabilie comunità energetiche termicheRiccardo Battisti
Prime riflessioni sulle comunità energetiche termiche e sul loro legame con le reti di teleriscaldamento.
Presentazione effettuata da Riccardo Battisti di Ambiente Italia nell'ambito del dissemination event del progetto Potent, in collaborazione con il Comune di Parma.
Presentazione dei risultati del progetto PV-Prosumers4Grid (www.pvp4grid.eu) riportata alla X Commissione del Senato della Repubblica il 16 ottobre 2018 nell'ambito della consultazione per l'Affare n. 59.
Redes de calor con solar térmica y biomasa: una perspectiva europeaRiccardo Battisti
La mia presentazione su reti di teleriscaldamento a solare termico e biomassa effettuata a Madrid il 13 giugno 2018.
La presentazione è stata inserita nel convegno 'JORNADA SOBRE LA APLICACIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA SOLAR TÉRMICA EN LAS REDES DE CALOR Y FRÍO (SDH&C)' nell'ambito della fiera 'GENERA'.
La mia presentazione al convegno di Roma (8 maggio 2018) 'Modelli di prosumer e aggregatori FV: esempi e legislazione in Italia e in Europa', organizzato da Ambiente Italia e Italia Solare nell'ambito del progetto Horizon 2020 'PV-Prosumers4Grid'.
Link all'evento: http://www.italiasolare.eu/evento/modelli-di-prosumer-e-aggregatori-fv-esempi-e-legislazione-in-italia-e-in-europa/
Il teleriscaldamento solare in Italia: iImpianti installati, incentivi e pro...Riccardo Battisti
Presentazione effettuata nel workshop 'Teleriscaldamento di piccola tagliada solare termico e altre rinnovabili - Benefici e opportunità per il Veneto', Venezia, 15 dicembre 2017
Piccole reti locali di teleriscaldamento alimentate a fonti rinnovabili, come solare termico e biomassa.
Altre informazioni su: http://solar-district-heating.eu/it
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
The Post-FIT reality: promising business models for photovoltaic
1. The Post-FIT reality:
promising business models
for PV
Riccardo Battisti, Ambiente Italia
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 646554
2. • Private consultancy company in the energy and environment field
• 20 years of activity
• More than 1,500 local, national and international projects
• 30 experts and 4 offices
• PV Financing:
– post-incentive experiences from 7 Countries
(Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom)
– Focusing on PV primary market
3. IS PV STILL FEASIBLE TODAY?
YES, WE CAN!
• Price decline
• Reliable and well known technology
• New promising business models / financing schemes combining:
– Self-consumption for energy saving
– PV electricity supply (Power Purchase Agreements, PPAs)
– More active involvement of consumers (equity crowdfunding, energy
cooperatives, «solar bonds», etc.)
4. IS PV STILL FEASIBLE TODAY?
NO, WE CANNOT…
• No more incentives
• Low remuneration of electricity sold to the grid / on the market
• Therefore models relying on high shares of self-consumption
• And then high project risk (too strict connection with the
consumption level)
• General risk of PV legislation: Unreliable and unstable
(even retroactive measures)
• Legislation barriers still hampering the new business models
5. Political risk
Quality issues
Taxes and grid
charges
Minimum
Investment
Limits
Legal costs
Risk of
curtailment
Bankruptcy or
re-location
Barriers
Source: Sonia Dunlop, SolarPower Europe
WHICH BARRIERS?
8. Analysed sectors
• Residential, single-family: No need for «special» business models
• Residential, multi-family
• Office buildings
• Public buildings
• Commercial & shopping malls
• Industrial
9. Multi-family house
Germany
• “Neue Heimat” Cooperative
Family Home in Nußloch
(close to Heidelberg)
• 445 kWp; 370,000 kWh/year
• 116 tenants buy PV
electricity for 25.4 c€/kWh
plus a monthly fee of 6.95 €
• 20-years price stability
guaranteed
• Tenants can also buy shares Source: www.pv-financing.eu
10. • Tenant package: 800 € private loan + two
shares of 100 € each
• Loans are repaid through the following
scheme:
– 3% fixed interest rate
– Payback time: 20 years
– Payback period starts from the third year with a
yearly instalment of about 60 € inclusive of
interest and amortisation
• Plant operator as electricity retailer – i.e.
selling electricity separately to single
households (not possible in other Countries,
e.g. Italy)
Multi-family house
Germany
Source: National PV
implementation guidelines for
Germany, PV Financing project
11. Light Blue: Business share; Blue: Loan level
Light Green: profit shares
Green: Payback including interest and amortisation
Source: www.pv-financing.eu
12. Residential, multi-family
PPA profitability – Italy
• Plant cost: 1,800 €/kWp
• Plant size: 20 kWp
• Yield: 1,275 kWh/kWp (installation site: Central Italy)
• Self-consumption rate: 30% (only for common loads!)
• Not easy to increase it
• Grid electricity price: 0.22 €/kWh
• PPA price: 0.17 €/kWh (23% savings)
• Remuneration by “scambio sul posto” (net-metering): 0.10 €/kWh
• PBT = 13 years
• IRR = 8%
13. Public buildings
+
Attractiveness of PPA solutions for the Public Body
Reliability of the consumer reduces the project risk
-
Complicated procedures for tendering
Low self-consumption rates for some buildings (e.g schools)
14. Industrial
PPA profitability – Italy
• Not parks with multiple users
• Plant cost: 1,000 €/kWp
• Plant size: 1,000 kWp
• Self-consumption rate: 90%
• PPA price: 0.14 €/kWh (18% savings compared to 0.17 for grid electricity)
• No remuneration by “scambio sul posto” (net-metering)
• 70% debt financing with a 7 years loan (interest rate: 7%)
• PBT = 8 years (low…but low enough?)
• IRR = 17%
16. • Annual savings: 5,231 €
• Annual remuneration for “scambio sul posto”: 5,673 € (about
10 c€/kWh)
• Asset amortisation: 4% in 25 years
• PBT: more than 8 years
• Wrong sizing of the plant, too large for the consumption
• A 35 kWp plant would have had a 80% self-consumption rate
Small industrial plant
Self-consumption, Italy
17. L‘Oreal industrial plant
Italy
• 3 MWp PV plant
• Expected yield: 3,600 MWh/year
• Specific yield: 1,200 kWh/year per
kWp
• Self-consumption rate: 100%
• PV output: 30% of the total demand
Source: Qualenergia.it
18. • Investment: 3,000,000 €
(about 1,000 €/kWp)
• Balance sheet finance, no debt
financing
• 20 years contract, including a “take or
pay” provision
• 10% savings with respect to grid price
• Investor also broker for the additional
energy demand of the factory
Source: Enersol
L‘Oreal industrial plant
Italy
19. Commercial sector – SPAR
Austria
• Good load curve (75% in sun hours)
• Two PV systems (176 kWp)
• Crowdfunding towards customers
• 950 € shares (maximum 5)
• 60 €/year through purchase coupons
for 25 years
• Corresponding to 5.1% return rate
plus a portion of the purchase price
• The remaining 400 € will be paid at
the end as coupons or cash
Source: www.pv-financing.eu
20. Arese shopping mall
Italy
• 50% of the common loads covered by PV (1.4 MWp)
• Lighting and space cooling through heat pumps
• Also 2 cogeneration units Source: Qualenergia.it
23. WHAT COULD HAPPEN AFTER?
• Profitability relies on high self-consumption shares
• Is legislation going to make it easier or harder?
+ Extending self-consumption and PPAs to multiple users (AT, FR, no IT)
-Shifting grid charges from the volumetric share to the capacity-based
share, thus making savings less attractive
24. POTENTIAL IMPACT
AN EXAMPLE FROM AUSTRIA
• Amendment of Electricity Act expected by the end of 2016
• Enabling common PV systems for supplying electricity to multiple
users in buildings (residential, office, commercial)
+Increasing possible self-consumption rate
-
– How to organise the billing?
– How to share the PV output among the users?
Source: Mira Teoh, Photovoltaic Austria
25. POTENTIAL IMPACT
AN EXAMPLE FROM AUSTRIA
General
consumption
Unit 3
Unit 2
Unit 1
Meter
Meter
Meter
Meter
inverter
Public grid
Difference
Supply/demand
Source: Mira Teoh, Photovoltaic Austria
26. POTENTIAL IMPACT
AN EXAMPLE FROM AUSTRIA
General consumption Separate systems Common PV system
System size 10 kWp 2 kWp per system 20 kWp
System cost 12,250 EUR 3,600 EUR 21,000 EUR
Self-
consumption
20% 35% 90%
Financing Loan Self-funded Loan
Amortisation 19.5 years 16.82 years 9.81 years
Project
rentability
2.94% 3.55% 10.18%
Source: Mira Teoh, Photovoltaic Austria
27. POTENTIAL IMPACT
AN EXAMPLE FROM ITALY
• Reform of the bill for non-domestic customer (75% of the national
consumption) should be ready by the end of 2016
• 5 scenarios under consultation
• Estimated cut of 0.36÷4.5 billion investments until 2030
• The Energy Authority seems to be oriented towards the 2 «positive»
ones (estimated market decrease: 7÷12%)
• Detailed study is available (in Italian)
Source: eLeMeNS
28. POTENTIAL IMPACT
AN EXAMPLE FROM GERMANY
• Tenant sub-metered electricity supply (TSMES):
– Tenants and owners; Residential and commercial
– No grid charges
– 100% of the EEG levy (6.354 c€/kWh)
• Amendment to the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) in Jan 17
• § 95 no. 2: German Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi)
authorized to further regulate TSMES
• Reduced EEG levy for PV electricity…?
Source: National PV implementation guidelines for Germany, PV Financing project
29. POTENTIAL IMPACT
AN EXAMPLE FROM GERMANY
Challenges / restrictions:
• No legal claim for implementation
• No deadline
• Residential only
• Using only the building roof
• Possible distinction by installation sizes or user groups
• Opening a potential market of 1 million multi-unit buildings
• A portfolio of projects to increase profitability
Source: National PV implementation guidelines for Germany, PV Financing project
30. AVAILABLE DOCUMENTS AND TOOLS
WWW.PV-FINANCING.EU
AUSTRIA
FRANCE
GERMANY
ITALY
SPAIN
TURKEY
UK
EU LEVEL
33. IS PV STILL FEASIBLE TODAY?
YES, WE CAN!
• Price decline
• Reliable and well known technology
• New promising business models / financing schemes combining:
– Self-consumption for energy saving
– PV electricity supply (Power Purchase Agreements, PPAs)
– More active involvement of consumers (equity crowdfunding, energy
cooperatives, «solar bonds», etc.)
36. MAIN MESSAGES
• Focus on user-oriented models:
– Smaller scale
– Business models involving more roles and stakeholders
– Direct participation of users:
• Financial (crowdfunding, cooperatives)
• Consumption (load management, aggregators for providing grid services)
– Not speculative and highly profitable investment
• “Incentives”:
– Self-consumption will be the incentive
– No significant revenues from selling electricity to the grid
– Additional benefits from grid services
– Financial synergy with other technologies in large projects
– PV is the main competitor…of PV (secondary market)
37. Thanks for your time!
Contacts:
Email: riccardo.battisti@ambienteitalia.it
Website: www.ambienteitalia.it
Linkedin and Facebook: Ambiente Italia S.r.l.
Twitter: @AI_AIP