The document provides guidance on selecting a research topic for a Ph.D. program. It suggests considering your interests, committing to at least 3 years of intensive study, and how a Ph.D. can benefit your career and personal growth. Key factors to consider include having sufficient time dedicated to reading, writing and research, and being interested in taking on greater responsibility and developing thought leadership. Choosing a topic of interest and writing an in-depth research plan on a significant issue within your field of study is also recommended.

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Ph.D. कायर्क्रम म� गोता लगाने का �नणर्य लेना कोई आसान
�वकल्प नह�ं है। अपने �ेत्र क
े बावजूद, आप कम से कम तीन
साल क
े गहन अध्ययन क
े �लए खुद को प्र�तबद्ध कर�गे। Ph.D.
क� �डग्री प्राप्त करना आपक
े career और आपक
े personal
growth दोन� क
े �लए valuable (मूल्यवान) हो सकता है, और
�नम्न�ल�खत सलाह आपको यह तय करने म� मदद कर सकती है।
» Do I have the time? 12 to 24 hours a week another than SOS &
research center.
» Do I feel energized by the thought of reading, writing, and
researching? A doctoral degree is not for everyone. who love it.
» Am I interested in a new level of responsibility and
leadership? Understanding the gravity of the Power, Develop
thought leadership, Deeper engagement.
• You’ll need to mentally prepare yourself for the next step .

3. 1. Choose your topic of interest as a researcher, think about
several interesting subjects/topic. Refine those subjects into one
topic by listing keywords and broader aspect and minimum
words with the help of your supervisor/guide.
Sample of topic:
Find an area of interest and write an in-
depth, research plan / synopsis (6-10 pages)
with methodology that investigates a
significant issue or conclusion for social
aspect or scientific aspect or useful for
society within that discipline.
ERIC
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4. Sample Topic:
• Impact of
Anthropogenic activities
on water quality of
Sankatmochan Pond,
Chhatarpur (MP) India
Keywords & Related
Words:
• Anthropogenic activities
• Water Quality
• Sankatmochan Pond
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5. What information do you need in
Research?
1. Do you need a general overview of the topic?
2. Does your information need to be very current?
1&2 Through Review of Literature
3. Do you need Methodology use your research?
3. Do you need to know limit your searches?
4. Do you need facts, figures, statistics?
4. Do you need to consider different or conflicting
points of view?
4. References or Sources
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6. 1. The main purposes of research are to inform
action, gather evidence for theories, and
contribute to developing knowledge in a field
of study. It's a tool for building knowledge
and facilitating learning.
2. The significance of research is important for
society : not just Scholar and scientists.
3. Research promotes confidence in reading, in
writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable
information.
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7. 4. Research introduces you to new ideas and
Understanding.
5. Research expands your knowledge and
gives you the latest information about the
specific field.
6. It provides nourishment and mind
bellowing exercise for the Brain.
7. Research encourages curiosity.
8. Research builds your credibility and helps
us succeed in Job or business.
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8. Research Strategies and Mind makeup
To find background information on your topic
Through:
1. Encyclopedias, Journals, reviews, News
letters etc.
2. Library consultation: where you will find
books and journals on your Related subject
/topic etc.
3. Use the library’s many databases to find in-
depth information in books and journals :
Online Research Data base (articles &
journals)
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9. Improve your Search Results:
Use Boolean operators (and,
or, not) in all online databases
(including Google) to improve
the relevancy of your results.
Boolean Operators are simple words (AND, OR, NOT or AND NOT) used
as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, resulting
in more focused and productive results. This should save time and effort by
eliminating inappropriate hits that must be scanned before discarding.
A Boolean data type has one of two possible values (usually denoted
true and false), intended to represent the two truth values of logic
and Boolean algebra. It is named after George Boole, who first defined
an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century.
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10. Everything that is written Publishes materials
related to your topic like:
1. Name of Title
2. Name of Author / Authors with address.
3. Name of journal, volume, Number, year,
pages.
4. Abstract with key words/complete paper if
Necessary.
Update and Evaluate your information
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12. Basic Research Methods
(PART-2)
PRESENTED
BY
Professor P K Khare
Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundelkhand University,
Chhatarpur (MP) 471001
pkkhare2007@gmail.com
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13. 10/8/2022 13
Objectives of Research
Research discover solutions to problems by applying the scientific
procedures, the important objective of the research is to discover the
hidden truth. Distinct studies of research have distinct objectives
and few common objectives (Max.4/5) are as follows:
* The foremost objective is to achieve thorough
knowledge and also understanding with an observed
circumstance.
* The second one is to define the frequency of distinct things.
* The next is to test a statement which is assumed to be genuine
and that statement is about the casual relationship between
variables.
* The last one is to accurately describe the characteristics of a
specific individual or a group or a situation

14. There are five important types of research and those are as follows:
1. Descriptive vs. Analytical
वणर्नात्मक बनाम �वश्लेषणात्मक
2. Applied vs. Fundamental
अनुप्रयुक्त बनाम मौ�लक
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
मात्रात्मक बनाम गुणात्मक:
4. Conceptual vs. Empirical
वैचा�रक बनाम अनुभवजन्य
5. Few other types of research
क
ु छ अन्य प्रकार क
े शोध
Types of Research
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15. 1. Descriptive vs. Analytical: The surveys and fact-finding
investigations of distinct types come under descriptive
research. In analytical research, a researcher has to avail
data which already exists and has to make an accurate
evaluation.
वणर्नात्मक बनाम �वश्लेषणात्मक: �व�भन्न प्रकार क
े
सव��ण और तथ्य-खोज जांच वणर्नात्मक अनुसंधान क
े
अंतगर्त आते ह�। �वश्लेषणात्मक अनुसंधान म�, एक
शोधकतार् को पहले से मौजूद डेटा का लाभ उठाना होता है
और एक सट�क मूल्यांकन करना होता है।
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16. 2. Applied vs. Fundamental: the objectives of the applied
research are to search an answer for the difficulty which is facing
by a firm or a society. Theory’s formulation and interference of
general principles with particulars are related to fundamental
research. The feature of collecting knowledge for the sake of
knowledge is best suited to fundamental research.
अनुप्रयुक्त बनाम मौ�लक: अनुप्रयुक्त अनुसंधान का उद्देश्य उस
क�ठनाई का उ�र खोजना है िजसका सामना �कसी फमर् या
समाज को करना पड़ रहा है। �सद्धांत का �नरूपण और
�व�शष्टताओं क
े साथ सामान्य �सद्धांत� का हस्त�ेप मौ�लक
अनुसंधान से संबं�धत है। �ान क
े �लए �ान एकत्र करने क�
�वशेषता मौ�लक शोध क
े �लए सबसे उपयुक्त है।
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17. 3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative: quantitative measurement of
few characteristics which are explained in quantities is nothing
but the quantitative research. Well, qualitative research is related
to the parameter of quality.
मात्रात्मक बनाम गुणात्मक: मात्रा म� समझाया गया क
ु छ �वशेषताओं का
मात्रात्मक माप मात्रात्मक अनुसंधान क
े अलावा और क
ु छ नह�ं है। खैर,
गुणात्मक अनुसंधान गुणव�ा क
े पैरामीटर से संबं�धत है।
4. Conceptual vs. Empirical: the conceptual research is
concerned with ideas and theories. Empirical research is perfect
when we have the proof which explains that few variables
generate a change on other variables in some way or the other.
वैचा�रक बनाम अनुभवजन्य: वैचा�रक अनुसंधान �वचार� और �सद्धांत� से
संबं�धत है। अनुभवजन्य शोध तब सह� होता है जब हमारे पास वह प्रमाण
होता है जो बताता है �क क
ु छ चर �कसी न �कसी तरह से अन्य चर पर
प�रवतर्न उत्पन्न करते ह�।
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18. 5. Few other types of research: Other research type includes few
changes when compared with the types of research explained
above and those changes occur by depending on the current
conditions.
क
ु छ अन्य प्रकार क
े शोध: अन्य शोध प्रकार� म� ऊपर बताए गए शोध क
े
प्रकार� क� तुलना म� क
ु छ प�रवतर्न शा�मल होते ह� और वे प�रवतर्न वतर्मान
प�रिस्थ�तय� क
े आधार पर होते ह�।
So, in this category we can think of the following research:
Longitudinal research अनुदैध्यर् अनुसंधान
Laboratory research प्रयोगशाला अनुसंधान
Simulation research �समुलेशन अनुसंधान
Diagnostic research नैदा�नक ​​अनुसंधान
Historical research ऐ�तहा�सक शोध
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19. Research methodology is nothing but a systematic way of
solving a difficulty. It is the science which studies about
carried out procedures of research like describing the research
work, explaining the research work and also predicting. All these
parameters together are called as a research methodology. It is
also explained as a method of study through which we can gain
knowledge. Its main objective is to give a work plan about
research.
The Importance of Research Methodology:
Designing a methodology is necessary for the difficulty which is
going to be solved and the researcher has to do this thing.
Research methodology is important because researcher should
not only know about the problem but also about the method
of solving it.
Research Methodology
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20. The below points explain us the role of methodology in
solving the difficulty, they are:
�दए गए �बंदु हम� क�ठनाई को हल करने म� methodology क� भू�मका
क� व्याख्या करते ह�, वे ह�:
1. It aids in selecting the best method to solve the problem.
यह समस्या को हल करने क
े �लए सबसे अच्छ� �व�ध का चयन करने
म� सहायता करता है।
2. It tells about the output of selected method and its accuracy.
यह चय�नत �व�ध क
े आउटपुट और इसक� सट�कता क
े बारे म� बताता
है।
3. It aids in knowing the efficiency of the method.
यह �व�ध क� द�ता जानने म� सहायता करता है।
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21. Few vital avenues of research are as follows:
1. The foremost importance of research is that the research on
present concepts and theories aid to recognize the applications
and range of them.
2. It furnishes guidelines for solving difficulties.
3. It plays a vital role in business and in industries to increase
gain and productivity and also to enhance the quality of goods.
It leads to the recognizing of modern materials, modern living
things and much more.
4. The social research aids in searching solutions to social
difficulties.
5. Research leads to the modern lifestyle and fills it with glory
and happiness.
.
The Significance of Research
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Referencing Style
APA style (7th ed.) for references is best
Last name (Surname) of author, followed by initials.
Last names of authors (Surname) arranged alphabetically
in the reference list.
Capitalize the first letter of the first word in titles and
subtitles.
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
Italicize titles of journals.
Author’s last name and year of publication placed in
parenthesis next to where the information is cited.
Three or more authors, use all three when first cited then
followed by the first author et al., year for subsequent in-
text citations

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Example: Parenthetical citation for one author/Two author/more:
(Author Last Name, Year Published)
(Khare, 2020) or Khare (2020)
Khare Pushpendra Kumar (2006). Biodiversity of Algae in
relation to water pollution of Satari Tank, Chhatarpur (M.P)
Ecoprint.Vol. 13: 69-72.
Khare P.K. and L. J. Khare (1999). Plants used in Rheumatism
by rural people of Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India. J.
Econ.Taxon.Bot.Vol. 23 (2): 301-304.
Kumar M. et al. (2016).Physico-chemical examination of Lotic
water of river Yamuna at Kalpi, District Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh,
India. Journal of Environmental Research and Development
Vol.10 (03):529-536.

24. 10/8/2022 24
Pattron, D. 2000. Fundamentals of Scientific Research. New
York: Scientific Publishers
http://owl.english.purdue.edu
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,
5th ed.
http://www.apastyle.org

25. The various stages involved in research are as below:
01. Selecting the specific topic of research
02. Explaining the research problem
03. Survey of literature
04. Reference collection for Citation
05. Assessment of present status/Problem of selected topic
06. Hypotheses and its formulation
07. Design of research
08. Methodology or Real investigation
09. Analysis of information
10. Result’s interpretation
11. Report of research/Outcome with Plagiarism report
12. Summery of Research With minimum Two RP Published
and attend Two Conferences& their certificate
Various Stages of Complete Research
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26. @copywrite
pkkhare2007@gmail.com
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