The document defines research as a systematic, careful investigation aimed at discovering and interpreting new facts or information to increase knowledge. Research involves formulating hypotheses, collecting data through various methods, analyzing findings, and drawing conclusions. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe phenomena, determine frequency of associations, and test hypotheses about causal relationships. Research is motivated by various factors like the desire for knowledge, career benefits, intellectual stimulation, and helping society. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research is significant as it promotes logical thinking, informs government policy, solves business problems, and addresses social issues.

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2. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is composed of two words: ‘re’ & ‘search’, which
means to search again, or to search for new facts or to modify
the older ones.
The Webster’s International Dictionary defines research as “
a careful critical inquiry or examination in seeking facts or
principles diligent investigation in order to ascertain
something.”
The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays
down the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or
inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.
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Dr Rajesh Kumar, Department of Biotechnology, UIET KUK
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3. Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized
effort to gain new knowledge.”
According to Clifford Woody
“ research comprises defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting,
organising and evaluating data; making deductions and
reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the
conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating
hypothesis”.
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4. D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopaedia of Social
Sciences define research as “the manipulation of things,
concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalising, to extend,
correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in
construction of theory or in the practice of an art
• As such the term ‘research’ refers to the systematic method
consisting of
• articulating the problem,
• formulating a hypothesis,
• collecting the facts or data,
• analysing the facts and
• reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solutions(s)
towards the concerned problem
• or in certain generalisations for some theoretical formulation.
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Dr Rajesh Kumar, Department of Biotechnology, UIET KUK
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5. A RESEARCH SHOULD CONTAIN…
1. A venue of quest, inquisition or investigation.
2. Specific or well defined domain.
3. A well laid hypothesis.
4. Capable of being based upon observable data.
5. Scientific techniques of analysis.
6. Logical interpretation of results.
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Dr Rajesh Kumar, Department of Biotechnology, UIET KUK
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6. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it (exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group (descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs
or with which it is associated with something else
(diagnostic research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables (hypothesis testing research studies)
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7. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems,
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
Cont……
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8. Directives of government,
Employment conditions,
Curiosity about new things,
Desire to understand causal relationships,
Social thinking and awakening,
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9. TYPES OF RESEARCH
The basic types of research are as follows:
Descriptive vs. Analytical
Applied vs Fundamental
Quantitative vs Qualitative
Conceptual vs Empirical
Other types (Variation of one of above type)
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10. Significance of research
Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it
promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and
organisation.
The role of research in several fields of applied economics,
whether related to business or to the economy as a whole, has
greatly increased in modern times
Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies
in our economic system
Research has its special significance in solving various
operational and planning problems of business and industry.
Research is equally important for social scientists in studying
social relationships and in seeking answers to various social
problems. Cont…..
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11. In addition to what has been stated above, the significance
of research can also be understood keeping in view the
following points:
(a) To those students who are to write a master’s or
Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a careerism or a
way to attain a high position in the social structure;
(b) To professionals in research methodology, research
may mean a source of livelihood;
Significance of research
Cont……
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12. (c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean
the outlet for new ideas and insights;
(d) To literary men and women, research may mean
the development of new styles and creative work;
(e) To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the
generalisations of new theories
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13. RESEARCH PROBLEM
A well defined and a structured research problem is the
heart of the research project.
When you submitting your research proposal for a
proposal presentation or grant applications, the
evaluators might ask, your what you trying to
investigate?
The best way to do it is ,propose puzzling, which is
useful to build your research problem.
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14. RESEARCH GAP
A research gap is defined as a topic or area for which
missing or insufficient information limits the ability
to reach a conclusion for a question.
A research need is defined as a gap that limits the
ability of decision-makers from making decisions.
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15. A) Identifying reasons for the existence of the
research gap:
Choose the most important reason(s) for the
existence of the research gap
Select the reason(s) that prevent conclusions about
the evidence from being made
Classify the reasons for research gaps, including:
1. insufficient or imprecise information
2. biased information
3. inconsistency or unknown consistency
4. not the right information
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16. RESEARCH ETHICS
When most people think of ethics (or morals), they
think of rules for distinguishing between right and
wrong.
It is a norms for conduct that distinguish
between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
There are several reasons why it is important to
adhere to ethical norms in research:
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17. C0nt…
First, norms promote the aims of research,
such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error.
Second, since research often involves a great deal
different people in different disciplines
of cooperation and coordination among many
and
institutions, ethical standards promote the values
that are essential to collaborative work, such
as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and
fairness.
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18. Cont….
Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that
researchers can be held accountable to the public.
Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build
public support for research.
People more likely to fund research project if they
can trust the quality and integrity of research.
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19. Cont…
Finally, many of the norms of research promote a
variety of other important moral and social
values, such as social responsibility, human rights,
animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health
and safety
Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm
human and animal subjects, students, and the public
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